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Published in:
Legal Cultures: Combining Diversity and Structure Read chapter Read first chapter

2023 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

An Introduction to Dutch Legal Culture

Author : Niels Graaf

Published in: Handbook on Legal Cultures

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Sometimes a legal culture is shaped by what is not a part of it. The Dutch case offers an insightful example: it comprises a legal system without constitutional review, let alone a constitutional court. The way Dutch doctrine and legal practice work around these legal institutional lacunae forms a prominent feature of the Dutch legal culture. It explains, for instance, why the Netherlands is one of the very few legal systems wherein it is accepted that treaty provisions could override the Constitution in cases of conflict and why courts make use of this opportunity. Yet this loose, ‘pragmatic’ and rule-breaking legal attitude is not limited to the judicial field. Rather, it pervades various dimensions of the Dutch legal culture, from conflict resolution to the Dutch ideal of justice and a disinterest in the concept of sovereignty. This pragmatism is not a creatio ex nihilo but the product of an organic development of Dutch history.

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previous chapter An Introduction to Colombian Legal Culture
next chapter A Legal Cultural “Take” on the Legal System of England and Wales
Footnotes
1
See https://​www.​spectator.​co.​uk/​article/​an-uncanny-gift-for-prophecy-the-genius-of-michel-houellebecq. The author wishes to thank the editors for their insighful comments and critical suggestions and Lara Engelfriet for her inspiring ‘Berlin’-ideas on the Dutch rule-breaking culture.
 
2
Tóth et al. (2014).
 
6
Kennedy (2017), pp. 1–8.
 
8
The Charter of the Kingdom of 1954.
 
9
Hermans (1975), p. 1.
 
10
Burns (2004).
 
11
Graaf (2022a).
 
12
Hoekema (2009), p. 177.
 
13
Debaenst (this volume), Sect. 1.2.
 
14
Schama (1987).
 
15
Hirschl (2020).
 
16
Kennedy (2017), pp. 1–8.
 
17
Besselink (2006), p. 6.
 
18
Schama (1987), p. 7.
 
19
Bosch (1951), p. 133.
 
20
Goetzmann and Rouwenhorst (2005).
 
22
Schama (1987).
 
23
Besselink (2006), p. 28.
 
24
Van Rossum (2014), pp. 287–296.
 
25
Bax (1988), p. 233.
 
26
Besselink (2006), pp. 3 and 13.
 
27
Hofstede (1984).
 
28
Lijphart (1968); Van Waarden and Hildebrand (2009), p. 266.
 
29
Van Rossum (2016).
 
30
Blankenburg’s study is not without criticism, see Nelken (2007), p. 58.
 
31
Blankenburg (1998).
 
32
Van Waarden and Hildebrand (2009), p. 268.
 
33
Blankenburg (1998), pp. 20, 23 and 26.
 
34
Blankenburg (1998), p. 18.
 
35
Van Waarden and Hildebrand (2009), p. 265.
 
36
Kagan (1997), p. 171; see similarly Oomen (2013).
 
37
Wollschläger (1989), p. 56; Van Waarden and Hildebrand (2009), p. 262.
 
38
Gelderblom et al. (2013) and Ekama (2018).
 
39
Blom (2000), p. 153.
 
40
Van Waarden and Hildebrand (2009), pp. 264 and 267.
 
41
Appeal to civil courts is possible, as stipulated in the Statutory Arbitration Code.
 
42
Blankenburg (1998), pp. 58 and 277; Van Waarden and Hildebrand (2009), pp. 264 and 277.
 
43
Van Waarden and Hildebrand (2009), Table 3.
 
44
Bruinsma (2005) and Van Waarden and Hildebrand (2009).
 
45
Van Waarden and Hildebrand (2009) and Fennema and Heemskerk (2008).
 
46
Van Waarden and Hildebrand (2009), pp. 259, 263 and 279.
 
47
Ten Berge (1995); Andeweg et al. (2020).
 
48
Bauw et al. (1998).
 
49
Blankenburg (1998), p. 19.
 
50
Mak (2018), p. 1831.
 
51
Van Spanje and De Vreese (2003); Hertogh (2011) p. 31.
 
52
Pelgrim and Jensma (2017).
 
53
De Werd (2020).
 
54
Mak (2018), p. 1828; Graaf and Mak (2022), p. 180.
 
55
Hertogh (2011), pp. 40 and 43.
 
56
Schnabel (2008), p. 1.
 
58
den Tonkelaar (2013).
 
59
Langbroek and Westenberg (2018), p. 185.
 
60
Mak (2018), p. 1815.
 
61
Van Waarden and Hildebrand (2009), p. 265.
 
62
Mak (2018), p. 1831; Thomassen (2006), p. 686.
 
64
Klijn and Croes (2007), p. 157.
 
65
Oomen (2013), p. 63; Langbroek and Westenberg (2018), p. 141.
 
66
Mak (2018), p. 1816.
 
67
Art. 54, Judicial Organisation Act.
 
68
Blankenburg and Verwoerd (1988), p. 24.
 
69
Arts. 4–44 Wet op de rechterlijke organisatie.
 
72
Blankenburg (1998), pp. 1–41.
 
73
Art. 118 Grondwet.
 
75
Handelingen van de regering en de Staten-Generaal over de herziening van de Grondwet 1847–1848 I, ’s-Gravenhage (1848), p. 349; artikel 155 lid twee GW 1848.
 
76
Leijten (2021); Poorter (2013), p. 89.
 
77
‘De rechter treedt niet in de beoordeling van de grondwettigheid van wetten en verdragen.’
 
78
HR 18 oktober 2013, ECLI:NL:HR:2013:917 (Hondenbelasting).
 
79
Uzman et al. (2018), p. 257; Oomen (2013).
 
80
‘Voorstel van rijkswet Taverne strekkende tot aanpassen van de procedure voor vaststelling van rechtstreekse werking van een ieder verbindende bepalingen van verdragen en van besluiten van volkenrechtelijke organisaties’ (Kamerstukken II 2013/14, 33593). Avilable at https://​www.​tweedekamer.​nl/​vergaderingen/​commissievergade​ringen/​details?​id=​2016A03358.
 
81
HR 27 January 1961, ECLI:NL:PHR:1961:AG2059 (Prof. Van den Bergh).
 
82
‘Initiatiefvoorstel-Halsema constitutionele toetsing (Kamerstukken II 2001/02 28331); Leijten (2021).
 
83
Kamerstukken II, 2001/02, 28 331, no. 2.
 
84
State Commission (2018).
 
85
Claes et al. (2021).
 
87
HR 14 April 1989, ECLI:NL:HR:1989:AD5725 (Harmonisatiewetarrest).
 
88
Article 93: “Provisions of treaties and of decisions by international organisations under public international law, which can bind everyone by virtue of their contents shall become binding after they have been published.”
 
89
HR 6 March 1959, NJ 1962, 2, Nyugat II; HR 18 September 2001, ECLI:NL:HR:2001:AB1471 (Decembermoorden/Desi Bouterse); HR 8 juli 2008, ECLI:NL:HR:2008:BC7418 (Afghaans Hoofd Inlichtingendienst).
 
90
HR 30 mei 1986, AC9402; Besselink and Wessel (2009).
 
91
Uzman et al. (2011), p. 645.
 
92
Koopmans (2003), p. 44.
 
93
Leijten (2021).
 
94
Besselink (2006), pp. 24 and 29.
 
95
Besselink (2006), p. 24.
 
96
Klein and Others v the Netherlands App no 39343/98 et.al. (ECtHR, 6 May 2003), paragraph 145.
 
97
Brenninkmeijer (2003).
 
98
Andeweg et al. (2020).
 
99
Struycken (1915).
 
100
Blankenburg (1998).
 
101
Chorus et al. (2016), p. 345.
 
102
Arts. 86 and 87.
 
103
Article 47 Dutch Basic Law.
 
104
Article 51 of the Dutch Basic Law.
 
105
Wessels (1994), p. 163.
 
107
As quoted in Chorus et al. (2016).
 
110
Van der Heijden (2001).
 
111
Mak (2018), pp. 1802 and 1825.
 
112
Besselink (2006), p. 25.
 
113
Hoge Raad, 3 March 1919, NJ 1919, 371.
 
114
Besselink (2006), p. 24.
 
115
Besselink (2006), p. 28.
 
116
Van leeuwen (2018), p. 408.
 
117
See biographical portrait in Stolleis (2001).
 
118
Art 1401 Dutch Civil Code (old; 1804).
 
119
Schulze-Fielitz (2007), p. 22.
 
120
D’Oliveira (2003), p. 116.
 
121
Oomen (2013); Te Velde (2010).
 
122
Bruinsma (2005) and Blankenburg and Bruinsma (1994).
 
123
Hirsch Ballin (1998), p. 91.
 
124
Dekker et al. (2004) and Dekker et al. (2015).
 
125
Hertogh (2011) p. 42.
 
126
Van Waarden and Hildebrand (2009), p. 267.
 
127
Vranken (2006), p. 14.
 
128
Van Rossum (2016), p. 131.
 
129
Arnoldussen and Van Klink (2022).
 
131
Article 167 lid 2 Wetboek van Strafvordering; Kagan (1997), p. 171; Oomen (2013), p. 63; Engelsman (1992); Huisman and Joubert (1996). Codified in the Dutch criminal code since 1926.
 
134
Brenninkmeijer (1998), p. 209.
 
135
Gerards (2016).
 
136
Besselink (2006), p. 29.
 
137
Besselink (2006), p. 28.
 
138
Besselink and Claes (2019), p. 179.
 
139
Prakke (1974).
 
140
Pelle (1998), p. 34.
 
141
Leijten (2021).
 
142
See Rijpkema (2018).
 
143
HR 3 March 1972, NJ 1872, 339; Rijpkema (2018), p. 66.
 
144
Artikel 12 Wet AB.
 
146
Scholten (1931), p. 5.
 
147
Slootweg (2021), pp. 284–300.
 
148
Vranken (2006), p. 46.
 
149
D’Oliveira (2000), p. 2169.
 
150
Mak (2017), pp. 128 and 135.
 
151
Vranken (2006), pp. 14 and 32.
 
154
Kortmann (1995); Vranken (2006), p. 115.
 
155
Vranken (2006), p. 116; Kortmann (1995).
 
156
Stolker (2003).
 
157
Snoep et al. (2014).
 
158
De Waele (2005), pp. 1005–1024.
 
159
D’Oliveira (2004), p. 98.
 
161
Knegtmans (2007).
 
162
See further Advocatenwet; Verordening op de advocatuur, the Opleidingsregelement beroepsopleiding advocaten 2015.
 
164
Mak (2018), p. 5.
 
166
Wilson (2009), pp. 239–287.
 
167
De Waele (2005).
 
168
Alkema (1984).
 
169
Besselink (2003), pp. 89–138.
 
170
Hirsch Ballin (2022b), p. 47.
 
171
Alkema (1984) and Brouwer (2005).
 
172
Kamerstukken II 1977/78, 15 049 (R 1100), nr. 3, p. 11 e.v.
 
173
Act of 29 September 1988, Stb. (1988) No. 478, to implement the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
 
174
Hoge Raad, Appeal in Cassation in the interest of the law, 18 September 2001, 31 NYIL 2001, 282, para. 4.6.
 
175
Besselink (2022).
 
176
Article 93(3) of the Basic Law.
 
177
Nollkaemper (2009), p. 4.
 
178
Nollkaemper (2009), p. 3.
 
179
Hirsch Ballin (2022a), p. 299.
 
180
Roodenburg (2020); Baehr et al. (2002), p. 1009; Stuyt (1983).
 
181
Eyffinger (2011).
 
182
Van Waarden and Hildebrand (2009), p. 276.
 
183
Fennema and Heemskerk (2008), p. 127.
 
184
Van Dijk, p. 171.
 
185
Besselink et al. (2002).
 
186
Van Dijk (1988), p. 171.
 
187
Graaf (2022b).
 
188
Claes and de Witte (1988), p. 171.
 
189
HAC.BAC.371/1991.758, Conclusions de l’avocat général Maurice Lagrange dans l’affaire 6/64, 25 juin 1964, pp. 1171–1198.
 
190
Van Leeuwen (2018); Alter (2003), p. 35.
 
191
D’Oliveira (2003), p. 62.
 
192
Egeland (1984).
 
193
Reiding (2007), p. 419.
 
194
Baehr et al. (2002), p. 994.
 
195
Baehr (2000), p. 999.
 
196
Kennedy (1995), pp. 53–54.
 
197
Baehr et al. (2002), p. 1008.
 
198
Reiding (2007), p. 415.
 
199
D’Oliveira (2003), p. 37.
 
200
Reiding (2007), p. 421.
 
201
Reiding (2007), p. 423.
 
202
Roodenburg (2021), p. 33.
 
203
Van der Schyff and Meuwese (2013), p. 1.
 
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Metadata
Title
An Introduction to Dutch Legal Culture
Author
Niels Graaf
Copyright Year
2023
Book
Handbook on Legal Cultures

Print ISBN: 978-3-031-27744-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-27745-0

Copyright Year: 2023

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27745-0_9