Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Exploring Relevant Parts Between Legal Documents Using Substructure Matching Read chapter Read first chapter

2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Automatic Extraction of Legal Norms: Evaluation of Natural Language Processing Tools

Authors : Gabriela Ferraro, Ho-Pun Lam, Silvano Colombo Tosatto, Francesco Olivieri, Mohammad Badiul Islam, Nick van Beest, Guido Governatori

Published in: New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Extracting and formalising legal norms from legal documents is a time-consuming and complex procedure. Therefore, the automatic methods that can accelerate this process are in high demand. In this paper, we address two major questions related to this problem: (i) what are the challenges in formalising legal documents into a machine understandable formalism? (ii) to what extent can the data-driven state-of-the-art approaches developed in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) community be used to automate the normative mining process. The results of our experiments indicate that NLP technologies such as relation extraction and semantic parsing are promising research avenues to advance research in this area.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter An Agent-Based Model for Exploring Pension Law and Social Security Policies
next chapter Deep Learning for Multi-factor Models in Regional and Global Stock Markets
Footnotes
1
Here, the term generation is used in a loose way (normative rules can be generated or extracted or distilled or built, etc.), and is not used to refer exclusively to the text generation problem study by the Natural Language Generation community.
 
Literature
1.
Angeli, G., Johnson Premkumar, M.J., Manning, C.D.: Leveraging linguistic structure for open domain information extraction. In: Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2015, Beijing, China, pp. 344–354 (2015)
2.
Banarescu, L., et al.: Abstract meaning representation for sembanking. In: Pareja-Lora, A., Liakata, M., Dipper, S. (eds.) Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse, Sofia, Bulgaria, pp. 178–186, August 2013
3.
Boella, G., Di Caro, L., Robaldo, L.: Semantic relation extraction from legislative text using generalized syntactic dependencies and support vector machines. In: Morgenstern, L., Stefaneas, P., Lévy, F., Wyner, A., Paschke, A. (eds.) RuleML 2013. LNCS, vol. 8035, pp. 218–225. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-3-642-39617-5_​20CrossRef
4.
Breaux, T.D., Antón, A.I.: A systematic method for acquiring regulatory requirements: a frame-based approach. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Requirements for High Assurance Systems, Pittsburg, PA, USA, September 2007
5.
Burga, A., Codina, J., Ferraro, G., Saggion, H., Wanner, L.: The challenge of syntactic dependency parsing adaptation for the patent domain. In: Proceedings of ESSLLI-13 Workshop on Extrinsic Parse Improvement. EPI, Düsseldorf, Germany, August 2013
6.
Dong, L., Lapata, M.: Language to logical form with neural attention. In: Erk, K., Smith, N.A. (eds.) Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, vol. 1: Long Papers, Berlin, German, pp. 33–43, August 2016
7.
Dragoni, M., Villata, S., Rizzi, W., Governatori, G.: Combining natural language processing approaches for rule extraction from legal documents. In: Pagallo, U., Palmirani, M., Casanovas, P., Sartor, G., Villata, S. (eds.) AICOL 2015-2017. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10791, pp. 287–300. Springer, Cham (2018). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-3-030-00178-0_​19CrossRef
8.
Dragoni, M., Villata, S., Rizzi, W., Governatori, G.: Combining NLP approaches for rule extraction from legal documents. In: 1st Workshop on MIning and REasoning with Legal texts (MIREL 2016), Sophia Antipolis, France, December 2016
9.
van Engers, T.M., van Gog, R., Sayah, K.: A case study on automated norm extraction. In: Gordon, T. (ed.) The 17th International Conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, JURIX 2004, pp. 49–58. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2004)
10.
Fan, X., Monti, E., Mathias, L., Dreyer, M.: Transfer learning for neural semantic parsing. In: Blunsom, P., et al. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP, Rep4NLP 2017, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 48–56, August 2017
11.
Finegan-Dollak, C., et al.: Improving text-to-SQL evaluation methodology. In: Gurevych, I., Miyao, Y. (eds.) Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2018, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 351–360, July 2018
12.
13.
Gordon, A.S., Hobbs, J.R.: A Formal Theory of Commonsense Psychology: How People Think People Think, 1st edn. Cambridge University Press, New York (2017)CrossRef
14.
Governatori, G., Rotolo, A.: A conceptually rich model of business process compliance. In: Proceedings of the 7th Asia-Pacific Conference on Conceptual Modelling, APCCM 2010, ACS, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, pp. 3–12, January 2010
15.
Herzig, J., Berant, J.: Neural semantic parsing over multiple knowledge-bases. In: Barzilay, R., Kan, M.Y. (eds.) Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2017, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 623–628, July 2017
16.
Jia, R., Liang, P.: Data recombination for neural semantic parsing. In: Erka, K., Smith, N.A. (eds.) Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2016, Berlin, Germany, pp. 12–22, August 2016
17.
Kelsen, H.: General Theory of Norms. Oxford University Press, Inc., Oxford (1991)CrossRef
18.
Kennardi, A., Ferraro, G., Wang, Q.: Domain adaptation for low-resource neural semantic parsing. In: MacKinlay, A., Piccardi, M. (eds.) Proceedings of the 17th Workshop of the Australasian Language Technology Association, ALTA 2019, Sydney, Australia, pp. 107–113 (2019)
19.
Kimura, Y., Nakamura, M., Shimazu, A.: Treatment of legal sentences including itemized and referential expressions – towards translation into logical forms. In: Hattori, H., Kawamura, T., Idé, T., Yokoo, M., Murakami, Y. (eds.) JSAI 2008. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 5447, pp. 242–253. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-3-642-00609-8_​21CrossRef
20.
Kočiský, T., et al.: Semantic parsing with semi-supervised sequential autoencoders. In: Su, J., Duh, K., Carreras, X. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2016, pp. 1078–1087. Association for Computational Linguistics, Austin, November 2016
21.
Kwiatkowski, T., Zettlemoyer, L., Goldwater, S., Steedman, M.: Lexical generalization in CCG grammar induction for semantic parsing. In: Barzilay, R., Johnsn, M. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2011, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, pp. 1512–1523, July 2011
22.
Lapata, M., Dong, L.: Coarse-to-fine decoding for neural semantic parsing. In: Gurevych, I., Miyao, Y. (eds.) Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2018, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 731–742, July 2018
23.
Makinson, D.: On a fundamental problem of deontic logic. In: McNamara, P., Prakken, H. (eds.) Norms, Logics and Information Systems. New Studies in Deontic Logic and Computer Science, vol. 49, pp. 29–53. IOS Press, Amsterdam (1999)
24.
Miall, H.: Emergent Conflict and Peaceful Change. Palgrave MacMillan, London (2007)CrossRef
25.
Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand: New Zealand Building Code Clause G4 Ventilation: Acceptable Solutions and Verification Methods, 4th edn. (2017)
26.
27.
Niklaus, C., Cetto, M., Freitas, A., Handschuh, S.: Transforming complex sentences into a semantic hierarchy. In: Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Florence, Italy, pp. 3415–3427, July 2019
28.
29.
Popple, J.: A Pragmatic Legal Expert System. Dartmouth (1996)
30.
Rubino, R., Rotolo, A., Sartor, G.: An OWL ontology of fundamental legal concepts. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, JURIX 2006, pp. 101–110. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2006)
31.
Sartor, G.: Legal Reasoning: A Cognitive Approach to the Law, A Treatise of Legal Philosophy and General Jurisprudence, vol. 5. Springer, Berlin (2005)
32.
Schwarm, S.E., Ostendorf, M.: Reading level assessment using support vector machines and statistical language models. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2005, Stroudsburg, PA, USA, pp. 523–530 (2005)
33.
Sleimi, A., Sannier, N., Sabetzadeh, M., Briand, L., Dann, J.: Automated extraction of semantic legal metadata using natural language processing. In: The 26th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, Banff, AB, Canada, pp. 124–135. IEEE, August 2018
34.
Susanto, R.H., Lu, W.: Neural architectures for multilingual semantic parsing. In: Barzilay, R., Kan, M.Y. (eds.) Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2017, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 38–44, July 2017
35.
Tjong, E.F., Sang, K., Déjean, H.: Introduction to the CoNLL-2001 shared task: clause identification. In: Daelemans, W., Zajac, R. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning, ConLL 2001. Association for Computational Linguistics, Toulouse, July 2001
36.
37.
Wieringa, R.J., Meyer, J. J. C.: Applications of deontic logic in computer science: a concise overview. In: Meyer, J.J.C., Wieringa, R.J. (eds.) International Workshop on Deontic Logic in Computer Science, DEON 1993, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 17–40, December 1993
38.
Woodsend, K., Lapata, M.: WikiSimple: automatic simplification of wikipedia articles. In: Proceedings of the 25th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2011, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 927–932. AAAI Press, August 2011
39.
Wyner, A.Z., Peters, W.: On rule extraction from regulations. In: Atkinson, K.M. (ed.) Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Legal Knowledge and Information, JURIX 2011, Vienna, Austria, pp. 113–122. IOS Press, September 2011
Metadata
Title
Automatic Extraction of Legal Norms: Evaluation of Natural Language Processing Tools
Authors
Gabriela Ferraro
Ho-Pun Lam
Silvano Colombo Tosatto
Francesco Olivieri
Mohammad Badiul Islam
Nick van Beest
Guido Governatori
Copyright Year
2020
Book
New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-58789-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-58790-1

Copyright Year: 2020

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58790-1_5

Premium Partner

    Image Credits