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2010 | Book

An Introduction to Soil Dynamics

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to Soil Dynamics Arnold Verruijt Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands Arnold Verruijt Delft University of Technology 2628 CN Delft Netherlands a.verruijt@verruijt.net A CD-ROM accompanies this book containing programs for waves in piles, propagation of earthquakes in soils, waves in a half space generated by a line load, a point load, a strip load, or a moving load, and the propagation of a shock wave in a saturated elastic porous material. Computer programs are also available from the website http://geo.verruijt.net ISBN 978-90-481-3440-3 e-ISBN 978-90-481-3441-0 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-3441-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009940507 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, micro?lming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied speci?cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface This book gives the material for an introductory course on Soil Dynamics, as given for about 10 years at the Delft University of Technology for students of civil en- neering, and updated continuously since 1994.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Vibrating Systems
Abstract
The book starts with a chapter on the behaviour of the simplest elementary system, a system consisting of a mass, supported by a linear spring and a linear damper. The main purpose of this chapter is to define the basic properties of dynamical systems, for future reference. In this chapter the major forms of damping of importance for soil dynamics problems, viscous damping and hysteretic damping, are defined and their properties are investigated.
Arnold Verruijt
Chapter 2. Waves in Piles
Abstract
Chapters 2 and 3 are devoted to one dimensional problems: wave propagation in piles, and wave propagation in layers due to earthquakes in the underlying layers, as first developed in the 1970s at the University of California, Berkeley. In these chapters the mathematical methods of Laplace and Fourier transforms, characteristics, and separation of variables, are used and compared. Some simple numerical models are also presented.
Arnold Verruijt
Chapter 3. Earthquakes in Soft Layers
Abstract
Chapters 2 and 3 are devoted to one dimensional problems: wave propagation in piles, and wave propagation in layers due to earthquakes in the underlying layers, as first developed in the 1970s at the University of California, Berkeley. In these chapters the mathematical methods of Laplace and Fourier transforms, characteristics, and separation of variables, are used and compared. Some simple numerical models are also presented.
Arnold Verruijt
Chapter 4. Theory of Consolidation
Abstract
The next two chapters (Chaps. 4 and 5) deal with the important effect that soils are usually composed of two constituents: solid particles and a fluid, usually water, but perhaps oil, or a mixture of a liquid and gas. Chapter 4 presents the classical theory, due to Terzaghi, of semi-static consolidation, and some elementary solutions. In Chap. 5 the extension to the dynamical case is presented, mainly for the one dimensional case, as first presented by De Josselin de Jong and Biot, in 1956. The solution for the propagation of waves in a one dimensional column is presented, leading to the important conclusion that for most problems a practically saturated soil can be considered as a medium in which the solid particles and the fluid move and deform together, which in soil mechanics is usually denoted as a state of undrained deformations. For an elastic solid skeleton this means that the soil behaves as an elastic material with Poisson’s ratio close to 0.5.
Arnold Verruijt
Chapter 5. Dynamics of Porous Media
Abstract
The next two chapters (Chaps. 4 and 5) deal with the important effect that soils are usually composed of two constituents: solid particles and a fluid, usually water, but perhaps oil, or a mixture of a liquid and gas. Chapter 4 presents the classical theory, due to Terzaghi, of semi-static consolidation, and some elementary solutions. In Chap. 5 the extension to the dynamical case is presented, mainly for the one dimensional case, as first presented by De Josselin de Jong and Biot, in 1956. The solution for the propagation of waves in a one dimensional column is presented, leading to the important conclusion that for most problems a practically saturated soil can be considered as a medium in which the solid particles and the fluid move and deform together, which in soil mechanics is usually denoted as a state of undrained deformations. For an elastic solid skeleton this means that the soil behaves as an elastic material with Poisson’s ratio close to 0.5.
Arnold Verruijt
Chapter 6. Cylindrical Waves
Abstract
Chapters 6 and 7 deal with the solution of problems of cylindrical and spherical symmetry. In the chapter on cylindrically symmetric problems the propagation of waves in an infinite medium introduces Rayleigh’s important principle of the radiation condition, which expresses that in an infinite medium no waves can be expected to travel from infinity towards the interior of the body.
Arnold Verruijt
Chapter 7. Spherical Waves
Abstract
Chapters 6 and 7 deal with the solution of problems of cylindrical and spherical symmetry. In the chapter on cylindrically symmetric problems the propagation of waves in an infinite medium introduces Rayleigh’s important principle of the radiation condition, which expresses that in an infinite medium no waves can be expected to travel from infinity towards the interior of the body.
Arnold Verruijt
Chapter 8. Elastostatics of a Half Space
Abstract
Chapters 8 and 9 give the basic theory of the theory of elasticity for static and dynamic problems. Chapter 8 also gives the solution for some of the more difficult problems, involving mixed boundary value conditions. The corresponding dynamic problems still await solution, at least in analytic form. Chapter 9 presents the basics of dynamic problems in elastic continua, including the general properties of the most important types of waves: compression waves, shear waves, Rayleigh waves and Love waves, which appear in other chapters.
Arnold Verruijt
Chapter 9. Elastodynamics of a Half Space
Abstract
Chapters 8 and 9 give the basic theory of the theory of elasticity for static and dynamic problems. Chapter 8 also gives the solution for some of the more difficult problems, involving mixed boundary value conditions. The corresponding dynamic problems still await solution, at least in analytic form. Chapter 9 presents the basics of dynamic problems in elastic continua, including the general properties of the most important types of waves: compression waves, shear waves, Rayleigh waves and Love waves, which appear in other chapters.
Arnold Verruijt
Chapter 10. Confined Elastodynamics
Abstract
Chapter 10, on confined elastodynamics, presents an approximate theory of elastodynamics, in which the horizontal deformations are artificially assumed to vanish, an approximation due to Westergaard and generalized by Barends. This makes it possible to solve a variety of problems by simple means, and resulting in relatively simple solutions. It should be remembered that these are approximate solutions only, and that important features of the complete solutions, such as the generation of Rayleigh waves, are excluded. These approximate solutions are included in the present book because they are so much simpler to derive and to analyze than the full elastodynamic solutions. The full elastodynamic solutions of the problems considered in this chapter are given in Chaps. 11–13.
Arnold Verruijt
Chapter 11. Line Load on Elastic Half Space
Abstract
In soil mechanics the elastostatic solutions for a line load or a distributed load on a half plane are of great importance because they provide basic solutions for the stress distribution in soils due to loads on the surface. In Chaps. 11 and 12 the solution for two corresponding elastodynamic problems, a line load on a half plane and a strip load on a half plane, are derived. These chapters rely heavily on the theory developed by Cagniard and De Hoop. The solutions for impulse loads, which can be found in many publications, are first given, and then these are used as the basics for the solutions for the stresses in case of a line load constant in time. These solutions should tend towards the well known elastostatic limits, as they indeed do. An important aspect of these solutions is that for large values of time the Rayleigh wave is clearly observed, in agreement with the general wave theory for a half plane. Approximate solutions valid for large values of time, including the Rayleigh waves, are derived for the line load and the strip load. These approximate solutions may be useful as the basis for the analysis of problems with a more general type of loading.
Arnold Verruijt
Chapter 12. Strip Load on Elastic Half Space
Abstract
In soil mechanics the elastostatic solutions for a line load or a distributed load on a half plane are of great importance because they provide basic solutions for the stress distribution in soils due to loads on the surface. In Chaps. 11 and 12 the solution for two corresponding elastodynamic problems, a line load on a half plane and a strip load on a half plane, are derived. These chapters rely heavily on the theory developed by Cagniard and De Hoop. The solutions for impulse loads, which can be found in many publications, are first given, and then these are used as the basics for the solutions for the stresses in case of a line load constant in time. These solutions should tend towards the well known elastostatic limits, as they indeed do. An important aspect of these solutions is that for large values of time the Rayleigh wave is clearly observed, in agreement with the general wave theory for a half plane. Approximate solutions valid for large values of time, including the Rayleigh waves, are derived for the line load and the strip load. These approximate solutions may be useful as the basis for the analysis of problems with a more general type of loading.
Arnold Verruijt
Chapter 13. Point Load on an Elastic Half Space
Abstract
Chapter 13 presents the solution for a point load on an elastic half space, a problem first solved analytically by Pekeris. The solution is derived using integral transforms and an elegant transformation theorem due to Bateman and Pekeris. In this chapter numerical values are obtained using numerical integration of the final integrals.
Arnold Verruijt
Chapter 14. Moving Loads on an Elastic Half Plane
Abstract
In Chap. 14 some problems of moving loads are considered. Closed form solutions appear to be possible for a moving wave load, and for a moving strip load, assuming that the material possesses some hysteretic damping.
Arnold Verruijt
Chapter 15. Foundation Vibrations
Abstract
Chapter 15, finally, presents some practical considerations on foundation vibrations. On the basis of solutions derived in earlier chapters approximate solutions are expressed in the form of equivalent springs and dampings.
Arnold Verruijt
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
An Introduction to Soil Dynamics
Author
Arnold Verruijt
Copyright Year
2010
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN
978-90-481-3441-0
Print ISBN
978-90-481-3440-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3441-0