Skip to main content
Top

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

11. Analyses of Elite Networks

Author : Franziska Barbara Keller

Published in: The Palgrave Handbook of Political Elites

Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Social network analysis (SNA) provides important tools and methods for researchers of political elites on four issues: elite interactions, identifying elite groups and their social structure, measuring elite power, and defining elites. Researchers can examine different factors influencing interactions among elites while properly accounting for the interdependent nature of such data using exponential random graph models (ERGMs) and stochastic actor-based models (SOAMs). Visualizations and community-finding algorithms allow the detection of groups, core members, cleavages, and polarization/fractionalization in this interaction network. Powerful elites can be identified through centrality measures, which also help distinguish between different types of influence. SNA research on nomination networks and on sampling in networks, particularly on more principled snowball-sampling methods, could help expose biases in the way researchers determine whom to include in their study.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Bastian M., Heymann S., & Jacomy M. (2009). Gephi: An Open Source Software for Exploring and Manipulating Networks. Presented at the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, North America. Bastian M., Heymann S., & Jacomy M. (2009). Gephi: An Open Source Software for Exploring and Manipulating Networks. Presented at the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, North America.
go back to reference Berardo, R., & Scholz, J. T. (2010). Self-Organizing Policy Networks: Risk, Partner Selection, and Cooperation in Estuaries. American Journal of Political Science, 54(3), 632–649.CrossRef Berardo, R., & Scholz, J. T. (2010). Self-Organizing Policy Networks: Risk, Partner Selection, and Cooperation in Estuaries. American Journal of Political Science, 54(3), 632–649.CrossRef
go back to reference Box-Steffensmeier, J. M., Christenson, D. P., & Hitt, M. P. (2013). Quality Over Quantity: Amici Influence and Judicial Decision Making. American Political Science Review, 107(3), 446–460.CrossRef Box-Steffensmeier, J. M., Christenson, D. P., & Hitt, M. P. (2013). Quality Over Quantity: Amici Influence and Judicial Decision Making. American Political Science Review, 107(3), 446–460.CrossRef
go back to reference Burt, R. S. (1995). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press. Burt, R. S. (1995). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press.
go back to reference Carpenter, D. P., Esterling, K. M., & Lazer, D. M. J. (2004). Friends, Brokers, and Transitivity: Who Informs Whom in Washington Politics? Journal of Politics, 66(1), 224–246.CrossRef Carpenter, D. P., Esterling, K. M., & Lazer, D. M. J. (2004). Friends, Brokers, and Transitivity: Who Informs Whom in Washington Politics? Journal of Politics, 66(1), 224–246.CrossRef
go back to reference Carroll, W. K., & Sapinski, J. P. (2010). The Global Corporate Elite and the Transnational Policy-Planning Network, 1996–2006. International Sociology, 25(4), 501–538.CrossRef Carroll, W. K., & Sapinski, J. P. (2010). The Global Corporate Elite and the Transnational Policy-Planning Network, 1996–2006. International Sociology, 25(4), 501–538.CrossRef
go back to reference Cranmer, S. J., & Desmarais, B. A. (2011). Inferential Network Analysis with Exponential Random Graph Models. Political Analysis, 19(1), 66–86.CrossRef Cranmer, S. J., & Desmarais, B. A. (2011). Inferential Network Analysis with Exponential Random Graph Models. Political Analysis, 19(1), 66–86.CrossRef
go back to reference Desmarais, B. A., Moscardelli, V. G., Schaffner, B. F., & Kowal, M. S. (2015a). Measuring Legislative Collaboration: The Senate Press Events Network. Social Networks, 40(1), 43–54.CrossRef Desmarais, B. A., Moscardelli, V. G., Schaffner, B. F., & Kowal, M. S. (2015a). Measuring Legislative Collaboration: The Senate Press Events Network. Social Networks, 40(1), 43–54.CrossRef
go back to reference Desmarais, B. A., La Raja, R. J., & Kowal, M. S. (2015b). The Fates of Challengers in U.S. House Elections: The Role of Extended Party Networks in Supporting Candidates and Shaping Electoral Outcomes. American Journal of Political Science, 59(1), 194–211.CrossRef Desmarais, B. A., La Raja, R. J., & Kowal, M. S. (2015b). The Fates of Challengers in U.S. House Elections: The Role of Extended Party Networks in Supporting Candidates and Shaping Electoral Outcomes. American Journal of Political Science, 59(1), 194–211.CrossRef
go back to reference Domhoff, G. W. (1990). The Power Elite and the State: How Policy Is Made in America. New York: Aldine De Gruyter. Domhoff, G. W. (1990). The Power Elite and the State: How Policy Is Made in America. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
go back to reference Easter, G. M. (1996). Personal Networks and Postrevolutionary State Building: Soviet Russia Reexamined. World Politics, 48(04), 551–578.CrossRef Easter, G. M. (1996). Personal Networks and Postrevolutionary State Building: Soviet Russia Reexamined. World Politics, 48(04), 551–578.CrossRef
go back to reference Etzion, D., & Davis, G. F. (2008). Revolving Doors? A Network Analysis of Corporate Officers and US Government Officials. Journal of Management Inquiry, 17(3), 157–161.CrossRef Etzion, D., & Davis, G. F. (2008). Revolving Doors? A Network Analysis of Corporate Officers and US Government Officials. Journal of Management Inquiry, 17(3), 157–161.CrossRef
go back to reference Faulkner, R. R., & Cheney, E. (2013). Breakdown of Brokerage. Crisis and Collapse in the Watergate Conspiracy. In C. Morselli (Ed.), Crime and Networks. London: Routledge. Faulkner, R. R., & Cheney, E. (2013). Breakdown of Brokerage. Crisis and Collapse in the Watergate Conspiracy. In C. Morselli (Ed.), Crime and Networks. London: Routledge.
go back to reference Faust, K., Willert, K. E., Rowlee, D. D., & Skvoretz, J. (2002). Scaling and Statistical Models for Affiliation Networks: Patterns of Participation Among Soviet Politicians During the Brezhnev Era. Social Networks, 24(3), 231–259.CrossRef Faust, K., Willert, K. E., Rowlee, D. D., & Skvoretz, J. (2002). Scaling and Statistical Models for Affiliation Networks: Patterns of Participation Among Soviet Politicians During the Brezhnev Era. Social Networks, 24(3), 231–259.CrossRef
go back to reference Fernandez, R. M., & Gould, R. V. (1994). A Dilemma of State Power: Brokerage and Influence in the National Health Policy Domain. The American Journal of Sociology, 99(6), 1455–1491.CrossRef Fernandez, R. M., & Gould, R. V. (1994). A Dilemma of State Power: Brokerage and Influence in the National Health Policy Domain. The American Journal of Sociology, 99(6), 1455–1491.CrossRef
go back to reference Fischer, M., & Sciarini, P. (2015). Unpacking Reputational Power: Intended and Unintended Determinants of the Assessment of Actors’ Power. Social Networks, 42, 60–71.CrossRef Fischer, M., & Sciarini, P. (2015). Unpacking Reputational Power: Intended and Unintended Determinants of the Assessment of Actors’ Power. Social Networks, 42, 60–71.CrossRef
go back to reference Fischer, M., & Sciarini, P. (2016). Drivers of Collaboration in Political Decision Making: A Cross-Sector Perspective. The Journal of Politics, 78(1), 63–74.CrossRef Fischer, M., & Sciarini, P. (2016). Drivers of Collaboration in Political Decision Making: A Cross-Sector Perspective. The Journal of Politics, 78(1), 63–74.CrossRef
go back to reference Fisman, R. (2001). Estimating the Value of Political Connections. The American Economic Review, 91(4), 1095–1102.CrossRef Fisman, R. (2001). Estimating the Value of Political Connections. The American Economic Review, 91(4), 1095–1102.CrossRef
go back to reference Fowler, J. H. (2006a). Connecting the Congress: A Study of Cosponsorship Networks. Political Analysis, 14(4), 456–487.CrossRef Fowler, J. H. (2006a). Connecting the Congress: A Study of Cosponsorship Networks. Political Analysis, 14(4), 456–487.CrossRef
go back to reference Fowler, J. H. (2006b). Legislative Cosponsorship Networks in the US House and Senate. Social Networks, 28(4), 454–465.CrossRef Fowler, J. H. (2006b). Legislative Cosponsorship Networks in the US House and Senate. Social Networks, 28(4), 454–465.CrossRef
go back to reference Freeman, L. C. (1979). Centrality in Social Networks Conceptual Clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215–239.CrossRef Freeman, L. C. (1979). Centrality in Social Networks Conceptual Clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215–239.CrossRef
go back to reference Gile, K. J. (2011). Improved Inference For Respondent-Driven Sampling Data with Application to HIV Prevalence Estimation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 106(493), 135–146.CrossRef Gile, K. J. (2011). Improved Inference For Respondent-Driven Sampling Data with Application to HIV Prevalence Estimation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 106(493), 135–146.CrossRef
go back to reference Grossmann, M. (2013). The Variable Politics of the Policy Process: Issue-Area Differences and Comparative Networks. The Journal of Politics, 75(1), 65–79.CrossRef Grossmann, M. (2013). The Variable Politics of the Policy Process: Issue-Area Differences and Comparative Networks. The Journal of Politics, 75(1), 65–79.CrossRef
go back to reference Heckathorn, D. D. (1997). Respondent-Driven Sampling: A New Approach to the Study of Hidden Populations. Social Problems, 44(2), 174–199.CrossRef Heckathorn, D. D. (1997). Respondent-Driven Sampling: A New Approach to the Study of Hidden Populations. Social Problems, 44(2), 174–199.CrossRef
go back to reference Heinz, J. P., Laumann, E. O., Salisbury, R. H., & Nelson, R. L. (1990). Inner Circles or Hollow Cores? Elite Networks in National Policy Systems. Journal of Politics, 52(2), 356–390.CrossRef Heinz, J. P., Laumann, E. O., Salisbury, R. H., & Nelson, R. L. (1990). Inner Circles or Hollow Cores? Elite Networks in National Policy Systems. Journal of Politics, 52(2), 356–390.CrossRef
go back to reference Higley, J., & Moore, G. (1981). Elite Integration in the United States and Australia. American Political Science Review, 75(3), 581–597.CrossRef Higley, J., & Moore, G. (1981). Elite Integration in the United States and Australia. American Political Science Review, 75(3), 581–597.CrossRef
go back to reference Higley, J., Hoffmann-Lange, U., Kadushin, C., & Moore, G. (1991). Elite Integration in Stable Democracies: A Reconsideration. European Sociological Review, 7(1), 35–53.CrossRef Higley, J., Hoffmann-Lange, U., Kadushin, C., & Moore, G. (1991). Elite Integration in Stable Democracies: A Reconsideration. European Sociological Review, 7(1), 35–53.CrossRef
go back to reference Hoffmann-Lange, U. (2007). Methods of Elite Research. In R. J. Dalton & H. D. Klingemann (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hoffmann-Lange, U. (2007). Methods of Elite Research. In R. J. Dalton & H. D. Klingemann (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Hunter, F. (1953). Community Power Structure. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Hunter, F. (1953). Community Power Structure. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
go back to reference Keller, F. B. (2015). Networks of Power. Using Social Network Analysis to Understand Who Will Rule and Who Is Really in Charge in an Authoritarian Regime. Theory, Method, and Application on Chinese Communist Elites (1982–2012). PhD Dissertation, New York University. [Online] Available on: http://gradworks.umi.com/37/40/3740801.html Keller, F. B. (2015). Networks of Power. Using Social Network Analysis to Understand Who Will Rule and Who Is Really in Charge in an Authoritarian Regime. Theory, Method, and Application on Chinese Communist Elites (1982–2012). PhD Dissertation, New York University. [Online] Available on: http://​gradworks.​umi.​com/​37/​40/​3740801.​html
go back to reference Keller, F. B. (2016a). Moving Beyond Factions: Using Social Network Analysis to Uncover Patronage Networks among Chinese Elites. Journal of East Asian Studies, 16(1), 17–41.CrossRef Keller, F. B. (2016a). Moving Beyond Factions: Using Social Network Analysis to Uncover Patronage Networks among Chinese Elites. Journal of East Asian Studies, 16(1), 17–41.CrossRef
go back to reference Keller, F. B. (2016b). Uncovering Authoritarian Hierarchies Using Career Paths and Network Measures. Presented at the Annual General Conference of the European Political Science Association, 24 June. Keller, F. B. (2016b). Uncovering Authoritarian Hierarchies Using Career Paths and Network Measures. Presented at the Annual General Conference of the European Political Science Association, 24 June.
go back to reference Keller, F. B., & Wang, Y. (2015). Farewell Comrades! Power Struggle and Elite Removal in Single-Party Authoritarian Regimes. Presented at the Annual Convention of the American Political Science Association, 5 September. Keller, F. B., & Wang, Y. (2015). Farewell Comrades! Power Struggle and Elite Removal in Single-Party Authoritarian Regimes. Presented at the Annual Convention of the American Political Science Association, 5 September.
go back to reference Knoke, D. (1994a). Political Networks: The Structural Perspective (Vol. 4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Knoke, D. (1994a). Political Networks: The Structural Perspective (Vol. 4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Knoke, D. (1994b). Networks of Elite Structure and Decision Making. In S. Wasserman & J. Galaskiewicz (Eds.), Advances in Social Network Analysis: Research in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Knoke, D. (1994b). Networks of Elite Structure and Decision Making. In S. Wasserman & J. Galaskiewicz (Eds.), Advances in Social Network Analysis: Research in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
go back to reference Knoke, D., Pappi, F. U., Broadbent, J., & Tsujinaka, Y. (1996). Comparing Policy Networks – Labor Politics in the U.S., Germany, and Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Knoke, D., Pappi, F. U., Broadbent, J., & Tsujinaka, Y. (1996). Comparing Policy Networks – Labor Politics in the U.S., Germany, and Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Krackhardt, D. (1987). QAP Partialling as a Test of Spuriousness. Social Networks, 9(2), 171–186.CrossRef Krackhardt, D. (1987). QAP Partialling as a Test of Spuriousness. Social Networks, 9(2), 171–186.CrossRef
go back to reference Laumann, E. O., & Knoke, D. (1987). The Organizational State. Social Choice in National Policy Domains. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. Laumann, E. O., & Knoke, D. (1987). The Organizational State. Social Choice in National Policy Domains. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
go back to reference Laumann, E. O., & Pappi, F. U. (1976). Networks of Collective Action: A Perspective on Community Influence Systems. New York: Academic Press. Laumann, E. O., & Pappi, F. U. (1976). Networks of Collective Action: A Perspective on Community Influence Systems. New York: Academic Press.
go back to reference Laumann, E. O., Marsden, P. V., & Prensky, D. (1989). The Boundary Specification Problem in Network Analysis. In L. C. Freeman, D. R. White, & A. K. Romney (Eds.), Research Methods in Social Network Analysis. Fairfax: George Mason University. Laumann, E. O., Marsden, P. V., & Prensky, D. (1989). The Boundary Specification Problem in Network Analysis. In L. C. Freeman, D. R. White, & A. K. Romney (Eds.), Research Methods in Social Network Analysis. Fairfax: George Mason University.
go back to reference Lusher, D., Koskinen, J., & Robbins, G. (2013). Exponential Random Graph Models for Social Networks: Theory, Methods, and Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press. Lusher, D., Koskinen, J., & Robbins, G. (2013). Exponential Random Graph Models for Social Networks: Theory, Methods, and Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Mahdavi, P. (2014). Google Correlations: New Approaches to Collecting Data for Statistical Network Analysis. Presented at the Annual Conference of the American Political Science Associationl, September 2014. Mahdavi, P. (2014). Google Correlations: New Approaches to Collecting Data for Statistical Network Analysis. Presented at the Annual Conference of the American Political Science Associationl, September 2014.
go back to reference Metz, T., & Jäckle, S. (2016). Hierarchical, Decentralized, or Something Else? Opposition Networks in the German Bundestag. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 41(2), 501–542.CrossRef Metz, T., & Jäckle, S. (2016). Hierarchical, Decentralized, or Something Else? Opposition Networks in the German Bundestag. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 41(2), 501–542.CrossRef
go back to reference Mills, C. W. (1956). The Power Elite. New York: Oxford University Press. Mills, C. W. (1956). The Power Elite. New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Moody, J., & Mucha, J. P. (2013). Portrait of Political Party Polarization. Network Science, 1(1), 119–121.CrossRef Moody, J., & Mucha, J. P. (2013). Portrait of Political Party Polarization. Network Science, 1(1), 119–121.CrossRef
go back to reference Moore, G. (1979). The Structure of a National Elite Network. American Sociological Review, 44(5), 673–692.CrossRef Moore, G. (1979). The Structure of a National Elite Network. American Sociological Review, 44(5), 673–692.CrossRef
go back to reference Osei, A. (2015). Elites and Democracy in Ghana: A Social Network Approach. African Affairs, 114(457), 529–554.CrossRef Osei, A. (2015). Elites and Democracy in Ghana: A Social Network Approach. African Affairs, 114(457), 529–554.CrossRef
go back to reference Padgett, J. F., & Ansell, C. K. (1993). Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400–1434. American Journal of Sociology, 98(6), 1259–1319.CrossRef Padgett, J. F., & Ansell, C. K. (1993). Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400–1434. American Journal of Sociology, 98(6), 1259–1319.CrossRef
go back to reference Parigi, P., & Sartori, L. (2014). The Political Party as a Network of Cleavages: Disclosing the Inner Structure of Italian Political Parties in the Seventies. Social Networks, 36, 54–65.CrossRef Parigi, P., & Sartori, L. (2014). The Political Party as a Network of Cleavages: Disclosing the Inner Structure of Italian Political Parties in the Seventies. Social Networks, 36, 54–65.CrossRef
go back to reference Shih, V., Adolph, C., & Liu, M. (2012). Getting Ahead in the Communist Party: Explaining the Advancement of Central Committee Members in China. American Political Science Review, 106(1), 166–187.CrossRef Shih, V., Adolph, C., & Liu, M. (2012). Getting Ahead in the Communist Party: Explaining the Advancement of Central Committee Members in China. American Political Science Review, 106(1), 166–187.CrossRef
go back to reference Snijders, T. A. B., Van de Bunt, G. G., & Steglich, C. E. G. (2010). Introduction to Stochastic Actor-Based Models for Network Dynamics. Social Networks, 32(1), 44–60.CrossRef Snijders, T. A. B., Van de Bunt, G. G., & Steglich, C. E. G. (2010). Introduction to Stochastic Actor-Based Models for Network Dynamics. Social Networks, 32(1), 44–60.CrossRef
go back to reference Useem, M. (1984). The Inner Circle: Large Corporations and the Rise of Business Political Activity in the US and UK. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press. Useem, M. (1984). The Inner Circle: Large Corporations and the Rise of Business Political Activity in the US and UK. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Van Gunten, T. S. (2016). Cohesion, Consensus, and Conflict: Technocratic Elites and Financial Crisis in Mexico and Argentina. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 56(5), 1–25. Van Gunten, T. S. (2016). Cohesion, Consensus, and Conflict: Technocratic Elites and Financial Crisis in Mexico and Argentina. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 56(5), 1–25.
go back to reference Ward, M., Stovel, K., & Sacks, A. (2011). Network Analysis and Political Science. Annual Review of Political Science, 14, 245–264.CrossRef Ward, M., Stovel, K., & Sacks, A. (2011). Network Analysis and Political Science. Annual Review of Political Science, 14, 245–264.CrossRef
go back to reference Woldense, J. (2016). The Ruler’s Game of Musical Chairs: Shuffling and Ethiopia’s Last Emperor. Presented at the Annual Convention of the Midwest Political Science Association, April 2016. Woldense, J. (2016). The Ruler’s Game of Musical Chairs: Shuffling and Ethiopia’s Last Emperor. Presented at the Annual Convention of the Midwest Political Science Association, April 2016.
go back to reference Wu, C.-Y., & Knoke, D. (2013). Policy Network Models. In E. Araral, S. Fritzen, M. Howlett, M. Ramesh, & X. Wu (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Policy. London/New York: Routledge. Wu, C.-Y., & Knoke, D. (2013). Policy Network Models. In E. Araral, S. Fritzen, M. Howlett, M. Ramesh, & X. Wu (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Policy. London/New York: Routledge.
Metadata
Title
Analyses of Elite Networks
Author
Franziska Barbara Keller
Copyright Year
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51904-7_11