Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Electrical Engineering 1/2017

23-08-2016 | Original Paper

Analysis of statistical features based on start-up current envelope for broken rotor bar fault detection in line start permanent magnet synchronous motor

Authors: Mohammad Rezazadeh Mehrjou, Norman Mariun, Norhisam Misron, Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi

Published in: Electrical Engineering | Issue 1/2017

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Line start-permanent magnet synchronous motor (LS-PMSM) is one of the modern high efficiency motor introduced to the industry, recently. Like other types of electrical machines, various failures may happen in LS-PMSM during its life time. Among different failures which may occur in the motors with squirrel cage rotor, rotor fault (broken rotor bar) is the most significant one. This paper investigates defect diagnosis of LS-PMSM, based on statistical analysis of the signals acquired from motor in time domain to find the performance feature for rotor faults detection. To extract the features related to broken rotor bar, a time domain analysis was applied to the transient current signal envelope. In this regards, thirteen statistical parameters were calculated and their reliability were compared for broken rotor bar detection. ANOVA analysis was used to complete the information obtained from those parameters adjusted based on motor condition; starting load condition and their interaction. To perform a statistical comparison among the means for the selected features at different conditions, Tukey’s honest significant differences method was applied as post hoc testing procedure.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference IEC 60034-30-1 (2014) Rotating electrical machines—Part 30-1: efficiency classes of line operated AC motors IEC 60034-30-1 (2014) Rotating electrical machines—Part 30-1: efficiency classes of line operated AC motors
2.
go back to reference Isfahani AH, Vaez-Zadeh S (2009) Line start permanent magnet synchronous motors: challenges and opportunities. Energy 34:1755–1763CrossRef Isfahani AH, Vaez-Zadeh S (2009) Line start permanent magnet synchronous motors: challenges and opportunities. Energy 34:1755–1763CrossRef
3.
go back to reference And BAH, Souckup GC (1992) Cause and analysis of stator and rotor failures in three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 25(4):921–937 And BAH, Souckup GC (1992) Cause and analysis of stator and rotor failures in three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 25(4):921–937
4.
go back to reference Mehrjou MR, Mariun N, Hamirucemarhaban M, Misron N (2011) Rotor fault condition monitoring techniques for Squirrel-Cage induction machine-a review. Mech Syst Signal Process 25(80):2827–2848CrossRef Mehrjou MR, Mariun N, Hamirucemarhaban M, Misron N (2011) Rotor fault condition monitoring techniques for Squirrel-Cage induction machine-a review. Mech Syst Signal Process 25(80):2827–2848CrossRef
5.
go back to reference And THA, Kliman GB (2004) Handbook of electric motors, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton And THA, Kliman GB (2004) Handbook of electric motors, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton
6.
go back to reference Pyrhönen J, Jokinen T, Hrabovcova V (2008) Design of rotating electrical machines, 1st edn. Wiley Online Library, New YorkCrossRef Pyrhönen J, Jokinen T, Hrabovcova V (2008) Design of rotating electrical machines, 1st edn. Wiley Online Library, New YorkCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Lee SB, Hyun D, Kang TJ, Yang C, Shin S, Kim H et al (2015) Identification of false rotor fault indications produced by on-line MCSA for medium voltage induction machines. In: Proceedings of the 2015 61st IEEE pulp and paper industry conference (PPIC 2015), 14–18 June 2015. IEEE, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Lee SB, Hyun D, Kang TJ, Yang C, Shin S, Kim H et al (2015) Identification of false rotor fault indications produced by on-line MCSA for medium voltage induction machines. In: Proceedings of the 2015 61st IEEE pulp and paper industry conference (PPIC 2015), 14–18 June 2015. IEEE, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
8.
go back to reference Ilonen J, Kamarainen JK, Lindh T, Ahola J, Kälviäinen H, Partanen J (2005) Diagnosis tool for motor condition monitoring. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 41(4):963–971CrossRef Ilonen J, Kamarainen JK, Lindh T, Ahola J, Kälviäinen H, Partanen J (2005) Diagnosis tool for motor condition monitoring. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 41(4):963–971CrossRef
9.
go back to reference And FR, Ferkolj S (2001) Application of finite element method to predict damaged induction motor performance. IEEE Trans Magn 37(5):3635–3639CrossRef And FR, Ferkolj S (2001) Application of finite element method to predict damaged induction motor performance. IEEE Trans Magn 37(5):3635–3639CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Bellini A, Filippetti F, Tassoni C, Capolino GA (2008) Advances in diagnostic techniques for induction machines. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 55(12):4109–4126CrossRef Bellini A, Filippetti F, Tassoni C, Capolino GA (2008) Advances in diagnostic techniques for induction machines. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 55(12):4109–4126CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Finley WR, Hodowanec MM, Holter WG (2000) Analytical approach to solving motor vibration problems. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 36(5):1467–1480CrossRef Finley WR, Hodowanec MM, Holter WG (2000) Analytical approach to solving motor vibration problems. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 36(5):1467–1480CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Zhang P, Du Y, Habetler TG, Lu B (2011) A survey of condition monitoring and protection methods for medium-voltage induction motors. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 47(1):34–46CrossRef Zhang P, Du Y, Habetler TG, Lu B (2011) A survey of condition monitoring and protection methods for medium-voltage induction motors. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 47(1):34–46CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Culbert IM, Rhodes W (2007) Using current signature analysis technology to reliably detect cage winding defects in Squirrel-Cage induction motors. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 43(2):422–428CrossRef Culbert IM, Rhodes W (2007) Using current signature analysis technology to reliably detect cage winding defects in Squirrel-Cage induction motors. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 43(2):422–428CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Bonnett AH, Souckup GC (1986) Rotor failures in squirrel cage induction motors. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 22(6):1165–1173CrossRef Bonnett AH, Souckup GC (1986) Rotor failures in squirrel cage induction motors. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 22(6):1165–1173CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Faiz J, Ebrahimi BM, Sharifian MBB (2007) Time stepping finite element analysis of broken bars fault in a three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor. Prog Electromagn Res 68:53–70CrossRef Faiz J, Ebrahimi BM, Sharifian MBB (2007) Time stepping finite element analysis of broken bars fault in a three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor. Prog Electromagn Res 68:53–70CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Mirafzal B (2005) Incipient fault diagnosis in Squirrel-Cage induction motors. Marquette University, Milwaukee Mirafzal B (2005) Incipient fault diagnosis in Squirrel-Cage induction motors. Marquette University, Milwaukee
18.
go back to reference Nandi S, Toliyat HA, Li X (2005) Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of electrical motors-a review. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 20(4):719–729CrossRef Nandi S, Toliyat HA, Li X (2005) Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of electrical motors-a review. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 20(4):719–729CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Kliman GB (1991) Transient rotor fault detection in induction and synchronous motors. US Patent 5 030 917, July 9 Kliman GB (1991) Transient rotor fault detection in induction and synchronous motors. US Patent 5 030 917, July 9
20.
go back to reference Thomson WT, Deans ND, Leonard RA, Milne AJ (1983) Monitoring strategy for discriminating between different types of rotor defects in induction motors. In: Proceeding University Power Engineering Conference. Venice, pp 241–246 Thomson WT, Deans ND, Leonard RA, Milne AJ (1983) Monitoring strategy for discriminating between different types of rotor defects in induction motors. In: Proceeding University Power Engineering Conference. Venice, pp 241–246
21.
go back to reference Elder S, Watson JF, Thomson WT (1989) Fault detection in induction motors as a result of transient analysis. IET. In: Proceeding Fourth International Conference Electrical Machines and Drives. London, pp 182–186 Elder S, Watson JF, Thomson WT (1989) Fault detection in induction motors as a result of transient analysis. IET. In: Proceeding Fourth International Conference Electrical Machines and Drives. London, pp 182–186
22.
go back to reference Briz F, Degner MW, García P, Bragado D (2008) Broken rotor bar detection in line-fed induction machines using complex wavelet analysis of startup transients. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 44(3):760–768CrossRef Briz F, Degner MW, García P, Bragado D (2008) Broken rotor bar detection in line-fed induction machines using complex wavelet analysis of startup transients. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 44(3):760–768CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Tsoumas IP, Georgoulas G, Mitronikas ED, Safacas AN (2008) Asynchronous machine rotor fault diagnosis technique using complex wavelets. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 23(2):444–459CrossRef Tsoumas IP, Georgoulas G, Mitronikas ED, Safacas AN (2008) Asynchronous machine rotor fault diagnosis technique using complex wavelets. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 23(2):444–459CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Yacamini R, Smith KS, Ran L (1998) Monitoring torsional vibrations of electro-mechanical systems using stator currents. J Vib Acoust 120(1):72–79CrossRef Yacamini R, Smith KS, Ran L (1998) Monitoring torsional vibrations of electro-mechanical systems using stator currents. J Vib Acoust 120(1):72–79CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Arui QQ (1995) Diagnosis of rotor fault in squirrel cage induction motors using time-varying frequency spectrum of starting stator current. In: Proceeding Chinese Soc. Elect. Eng, pp 267–273 Arui QQ (1995) Diagnosis of rotor fault in squirrel cage induction motors using time-varying frequency spectrum of starting stator current. In: Proceeding Chinese Soc. Elect. Eng, pp 267–273
26.
go back to reference Watson JF, Paterson NC (1998) Improved techniques for rotor fault detection in three-phase induction motors. In: Proceeding IEEE Industry Applications Conference 33rd IAS Annual Meeting. St. Louis, pp 271–277 Watson JF, Paterson NC (1998) Improved techniques for rotor fault detection in three-phase induction motors. In: Proceeding IEEE Industry Applications Conference 33rd IAS Annual Meeting. St. Louis, pp 271–277
27.
go back to reference Antonino-Daviu J, Rodriguez PJ, Riera-Guasp M, Pineda-Sanchez M, Arkkio A (2009) Detection of combined faults in induction machines with stator parallel branches through the DWT of the startup current. Mech Syst Signal Process 23(7):2336–2351CrossRef Antonino-Daviu J, Rodriguez PJ, Riera-Guasp M, Pineda-Sanchez M, Arkkio A (2009) Detection of combined faults in induction machines with stator parallel branches through the DWT of the startup current. Mech Syst Signal Process 23(7):2336–2351CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Douglas H, Pillay P, Ziarani A (2004) A new algorithm for transient motor current signature analysis using wavelets. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 40(5):1361–1368CrossRef Douglas H, Pillay P, Ziarani A (2004) A new algorithm for transient motor current signature analysis using wavelets. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 40(5):1361–1368CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Zhang Z, Ren Z, Huang W (2003) A novel detection method of motor broken rotor bars based on wavelet ridge. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 18(3):417–423CrossRef Zhang Z, Ren Z, Huang W (2003) A novel detection method of motor broken rotor bars based on wavelet ridge. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 18(3):417–423CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Riera-Guasp M, Antonino-Daviu J, Rusek J, Roger-Folch J (2009) Diagnosis of rotor asymmetries in induction motors based on the transient extraction of fault components using filtering techniques. Electr Power Syst Res 79(8):1181–1191CrossRef Riera-Guasp M, Antonino-Daviu J, Rusek J, Roger-Folch J (2009) Diagnosis of rotor asymmetries in induction motors based on the transient extraction of fault components using filtering techniques. Electr Power Syst Res 79(8):1181–1191CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Thobiani F, Ball A, Choi BK (2013) An application to transient current signal based induction motor fault diagnosis of fourier-bessel expansion and simplified fuzzy artmap. Expert Syst Appl 40(13):5372–5384CrossRef Thobiani F, Ball A, Choi BK (2013) An application to transient current signal based induction motor fault diagnosis of fourier-bessel expansion and simplified fuzzy artmap. Expert Syst Appl 40(13):5372–5384CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Cabal-Yepez E, Romero-Troncoso RJ, Garcia-Perez A, Osornio-Rios RA (2012) Single-parameter fault identification through information entropy analysis at the startup-transient current in induction motors”. Electr Power Syst Res 89:64–69CrossRef Cabal-Yepez E, Romero-Troncoso RJ, Garcia-Perez A, Osornio-Rios RA (2012) Single-parameter fault identification through information entropy analysis at the startup-transient current in induction motors”. Electr Power Syst Res 89:64–69CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Mehrjou MR, Mariun N, Karami M, Misron N (2014) Performance analysis of line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor in presence of rotor fault. IEEE. In: Research and Development (SCOReD), 2014 IEEE Student Conference on. Batu Ferringhi, Malaysia, pp 1–l4 Mehrjou MR, Mariun N, Karami M, Misron N (2014) Performance analysis of line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor in presence of rotor fault. IEEE. In: Research and Development (SCOReD), 2014 IEEE Student Conference on. Batu Ferringhi, Malaysia, pp 1–l4
34.
go back to reference Da Silva AM, Povinelli RJ, Demerdash NA (2008) Induction machine broken bar and stator short-circuit fault diagnostics based on three-phase stator current envelopes. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 55(3):1310–1318CrossRef Da Silva AM, Povinelli RJ, Demerdash NA (2008) Induction machine broken bar and stator short-circuit fault diagnostics based on three-phase stator current envelopes. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 55(3):1310–1318CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Wang J, Liu S, Gao RX, Yan R (2012) Current envelope analysis for defect identification and diagnosis in induction motors. J Manuf Syst 31(4):380–387CrossRef Wang J, Liu S, Gao RX, Yan R (2012) Current envelope analysis for defect identification and diagnosis in induction motors. J Manuf Syst 31(4):380–387CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Didier G, Ternisien E, Caspary O, Razik H (2006) Fault detection of broken rotor bars in induction motor using a global fault index. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 42(1):79–88CrossRef Didier G, Ternisien E, Caspary O, Razik H (2006) Fault detection of broken rotor bars in induction motor using a global fault index. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 42(1):79–88CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Ahamed SK, Karmakar S, Sarkar A, Mitra M, Sengupta S (2011) Diagnosis of broken rotor bar fault of induction motor through envelope analysis of motor startup current using hilbert and wavelet transform. Innov Syst Design Eng 2(4):163–176 Ahamed SK, Karmakar S, Sarkar A, Mitra M, Sengupta S (2011) Diagnosis of broken rotor bar fault of induction motor through envelope analysis of motor startup current using hilbert and wavelet transform. Innov Syst Design Eng 2(4):163–176
38.
go back to reference Filippetti F, Martelli M, Franceschini G, Tassoni C (1992) Development of expert system knowledge base to on-line diagnosis of rotor electrical faults of induction motors. In: Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Conference Record of the 1992 IEEE, pp 92–99 Filippetti F, Martelli M, Franceschini G, Tassoni C (1992) Development of expert system knowledge base to on-line diagnosis of rotor electrical faults of induction motors. In: Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Conference Record of the 1992 IEEE, pp 92–99
39.
go back to reference Puche-Panadero R, Pineda-Sanchez M, Riera-Guasp M, Roger-Folch J, Hurtado-Perez E, Perez-Cruz J (2009) Improved resolution of the MCSA method via Hilbert transform, enabling the diagnosis of rotor asymmetries at very low slip. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 24(1):52–59CrossRef Puche-Panadero R, Pineda-Sanchez M, Riera-Guasp M, Roger-Folch J, Hurtado-Perez E, Perez-Cruz J (2009) Improved resolution of the MCSA method via Hilbert transform, enabling the diagnosis of rotor asymmetries at very low slip. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 24(1):52–59CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Matić D, Kulić F, Pineda-Sánchez M, Kamenko I (2012) Support vector machine classifier for diagnosis in electrical machines: application to broken bar. Expert Syst Appl 39(10):8681–8689CrossRef Matić D, Kulić F, Pineda-Sánchez M, Kamenko I (2012) Support vector machine classifier for diagnosis in electrical machines: application to broken bar. Expert Syst Appl 39(10):8681–8689CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Kim J, Shin S, Lee SB, Gyftakis KN, Drif M, Marques Cardoso AJ (2015) Power spectrum-based detection of induction motor rotor faults for immunity to false alarms. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 30(3):1123–1132CrossRef Kim J, Shin S, Lee SB, Gyftakis KN, Drif M, Marques Cardoso AJ (2015) Power spectrum-based detection of induction motor rotor faults for immunity to false alarms. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 30(3):1123–1132CrossRef
42.
go back to reference AlThobiani F, Ball A, Choi BK (2013) An application to transient current signal based induction motor fault diagnosis of Fourier-Bessel expansion and simplified fuzzy ARTMAP. Expert Syst Appl 40(13):5372–5384CrossRef AlThobiani F, Ball A, Choi BK (2013) An application to transient current signal based induction motor fault diagnosis of Fourier-Bessel expansion and simplified fuzzy ARTMAP. Expert Syst Appl 40(13):5372–5384CrossRef
43.
go back to reference DeCarlo LT (1997) On the meaning and use of Kurtosis. Psychol Methods 2:292–307CrossRef DeCarlo LT (1997) On the meaning and use of Kurtosis. Psychol Methods 2:292–307CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Senguler T, Karatoprak E, Seker S (2010) A new MLP approach for the detection of incipient bearing damage. J Adv Electr Comput Eng 10:34–39CrossRef Senguler T, Karatoprak E, Seker S (2010) A new MLP approach for the detection of incipient bearing damage. J Adv Electr Comput Eng 10:34–39CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Stepanic P, Latinovic IV, Durovic Z (2009) A new approach to detection of defects in rolling element bearings based on statistical pattern recognition. J Adv Manuf Technol 45:91–100CrossRef Stepanic P, Latinovic IV, Durovic Z (2009) A new approach to detection of defects in rolling element bearings based on statistical pattern recognition. J Adv Manuf Technol 45:91–100CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Mustafa MO, Nikolakopoulos G, Georgoulas G (2015) Fault classification of broken rotor bars in induction motors based on envelope current analysis. In: Industrial Informatics (INDIN), IEEE 13th International Conference on. Cambridge, pp 795–800 Mustafa MO, Nikolakopoulos G, Georgoulas G (2015) Fault classification of broken rotor bars in induction motors based on envelope current analysis. In: Industrial Informatics (INDIN), IEEE 13th International Conference on. Cambridge, pp 795–800
48.
go back to reference Niu G, Son JD, Widodo A, Yang BS, Hwang DH, Kang DS (2007) A comparison of classifier performance for fault diagnosis of induction motor using multi-type signals. Struct Health Monit 6(3):215–229CrossRef Niu G, Son JD, Widodo A, Yang BS, Hwang DH, Kang DS (2007) A comparison of classifier performance for fault diagnosis of induction motor using multi-type signals. Struct Health Monit 6(3):215–229CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Lei Y, He Z, Zi Y (2008) A new approach to intelligent fault diagnosis of rotating machinery. Expert Syst Appl 35(4):1593–1600CrossRef Lei Y, He Z, Zi Y (2008) A new approach to intelligent fault diagnosis of rotating machinery. Expert Syst Appl 35(4):1593–1600CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Han T, Yang BS, Choi WH, Kim JS (2006) Fault diagnosis system of induction motors based on neural network and genetic algorithm using stator current signals. IJRM. doi:10.1155/IJRM/2006/61690 Han T, Yang BS, Choi WH, Kim JS (2006) Fault diagnosis system of induction motors based on neural network and genetic algorithm using stator current signals. IJRM. doi:10.​1155/​IJRM/​2006/​61690
51.
go back to reference Tukey JW (1977) Exploratory data analysis. 1st Edn. Addison-Wesley, New York Tukey JW (1977) Exploratory data analysis. 1st Edn. Addison-Wesley, New York
52.
go back to reference Spiegel MR, Schiller J, Srinivasan A (2004) Theory and problems of probability and statistics. Schaum S Outline Series, 2nd edn. Tata McGraw Hill, USA Spiegel MR, Schiller J, Srinivasan A (2004) Theory and problems of probability and statistics. Schaum S Outline Series, 2nd edn. Tata McGraw Hill, USA
53.
go back to reference Christensen R (1996) Analysis of variance, design, and regression: applied statistical methods. Chapman and Hall, London Christensen R (1996) Analysis of variance, design, and regression: applied statistical methods. Chapman and Hall, London
54.
go back to reference Antonino-Daviu J, Riera-Guasp M, Roger-Folch J, MartínezGiménez F, Peris A (2006) Application and optimization of the discrete wavelet transform for the detection of broken rotor bars in induction machines. Appl Comput Harmon Anal 21:268–279MathSciNetCrossRefMATH Antonino-Daviu J, Riera-Guasp M, Roger-Folch J, MartínezGiménez F, Peris A (2006) Application and optimization of the discrete wavelet transform for the detection of broken rotor bars in induction machines. Appl Comput Harmon Anal 21:268–279MathSciNetCrossRefMATH
Metadata
Title
Analysis of statistical features based on start-up current envelope for broken rotor bar fault detection in line start permanent magnet synchronous motor
Authors
Mohammad Rezazadeh Mehrjou
Norman Mariun
Norhisam Misron
Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi
Publication date
23-08-2016
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Electrical Engineering / Issue 1/2017
Print ISSN: 0948-7921
Electronic ISSN: 1432-0487
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-016-0404-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Electrical Engineering 1/2017 Go to the issue