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2011 | Book

Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes: From Early and Strategic Development through to Materials Application Read chapter Read first chapter

Applications of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes

Editor: Claire Hartmann-Thompson

Publisher: Springer Netherlands

Book Series : Advances in Silicon Science

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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About this book

The commercial availability and decreasing cost of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes in recent years has opened up the field to everybody who wishes to apply these unique properties in their own technologies. This is the first book to provide a comprehensive overview of these applications, and covers the synthesis, characterization and history of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes, their use as metallasilsesquioxane catalysts, their effect upon polymer properties and plastics performance, and their use in superhydrophobic nanocomposites, and electronics, energy, space and biomedical applications.

"Applications of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes" is a valuable reference for those working across a range of disciplines, including chemists, materials scientists, polymer physicists, plastics engineers, surface scientists, and anybody with a commercial or academic interest in plastics, composite materials, space materials, dental materials, tissue engineering, drug delivery, lithography, fuel cells, batteries, lubricants, or liquid crystal, LED, sensor, photovoltaic or biomedical devices.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes: From Early and Strategic Development through to Materials Application
Abstract
The chemistry of organo-functionalized silsesquioxanes has emerged as a fascinating new fi eld of modern nanotechnology [1]. Nanostructured polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POS) compounds have been used to design novel hybrid nanocomposites now used in a variety of applications [2-5]. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes remain well-defi ned, three-dimensional nanobuilding blocks that can create unique hybrid materials, where a precise control of nanostructure and properties is needed [6-10].
Elda Markovic, Kristina Constantopolous, Janis G. Matisons
Chapter 2. Preparation and Characterization of Polyhedral Oligosilsesquioxanes
Abstract
Polyhedral OligoSilSesquioxanes are often abbreviated by the acronym POS or POSS® and are compounds of the general formula Sin O3n/2Rn (often denoted as TnRn). The commonest of these compounds are the cubic T8R8 POS species since many hydrolysis/condensation reactions of simple RSiX3 compounds (X = Cl, OMe or OEt) give the T8R8 cage as a major product, usually along with small amounts of other TnRn cages and polymeric by-products. Few T4R4 POS have been prepared as they seem to require very bulky R-groups to stabilize the strained POS system and to prevent formation of larger, more stable POS cages.
David B. Cordes, Paul D. Lickiss
Chapter 3. Metallasilsesquioxanes: Molecular Analogues of Heterogeneous Catalysts
Abstract
As soluble molecular analogues of silica surfaces, polyhedral oligosilsesquioxanes (POS or POSS®) have been used extensively, along with alkylsilanols, to mimic the structure and chemistry of silica surfaces (Figure 3.1).
Antony J. Ward, Anthony F. Masters, Thomas Maschmeyer
Chapter 4. Polymers and Copolymers Containing Covalently Bonded Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes Moieties
Abstract
The use of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POS or POSS®) as a moiety in polymers and copolymers is an area of research that has gained tremendous popularity in recent years. A number of excellent review articles have been published [1-8], as well as articles that elaborate on the larger field of silsesquioxanes [9-10]. In this chapter, we discuss T8 POS compounds, which are represented by the general formula Si8O12R8, where R is an organic group, or group suitable for polymerization or grafting. For ease of illustration, we have chosen to schematically represent the POS moiety as a cubic structure in many of the subsequent schemes that will appear in this chapter; this representation is shown in Fig. 4.1.
Katherine Grace Williams, Samuel Paul Gido, Edward Bryan Coughlin
Chapter 5. Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Plastics
Abstract
Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POS or POSS®) were fi rst synthesized as long ago as the 1960s. Since that time, global interest has grown considerably as indicated by the many articles and patents in the fi eld [1,2,3,4,5]. The reason being that POS, with a unique three dimensional cage structure composed of silicon and oxygen (Fig. 5.1), is an unusual type of molecule with correspondingly unusual properties. The discovery of the cage form of carbon, called buckminsterfullerene (Fig. 5.1), was awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, and other cage structure hydrocarbons such as adamantane and other diamondoids have attracted considerable interest. However, time has shown that POS is far more commercially important for several reasons. Firstly, POS is extremely versatile.
Chris DeArmitt
Chapter 6. Fluorinated Polyhedral Oligosilsesquioxane Surfaces and Superhydrophobicity
Abstract
Fluorinated compounds are a logical choice for hydrophobic applications owing to their generally low surface energy. Polyhedral molecules may also improve hydrophobicity by increasing material surface roughness. There have been many recent attempts to synthesize and characterize various types of fluorinated polyhedra. These reports include the fluorination or fluoroalkylation of C60 [1,2]. Unfortunately, C60F48 (fluorinated buckminsterfullerene) cannot be used as a hydrophobic material, since it is metastable and is hydrolyzed by water [3]. However, the perfluorocarborane species, perfluoro-deca-β-methyl-para-carborane, shows remarkable hydrolytic and oxidative stability [4]. Fluorinated carbon nanotubes and nanofibers have also been produced [5]. Many of these fluorinated polyhedral compounds may be useful in hydrophobic applications, but they are generally hazardous to prepare, require air and moisture sensitive manipulations, and have limited economies of scale. For these reasons, alternative fluorinated polyhedra, such as Polyhedral Oligomeric SilSesquioxanes (POS) are highly desired (Figure 6.1).
Scott T. Iacono, Andrew J. Peloquin, Dennis W. Smith Jr, Joseph M. Mabry
Chapter 7. Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Electronics and Energy Applications
Abstract
This chapter is of broad scope and and covers the use of hybrid polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POS) materials to enhance performance in various electronics, optical and energy-related applications. It reviews the liquid crystal phase behavior of Si8O12 compounds and their use in LC devices, their use as electroluminescent (EL) materials in light-emitting devices (with a particular focus upon the problematic area of blue emission), their use as lithographic resists in the fabrication of electronic and optical devices, their use in diverse sensor systems, and their use in fuel cell membranes, battery electrolytes and lubricants. Si8O12 materials have also been successfully employed as coatings and adhesives in space photovoltaic solar cells, and this topic is reviewed in Chapter 8, along with various other space material-related applications.
Claire Hartmann-Thompson
Chapter 8. Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Space Applications
Abstract
The space environment around the earth is exceptionally complex and has a significant impact on the lifetime and performance of any orbiting satellite. At least six factors influence the satellite: atomic oxygen (AO), electrons and protons trapped in the earth’s magnetic field, solar flare protons, solar radiation, thermal cycling resulting from the passage of the spacecraft through the Earth’s shadow, and debris.
Henry W. Brandhorst Jr
Chapter 9. Biomedical Application of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Nanoparticles
Abstract
Recent years have been characterized by the emergence of novel biomaterials with improved properties for a variety of biomedical applications. In particular, the development of advanced polymeric materials, composites, and nano-structured materials has been at the centre of research attention in this era. Composite materials are combinations of at least two constituent materials with significantly improved physical or chemical properties. Matrix (host) and reinforcement (guest) are the two main constituents in the majority of composite materials.
Hossein Ghanbari, Sayed Mahdi Marashi, Yasmin Rafiei, Karla Chaloupka, Alexander M. Seifalian
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Applications of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes
Editor
Claire Hartmann-Thompson
Copyright Year
2011
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN
978-90-481-3787-9
Print ISBN
978-90-481-3786-2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3787-9

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