2.1 Worker Guidance Systems
Digital assistance systems (DAS) are used within a CPAS as interface between humans and technical systems [
10]. The primary goal is to provide optimal worker support to increase productivity, reduce execution times, minimize error rates and enable end-to-end traceability [
11]. DAS comprise basic functions including documentation of process data, monitoring of processes, decision support and information output [
12]. For information output, the term “worker information systems” (WIS) is used in literature of production management. WIS provide information such as step-by-step assembly instructions, security hints or warnings of potential errors without the need of printed paper media [
13].
For step-by-step guidance of workers through assembly processes, also the term worker guidance, respectively WGS is used. WGS allow workers to overcome difficulties in performing complex precision assembly processes and reduce cognitive burden in assembling small lot sizes of ever increasing product variants [
14]. The most significant difference between WIS and WGS is the feedback loop: WIS only supply information assistance according to a given set of rules, while WGS additionally support the input of information and data manually through graphical user interfaces or automatically through different sensors [
15]. Aehnelt et al. stated that “information assistance in form of guiding can be understood as an informal way of mediating and learning facts (what), procedures (how) and concepts (why) required for a specific assembly task”. Therefore a worker has to remember, understand and apply the information to execute the assembly task [
16].
Lušić et al. differ between static and dynamic provision of information as well as real versus virtual information. Text and pictures are time-invariant and therefore static information, leading to additional cognitive load of the worker. Dynamic provision of information, e.g. videos or 3D animations lead to less cognitive load, but the duration of these have to be adapted to individual worker’s needs. Real information require real objects for their creation and include recorded photos or videos, while virtual information can be derived digitally e.g. using a 3D Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software [
17].
The information provided by WGS can be in form of texts, pictures, videos, virtual 3D objects or simple light signals and must be prepared, programmed and transferred to databases or storage media of an individual target system prior to production [
18]. This preparation process is very time consuming and usually requires a specialized knowledge in programming and 3D CAD modelling [
19]. In case of a small or single lot size production, the described preparation process has to be carried out often and represents a significant cost factor, which furthermore prevents an efficient usage of WGS [
20]. To cope with the aforementioned challenges, different approaches have been presented in recent studies, which can be clustered into following categories:
(i) automation of assembly sequence planning [
21], (ii) automation of instruction information creation [
22], (iii) automated entry of created information into target systems [
23] and (iv) support the human assembly planner where automation is not possible [
24]. These four categories are described in detail:
(i) Automation of assembly sequence planning: Since the early 1990s, various algorithms and heuristics have been developed to automatically derive feasible assembly sequences of a product variant from product data or 3D CAD models, e.g. [
25,
26]. This research area evolved with more computing power: The original approaches considering a simple listing of assembly sequences were developed successively, so that modern solutions allow an automatic feasibility study with regard to stability and available space at the joining position of each part [
27], but also the average required assembly time can be calculated [
28]. All of the aforementioned approaches relate to the general assembly planning process, but are not designed to create, process or distribute information for WGS.
(ii) Automation of instruction information creation: Mader et al. describe an approach to be able to automatically create work instructions in textual form and as pictures based on geometry and workstation data [
22]. More recent work describes the preparation of videos and assembly animations using virtual prototypes [
13]. Sääski et al. describe a concept to automatically create 3D objects for Augmented Reality (AR) worker guidance. Hereby the focus has been set on the integration of a wide variety of information systems as consistently as possible [
29]. The created information has to be entered manually into databases of target WGS using a graphical user interface (GUI). This step is also associated with high manual workload during preparation phase.
(iii) Automated entry of created information into target systems:
To ensure that assembly workers on shop floor can use the created instruction information, it must be entered into the database of WGS through software interfaces. Müller et al. describe an exchange of information between agents and modules. While a WGS can be seen as a module, an “agent acts as a mediator or coordinator” between these modules and the virtual assembly planning environment [
23]. A similar approach is pursued by Fischer et al., who describe the data flow between virtual assembly planning and the WIS database. Data is exported from the planning environment, translated into the desired target structure via an associative array and can be imported into the WGS [
30].
(iv) Support the human assembly planner where automation is not possible: Zauner et al. describe the use of domain specific wizards, so-called “authoring wizards” in order to create visual information in a user-friendly way and without any programming knowledge [
31]. Through a GUI, an assembly planner defines the required assembly information, such as assembly sequence, parameters and required tools [
32]. The described approach is widely used in context of AR solutions and is applied in research and industry [
33]. Despite support by means of authoring software, high manual effort remains in creation and entry of the information for each product variant. In addition, these software packages are usually limited to AR worker guidance and are designed for specific output devices or an individual WGS solution. Sensors for detecting depth information and movements enable teach-in of work instruction content at the assembly stations directly [
34]. Funk et al. have developed a projection based WGS, which allows a complex assembly process to be trained by experienced workers. During the assembly process, the system recognizes the required part containers as well as joining positions and derives all the information required for projection-based worker guidance automatically. However, the authors themselves point out that this system is not mature and further development must be made, e.g. optimization of workpiece detection [
20]. In addition, such a system cannot be used in lot size 1 production, since the entire assembly process has to be taught in with at least one piece.
In summary, the state of the art includes partial solutions, which favour a reduction of expenses in the supply of instructional information e.g. through automation of preparation tasks or support of human assembly planners. However, the lack of a holistic and consistent approach in order to achieve a fully configured WGS even at complex products and small lot size is evident. In this paper, we present an approach for the automated information supply of worker guidance systems, which helps to significantly reduce content creation efforts and to relieve assembly planning staff, especially in smart assembly environments. The approach differs from the state of the art by a continuous processing chain from product development to the output of digital content information on assembly shop floor. The activities of information supply of worker guidance systems are divided between human and computer according to their respective strengths and weaknesses. While human planners contribute product-, process- and resource-knowledge by means of optimally designed input interfaces, a computer takes over time-consuming creation activities for instruction elements, e.g. texts, pictures or optimised 3D models for AR. In order to further relieve assembly planners, they are supported by machine learning at the time-consuming task of planning assembly sequences. Case-based reasoning is used to derive assembly sequences for the new product variant based on earlier planning knowledge of similar product variants automatically. The following sections describe a conceptual design for an automated information supply and the technical implementation in a test environment.