An Image Authentication and Tampered Detection Scheme Exploiting Local Binary Pattern Along with Hamming Error Correcting Code

Local Binary Pattern (LBP) has been widely used for texture analysis, feature extraction, visual investigation, pattern matching, and image authentication. It is essential to investigate the effectiveness of LBP, for tamper detection, tamper localization, and ownership identification of a watermarked image, which are highly desirable in many human-centric applications like health-care, military communication, remote sensing, and law enforcement. In this article, a Reversible Watermarking Technique has been introduced to verify image integrity, authenticity and error correction using LBP and Hamming codes. The LBP values have been calculated from (\(2 \times 2\)) original pixel block of the cover image. Then the watermark is inserted within the Least Significant Bit of the interpolated pixels. Here, LBP operator is used to solve image authentication and tamper detection problem whereas Hamming code is used to detect and correct the error in the extraction phase. Some standard NIST recommended steganalysis have been performed to evaluate the robustness and imperceptibility. It is observed that the proposed scheme is secure and robust against various attacks. It can also detect tampered locations and can verify the ownership of an image. Experimental results are compared with the existing watermarking schemes to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme. It also shows good perceptible quality with a high payload and less computational cost.