Introduction
Background: artificial intelligence for sustainability
Methods
Literature search
Social |
Social, city, education, health, information, ethics, policy, healthcare, society, community, justice, poverty, population, gender, culture, diversity, leadership, skills, sociology, migration, livelihood, judiciary, socialization, diseases, citizen, employee, medical, law, rural, communities, heritage, equity, societies, participation, legal, housing, generations, disaster, cancer, csr, corporate social responsibility, school, sanitation, urbanization, societal, educational, ethical, municipal, personalized, humans, saving, rules, revitalization, regulations, pharmaceutical, illegal, governance, regulation, inequality, epidemic, human, life, nutrition, wealth, living, cultural, disease. |
Environmental |
Energy, environmental, design, urban, water, waste, food, environment, building, concrete, mining, carbon, natural, renewable, eco, urbanism, resource, power, materials, forest, transportation, land, ecological, global, transport, emission, biomass, genetic, gas, soil, emissions, co2, vehicle, grid, electric, air, tree, regional, pollution, heat, corporate, green, climate, electricity, greenhouse, conservation, recycling, groundwater, architecture, solid, crop, buildings, bio, solar, earth, chemical, biodiversity, transition, irrigation, basin, traffic, plastic, plant, ecology, river, bioeconomy, flood, environments, coastal, geographical, contaminated, yield, thermal, street, reuse, reservoir, renovation, recycled, park, oxygen, hydrogen, geographic, rehabilitation, region, pollutions, organic, lighting, hydro, harvesting, fishery, fields, congestion, combustion, chemicals, biowaste, biorefinery, biofuels, biofuel, bioethanol, bioenergy, wind, ventilation, toxicity, sterilization, sea, poultry, plastics, nitrogen, nature, nanoparticle, mountain, methane, hydrothermal, heating, habitat, geomaterials, freshwater, erosion, trees, desalination, clean, cell, biodiesel, adaptation, weather, wastes, structures, sludge, species, greenwashing, geography, geospatial, geo, fertilizer, biological, vegetation, thermoelectric, garbage, environmentally, wetland. |
Economic |
Industry, manufacturing, economic, business, circular, industrial, product, production, financial, finance, market, entrepreneurship, economy, industries, enterprise, economics, trade, financing, commercial, investment, profit, sales, firms, stock, income, revenues, pricing, employment, markets, capital, economies, company, firm, producer, supplier, companies, european, price, particle, logistic, trading, commerce, businesses, profits, internet, blockchain, value, products, productions, freight, retention, money, leagility, inventories, fine, digitalisation, boosted, monetisation, gdp, gross domestic product, marketing, supply chain, technology, digital, logistics, digitalization, machines, labor, infrastructure, nanotechnology, manufacture, inventory, fault, retrieval, valuation, tariff, sme, small and medium sized companies, digitisation, maintenance. |
Keywords significance analysis
Network analysis
Network construction
Module detection
Module enrichment analysis
In sustainability aspect \({s}_{a}\)
| Not in sustainability aspect \({s}_{a}\)
| Sum | |
---|---|---|---|
In module \({m}_{i}\)
|
\({N}_{11}\)
|
\({N}_{12}\)
|
\({N}_{1.}\)
|
Not in module \({m}_{i}\)
|
\({N}_{21}\)
|
\({N}_{13}\)
|
\({N}_{2.}\)
|
\({N}_{.1}\)
|
\({N}_{.2}\)
|
\(N\)
|
Semantic analysis
Topic optimization
Significance analysis of projection of the clustered embeddings
Bibliometric insights
Publication landscape analysis
Journals | #Publications | Journals | #Publications |
---|---|---|---|
Sustainability (Switzerland) | 227 | IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology | 11 |
Journal of Cleaner Production | 70 | Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 11 |
Sustainable Cities and Society | 40 | Energies | 11 |
Lecture Notes in Computer Science | 27 | ACM International Conference Proceeding Series | 11 |
Geopolitics, History, and International Relations | 22 | International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic Commerce (2021) | 11 |
Science of the Total Environment | 19 | Technology in Society | 10 |
Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics | 19 | CEUR Workshop Proceedings | 10 |
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments | 14 | Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing | 10 |
Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation | 14 | Studies in Computational Intelligence | 9 |
Technological Forecasting and Social Change | 13 | Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems | 9 |
Economics, Management, and Financial Markets | 13 | IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science | 9 |
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | 12 | Frontiers in Environmental Science | 9 |
Resources, Conservation and Recycling | 11 | Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems | 8 |
Philosophical Studies Series | 11 | Resources Policy | 8 |
International Journal of Production Research | 11 | IEEE Access | 8 |
Other | 1217 |
Title | # | References |
---|---|---|
A. Articles | ||
Green, circular, bio economy: a comparative analysis of sustainability avenues | 517 | D'Amato et al. [66] |
Evaluating sustainability transitions pathways: bridging analytical approaches to address governance challenges | 296 | Turnheim et al. [331] |
Sustainable supplier management—a review of models supporting sustainable supplier selection, monitoring and development | 279 | Zimmer et al. [369] |
A hybrid decision support system for sustainable office building renovation and energy performance improvement | 277 | Juan et al. [144] |
A systematic literature review on machine learning applications for sustainable agriculture supply chain performance | 235 | R. Sharma et al. [291] |
Artificial intelligence and business models in the sustainable development goals perspective: a systematic literature review | 229 | Di Vaio et al. [74] |
Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in IoT network for the sustainable smart city | 227 | Singh et al. [298] |
Role of institutional pressures and resources in the adoption of big data analytics powered artificial intelligence, sustainable manufacturing practices and circular economy capabilities | 220 | Bag et al. [32] |
Role of multiple stakeholders and the critical success factor theory for the sustainable supplier selection process | 210 | Kannan [151] |
Bridging sustainable business model innovation and user-driven innovation: a process for sustainable value proposition design | 208 | Baldassarre et al. [34] |
Big data and predictive analytics for supply chain sustainability: a theory-driven research agenda | 188 | Hazen et al. [116] |
Machine learning in predictive maintenance towards sustainable smart manufacturing in industry 4.0 | 174 | Çınar et al. [58] |
Comparing systems approaches to innovation and technological change for sustainable and competitive economies: an explorative study into conceptual commonalities, differences and complementarities | 172 | Coenen and Díaz López [60] |
Investigating a serious challenge in the sustainable development process: analysis of confirmed cases of COVID-19 (new type of Coronavirus) through a binary classification using artificial intelligence and regression analysis | 169 | Pirouz et al. [255] |
B. Review papers | ||
The role of artificial intelligence in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals | 589 | Vinuesa et al. [341] |
Achieving sustainable performance in a data-driven agriculture supply chain: a review for research and applications | 376 | Kamble et al. [150] |
Statistical machine learning methods and remote sensing for sustainable development goals: a review | 141 | Holloway and Mengersen [120] |
The narrative of sustainability and circular economy—A longitudinal review of two decades of research | 141 | Schöggl et al. [284] |
Artificial intelligence in sustainable energy industry: status Quo, challenges and opportunities | 137 | Ahmad et al. [5] |
Unleashing the convergence amid digitalization and sustainability towards pursuing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): a holistic review | 135 | Del Río Castro et al. [70] |
Digitalization to achieve sustainable development goals: steps towards a Smart Green Planet | 134 | Mondejar et al. [221] |
Sustainable cyber-physical production systems in big data-driven smart urban economy: a systematic literature review | 97 | Andronie et al. [23] |
Industry 4.0 technologies for manufacturing sustainability: a systematic review and future research directions | 93 | Jamwal et al. [132] |
Using satellite imagery to understand and promote sustainable development | 92 | Burke et al. [47] |
Sustainable supply chain management towards disruption and organizational ambidexterity: a data driven analysis | 86 | Bui et al. [45] |
Urban energy planning procedure for sustainable development in the built environment: a review of available spatial approaches | 75 | Torabi Moghadam et al. [322] |
Decision support systems for sustainable manufacturing surrounding the product and production life cycle—A literature review | 73 | Zarte et al. [362] |
COVID-19 and healthcare system in China: challenges and progression for a sustainable future | 69 | Sun et al. [309] |
Nanotechnology and artificial intelligence to enable sustainable and precision agriculture | 68 | Zhang et al. [365] |
Trends in predictive biodegradation for sustainable mitigation of environmental pollutants: recent progress and future outlook | 61 | Singh et al. [296] |
A. Top collaborations | #collaboration countries | References |
---|---|---|
Digitalization to achieve sustainable development goals: Steps towards a Smart Green Planet | 12 | Mondejar et al. [221] |
Intelligent approaches for sustainable management and valorisation of food waste | 10 | Said et al. [275] |
A computational view on nanomaterial intrinsic and extrinsic features for nanosafety and sustainability | 10 | Mancardi et al. [208] |
A machine learning driven multiple criteria decision analysis using LS-SVM feature elimination: Sustainability performance assessment with incomplete data | 10 | Ijadi Maghsoodi et al. [126] |
Foodomics: A Data-Driven Approach to Revolutionize Nutrition and Sustainable Diets | 9 | Ahmed et al. [6] |
Predicting sustainable arsenic mitigation using machine learning techniques | 8 | Singh et al. [299] |
Deploying digitalisation and artificial intelligence in sustainable development research | 7 | Leal Filho et al. [188] |
Guest Editorial Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning for Intelligent and Sustainable Traffic and Vehicle Management (VANETs) | 7 | Gupta et al. [110] |
A strategic review on sustainable approaches in municipal solid waste management and energy recovery: Role of artificial intelligence, economic stability and life cycle assessment | 7 | Naveenkumar et al. [229] |
Economic analysis of sustainable exports value addition through natural resource management and artificial intelligence | 7 | Wang et al. [344] |
Country-wise analysis
Country | #Publications | Country | #Publications |
---|---|---|---|
United States | 333 | Japan | 37 |
China | 276 | Poland | 34 |
India | 268 | Hong Kong | 34 |
United Kingdom | 193 | South Africa | 32 |
Germany | 123 | Portugal | 32 |
Italy | 111 | Ireland | 31 |
Saudi Arabia | 105 | Finland | 30 |
Spain | 98 | Brazil | 30 |
Australia | 88 | Denmark | 29 |
Canada | 76 | Greece | 28 |
Malaysia | 74 | Belgium | 27 |
South Korea | 69 | Switzerland | 26 |
Taiwan | 65 | Romania | 26 |
France | 65 | Mexico | 26 |
Pakistan | 58 | Slovakia | 24 |
Norway | 57 | Austria | 24 |
Iran | 57 | Vietnam | 22 |
Netherlands | 48 | Hungary | 21 |
Sweden | 47 | Czech Republic | 21 |
Egypt | 41 | Singapore | 20 |
Turkey | 40 | Indonesia | 20 |
United Arab Emirates | 39 | Colombia | 20 |
Russian Federation | 37 |
Keyword analysis
Sustainability keywords | Frequency | q value | Technology, AI, & data analysis terms | Frequency | q value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sustainable development | 152 | 5E-05 | Decision support system | 99 | 5E-05 |
Sustainable development goals | 75 | 5E-05 | Big data | 90 | 5E-05 |
Smart city | 62 | 5E-05 | Internet of things | 84 | 5E-05 |
Industry 40 | 48 | 5E-05 | Deep learning | 62 | 5E-05 |
Environmental sustainability | 33 | 5E-05 | Neural network | 31 | 5E-05 |
Circular economy | 30 | 5E-05 | Support vector machine | 38 | 5E-05 |
Renewable energy | 26 | 5E-05 | Optimization | 36 | 5E-05 |
Sustainable cities | 23 | 5E-05 | Blockchain | 30 | 5E-05 |
Covid 19 | 23 | 5E-05 | Big data analytics | 24 | 5E-05 |
Decision making | 23 | 5E-05 | Data mining | 22 | 5E-05 |
Climate change | 21 | 5E-05 | Random forest | 21 | 5E-05 |
Agriculture | 20 | 5E-05 | Digitalization | 19 | 5E-05 |
Sustainable manufacturing | 20 | 5E-05 | Multi objective optimization | 15 | 5E-05 |
Energy | 19 | 5E-05 | Sustainable ai | 14 | 5E-05 |
Resilience | 19 | 5E-05 | Digital technologies | 13 | 5E-05 |
Energy efficiency | 17 | 5E-05 | Prediction | 13 | 5E-05 |
Sustainable agriculture | 17 | 5E-05 | Multi criteria decision making | 13 | 5E-05 |
Life cycle assessment | 17 | 5E-05 | Cloud computing | 13 | 9.9995E-05 |
Smart manufacturing | 16 | 5E-05 | Data analytics | 12 | 0.0002 |
Energy consumption | 16 | 5E-05 | Classification | 12 | 1E-04 |
Decision support | 16 | 5E-05 | Data driven approach | 12 | 5E-05 |
Social sustainability | 15 | 5E-05 | Data science | 11 | 0.0003 |
Sustainable design | 14 | 5E-05 | Gis | 11 | 0.0003 |
Innovation | 14 | 5E-05 | Simulation | 10 | 0.00035 |
Governance | 13 | 5E-05 | |||
Sdgs | 13 | 5E-05 | |||
Security | 13 | 5E-05 | |||
Sustainable supply chain | 13 | 5E-05 | |||
Supply chain | 13 | 5E-05 | |||
Ethics | 12 | 5E-05 | |||
Systematic literature review | 12 | 5E-05 | |||
Supply chain management | 12 | 9.9995E-05 | |||
Urban sustainability | 12 | 9.9995E-05 | |||
Environment | 11 | 0.00014999 | |||
Digital transformation | 11 | 0.00014999 | |||
Urban planning | 11 | 0.00019999 | |||
Sustainable SCM | 11 | 0.00019999 | |||
Sustainable concrete | 11 | 0.00014999 | |||
Smart sustainable cities | 11 | 0.00024999 | |||
Smart grid | 11 | 0.00024999 |
Module (with total nodes) | Sustainability aspects | q value | Key terms reflecting sustainability aspects |
---|---|---|---|
1 61 nodes | Social | 0.49 | Smart sustainable city, ethical ai, population, gender equality, biodiversity, urban development, urban, governance |
Economic | < 0.0001 | Industry 40, fourth industrial revolution, industry, industrial ecology, manufacturing, smart manufacturing, sustainable manufacturing, sustainable smart manufacturing, circular economy, business model, business strategy, cyber physical production system, sustainable finance, internet of things, digitalisation, digital technologies, technology, digitalization, digital twin | |
Environmental | 0.02 | Environmental sustainability, urban development, urban, water quality, e waste, environment, industrial ecology, resource recovery, emission, green ai, climate change, conservation, biodiversity, earth observation | |
2 38 nodes | Social | 0.01 | Social sustainability, sustainable smart city, healthcare, internet of health things, ai ethics, ethics, smart agriculture, ai governance |
Economic | 0.02 | Firm performance, supplier selection, logistics, internet of health things, internet of thing, blockchain, supply chain management, supply chain, digital transformation | |
Environmental | 1 | Environmental indicators | |
3 5 nodes | Social | 1 | |
Economic | < 0.0001 | Digital economy | |
Environmental | 1 | ||
4 28 nodes | Social | 0.44 | Social media, engineering education, educational data mining, education, higher education, sustainable education |
Economic | 0.19 | Production | |
Environmental | 0.026 | Energy efficient, environmental pollution, waste, wastewater treatment, fuel cell | |
5 40 nodes | Social | 0.49 | Agricultural sector, generative design, life cycle assessment |
Economic | < 0.0001 | Manufacturing industry, bioeconomy, economic development, cleaner production, predictive maintenance | |
Environmental | < 0.0001 | Sustainable energy, renewable energy, energy demand, environmental decision support system, environmental performance, generative design, sustainable environment, sustainable transport, global warming, co2 emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, biomass, corporate sustainability, biofuel, bioeconomy, cleaner production | |
6 26 nodes | Social | 0.18 | AI for social good, future generations, urban governance |
Economic | 0.33 | Additive manufacturing, digital twins, infrastructure planning | |
Environmental | < 0.0001 | Building energy, performance-based design, natural resources, land use, electric vehicles | |
7 44 nodes | Social | 1 | Smart city, sustainable cities |
Economic | 1 | Big data technology, data driven technologies, infrastructure | |
Environmental | 1 | Energy planning, design, smart sustainable urbanism | |
8 32 nodes | Social | 1 | |
Economic | 1 | Emerging technologies, technological innovation | |
Environmental | 0.01 | Environmental management, environmental factors, data driven design, sustainable design, green building, air pollution | |
9 28 nodes | Social | 0.21 | Global health, policy, agricultural supply chains, sustainable food systems |
Economic | 0.38 | Agricultural supply chains, food supply chain, sustainable supply chain management | |
Environmental | 1 | Design for sustainability | |
10 26 nodes | Social | 0.38 | Social network analysis, education for sustainable development |
Economic | 1 | Sustainable technology | |
Environmental | 1 | Materials science, engineered nanomaterials | |
11 50 nodes | Social | 0.56 | Urbanization, municipal solid waste |
Economic | < 0.0001 | circular bioeconomy, blockchain technology, digital divide | |
Environmental | 0.0012 | Urbanization, municipal solid waste, solid waste management, waste management, lignocellulosic biomass, circular bioeconomy | |
12 50 nodes | Social | 0.49 | Corporate social responsibility, health |
Economic | 0.02 | Economic sustainability, business sustainability, productivity, digital agriculture | |
Environmental | 0.10 | Green energy, environmental impact, environmental monitoring, water, water resource management, water sustainability, food security, smart environments, sustainable building, corporate social responsibility, groundwater | |
13 34 nodes | Social | 1 | Social networks |
Economic | 0.0008 | Industry 50, economic growth, sustainable production, closed loop supply chain, sustainable supply chain | |
Environmental | 0.99 | Energy efficiency, energy management, energy consumption, water demand, water supply, built environment, carbon footprint, smart grid | |
14 2 nodes | Social | 1 | |
Economic | 1 | ||
Environmental | 0.02 | Wastewater treatment plant |
Semantic analysis of key topics
Topic | Docu-ments | Description | Topic | Docu-ments | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
− 1 | 643 | Mixed topics that are not part of any clusters but broadly discuss the application of AI, and sustainability-related research and applications | 16 | 23 | Decision support systems for sustainable land use management |
0 | 187 | AI and sustainable development | 17 | 22 | Sustainable supply chain management |
1 | 150 | ML and sustainable agriculture | 18 | 22 | Sustainable Finance and ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) |
2 | 83 | Sustainable and renewable energy | 19 | 22 | Sustainability in manufacturing |
3 | 63 | Big data, data analytics, and data driven methods for sustainable industrial manufacturing | 20 | 20 | Smart sustainable city development |
4 | 61 | Data-driven smart sustainable cities | 21 | 19 | AI and the IoT |
5 | 59 | Application of AI in healthcare | 22 | 19 | Sustainability of the palm oil industry |
6 | 50 | ML approaches in sustainable urban planning | 23 | 17 | Waste and waste management |
7 | 47 | Product sustainability assessment | 24 | 17 | Data driven smart cities and governance |
8 | 47 | Sustainable supply chains | 25 | 17 | Big data, business model, innovation for sustainable competitive advantage |
9 | 44 | Predicting properties of concrete using ML techniques | 26 | 15 | Cybersecurity and Intrusion Detection for sustainable use of AI and technology |
10 | 41 | Decision support systems for sustainable building design | 27 | 14 | Water and wastewater treatment using AI |
11 | 37 | The role of ML and AI in making a digital classroom and its sustainable impact on education during Covid-19 | 28 | 13 | Pavement management for sustainable transport |
12 | 35 | Water resources management | 29 | 12 | Sustainability energy usages and AI |
13 | 30 | Sustainable development, nanomaterials, and nanotechnology | 30 | 12 | Sustainable transportation systems |
14 | 27 | Predictive modeling of water resources using ML techniques | 31 | 11 | AI for smart and sustainable cities |
15 | 25 | Biofuels, biowaste remediation, and sludge | 32 | 10 | Digital Technologies and sustainability in data journalism, communication, and information sharing |
Discussion
AI, ML, and data-driven methods
DL, artificial neural network models | |
Social | |
Environmental | Wongchai et al. [351], Dairi et al. [65], Rangel-Martinez et al. [263], Sohani et al. [301], Nañez Alonso et al. [227], Park and Yang [245], Himeur et al. [119], Yang et al. [355], Jendoubi and Bouffard [137], Pham et al. [252], Selukar et al. [287], Padmapriya and Sasilatha [242], Rastogi et al. [265], Tariq et al. [315], Jin et al. [140], Ashwitha and Latha [28], Ferdous et al. [93], Karka et al. [153], Zhang et al. [366], Abbas et al. [2], Papagiannis et al. [244] |
Economic | Sachithra and Subhashini [271], Grant [106], Latif [184], Jamwal et al. [131], Lazaroiu et al. [186], Jan [133], Cavus et al. [50], Wang et al. [348], Verma et al. [338], Elhoseny et al. [87], Danishvar et al. [67], Demir [71], Walk et al. [343], Corceiro et al. [61], Fisher et al. [94], Latif and Ahmed [185], Gómez et al. [104], Liu et al. [201] |
ML/Supervised ML | |
Social | Mrówczyńska et al. [223], Pham et al. [250], Mishra et al. [215], Novak et al. [236], Mashaba-Munghemezulu et al. [211], Naseer et al. [228], Kim and Kim [162], Rathore et al. [266], Almalki et al. [17], Dash et al. [68], Molina-Gómez et al. [218], Piscitelli and D’Uggento [256], Abbas et al. [1], Wang et al. [347], Arango-Uribe et al. [26], Ijadi Maghsoodi et al. [126], Yigitcanlar and Cugurullo [357], Garg et al. [100] |
Environmental | Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi et al. [312], Niu and Feng [233], Pal et al. [243], Sugiawan et al. [307], Elavarasan and Vincent [86], Iddianozie and Palmes [125], Shahbeik et al. [289], Badreldin et al. [31], Xiaonuo Li et al. [192], Javed et al. [135], Singh et al. [299], Liu et al. [199], Gültepe [108], Carrera et al. [49], Li et al. [190], Al Duhayyim [12], Mao et al. [210], Agrawal et al. [4], Shrimali et al. [292] |
Economic | Kumar Mohapatra et al. [180], Akbari et al. [8], Ullah et al. [333], Wu et al. [352], Onyelowe et al. [238], Thanh et al. [319], Sankaranarayanan et al. [278], Ghanizadeh et al. [101], Dai and Zhang [64], Khoh et al. [161], Erçen et al. [89], Pham et al. [251], Momenitabar et al. [220], Jamil et al. [130], Wang et al. [344] |
Unsupervised learning | |
Social | |
Economical | |
Environmental | |
Time series and forecasting | |
Social | |
Environmental | |
Economic | |
Bayesian/statistical/probabilistic methods | |
Social | |
Environmental | |
Economic | |
Optimization | |
Social | |
Environmental | |
Economic | Quariguasi Frota Neto et al. [261], Shuaiyin Ma et al. [207], Jiao et al. [139], Xu et al. [354], Anvari and Turkay [24], Lotfi et al. [204], Hombach et al. [121], Simeoni et al. [295], Honghui Wang et al. [346], Peng et al. [247], Doliente and Samsatli [78], Sharma et al. [290], Nayeri et al. [230], Momenitabar et al. [220], Choi [56], Jayarathna et al. [136], Yue Li et al. [194] |
Simulation models | |
Social | |
Environmental | |
Economic | |
Fuzzy methods | |
Social | |
Environmental | |
Economic | Kannan [151],Tseng, Tran, et al. [329]; Orji and Wei [239], A. Kumar et al. [178], Bui et al. [45], Kokkinos et al. [167], Tsai et al. [325], Balaman et al. [33], Khalili-Damghani and Sadi-Nezhad [160], Tirkolaee and Aydin [320], Tseng et al. [327], Fallahpour et al. [91], Pereira et al. [249], Jeong and Ramírez-Gómez [138], Tseng, Bui, et al. [328], Choy et al. [57], Kazancoglu et al. [157], Su et al. [305], Alassery and Alhazmi [13] |
MCDM | |
Social | Zhang et al. [364] |
Environmental | |
Economic | |
Complex networks/Knowledge graphs/ontology | |
Social | |
Environmental | |
Economic |