Skip to main content
Top

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Black Carbon Aerosols in Urban Air: Sources, Concentrations, and Climate Change

Authors : Burcu Onat, Ülkü Alver Şahin, Burcu Uzun

Published in: Recycling and Reuse Approaches for Better Sustainability

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Black carbon (BC) is one of the key atmospheric aerosol components of locomotive air quality and climate change. BC has the capacity to absorb light across all visible wavelengths; it reradiates solar radiation as heat, inducing a climate warming effect. Due to its shorter lifetime in the atmosphere compared to carbon dioxide, it is an excellent target for emission reductions. BC is a specific marker of primary combustion of fossil fuel and biomass. BC concentrations in urban areas are variable; in developed countries, motorized transport vehicles are considered to be the most important source of BC, whereas in developing countries, biomass burning may be important. The interest of policy makers in BC was rise up owing to arising evidence on health effects and the impact of BC on global warming. The authors present here a general knowledge on BC to clarify its sources, concentration levels, effect on climate change, and adverse health effect.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
2.
go back to reference Bond TC, Doherty SJ, Fahey DW, Forster PM, Berntsen T, DeAngelo BJ, Flanner MG, Ghan S, Karcher B, Koch D, Kinne S, Kondo Y, Quinn PK, Sarofim MC, Schultz MG, Schulz M, Venkataraman C, Zhang H, Zhang S, Bellouin N, Guttikunda SK, Hopke PK, Jacobson MZ, Kaiser JW, Klimont Z, Lohmann U, Schwarz JP, Shindell D, Storelvmo T, Warren SG, Zender CS (2013) Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: a scientific assessment. J Geophys Res 118:5380–5552 Bond TC, Doherty SJ, Fahey DW, Forster PM, Berntsen T, DeAngelo BJ, Flanner MG, Ghan S, Karcher B, Koch D, Kinne S, Kondo Y, Quinn PK, Sarofim MC, Schultz MG, Schulz M, Venkataraman C, Zhang H, Zhang S, Bellouin N, Guttikunda SK, Hopke PK, Jacobson MZ, Kaiser JW, Klimont Z, Lohmann U, Schwarz JP, Shindell D, Storelvmo T, Warren SG, Zender CS (2013) Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: a scientific assessment. J Geophys Res 118:5380–5552
3.
go back to reference Sand M, Berntsen TK, von Salzen K, Flanner MG, Langner J, Victor DG (2016) Response of arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers. Nat Clim Chang 6:286–289CrossRef Sand M, Berntsen TK, von Salzen K, Flanner MG, Langner J, Victor DG (2016) Response of arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers. Nat Clim Chang 6:286–289CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Stohl A, Aamaas B, Amann M, Baker LH, Bellouin N, Berntsen TK, Boucher O, Cherian R, Collins W, Daskalakis N, Dusinska M, Eckhardt S, Fuglestvedt JS, Harju M, Heyes C, Hodnebrog Ø, Hao J, Im U, Kanakidou M, Klimont Z, Kupiainen K, Law KS, Lund MT, Maas R, MacIntosh CR, Myhre G, Myriokefalitakis S, Olivie D, Quaas J, Quennehen B, Raut JC, Rumbold ST, Samset BH, Schulz M, Seland Ø, Shine KP, Skeie RB, Wang S, Yttri KE, Zhu T (2015) Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived pollutants. Atmos Chem Phys 15:10529–10566CrossRef Stohl A, Aamaas B, Amann M, Baker LH, Bellouin N, Berntsen TK, Boucher O, Cherian R, Collins W, Daskalakis N, Dusinska M, Eckhardt S, Fuglestvedt JS, Harju M, Heyes C, Hodnebrog Ø, Hao J, Im U, Kanakidou M, Klimont Z, Kupiainen K, Law KS, Lund MT, Maas R, MacIntosh CR, Myhre G, Myriokefalitakis S, Olivie D, Quaas J, Quennehen B, Raut JC, Rumbold ST, Samset BH, Schulz M, Seland Ø, Shine KP, Skeie RB, Wang S, Yttri KE, Zhu T (2015) Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived pollutants. Atmos Chem Phys 15:10529–10566CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Evans M, Kholod N, Kuklinski T, Denysenko A, Smith SJ, Staniszewski A, Bond TC (2017) Black carbon emissions in Russia: a critical review. Atmos Environ 163:9–21CrossRef Evans M, Kholod N, Kuklinski T, Denysenko A, Smith SJ, Staniszewski A, Bond TC (2017) Black carbon emissions in Russia: a critical review. Atmos Environ 163:9–21CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Petzold A, Ogren JA, Fiebig M, Laj P, Li SM, Baltensperger U, Holzer-Popp T, Kinne S, Pappalardo G, Sugimoto N, Wehrli C, Wiedensohler A, Zhang X (2013) Recommendations for reporting “black carbon” measurements. Atmos Chem Phys 13:8365–8379CrossRef Petzold A, Ogren JA, Fiebig M, Laj P, Li SM, Baltensperger U, Holzer-Popp T, Kinne S, Pappalardo G, Sugimoto N, Wehrli C, Wiedensohler A, Zhang X (2013) Recommendations for reporting “black carbon” measurements. Atmos Chem Phys 13:8365–8379CrossRef
7.
go back to reference IPCC-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis, report of working Group I to the fifth assessment of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge IPCC-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis, report of working Group I to the fifth assessment of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
8.
go back to reference Becerril-Valle M, Coz E, Prévôt ASH, Močnik G, Pandis SN, de la Campa AS, Artíñano B (2017) Characterization of atmospheric black carbon and co-pollutants in urban and rural areas of Spain. Atmos Environ 169:36–53CrossRef Becerril-Valle M, Coz E, Prévôt ASH, Močnik G, Pandis SN, de la Campa AS, Artíñano B (2017) Characterization of atmospheric black carbon and co-pollutants in urban and rural areas of Spain. Atmos Environ 169:36–53CrossRef
9.
go back to reference UNEP-CCAC (2014),Time to act to reduce short-lived climate pollutants, Judith Maréchal and GRID-Arendal (Ed.), ISBN: 978-82-7701-130-1. UNEP-CCAC (2014),Time to act to reduce short-lived climate pollutants, Judith Maréchal and GRID-Arendal (Ed.), ISBN: 978-82-7701-130-1.
10.
go back to reference US EPA, March 2012. Report to congress on black carbon, p 388 US EPA, March 2012. Report to congress on black carbon, p 388
11.
go back to reference UNEP/WMO (2011), Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone, Bart Ullstein (Ed.), Banson, UK, ISBN: 92-807-3141-6. UNEP/WMO (2011), Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone, Bart Ullstein (Ed.), Banson, UK, ISBN: 92-807-3141-6.
12.
go back to reference Briggs NL, Long CM (2016) Critical review of black carbon and elemental carbon source apportionment in Europe and the United States. Atmos Environ 144:409–427CrossRef Briggs NL, Long CM (2016) Critical review of black carbon and elemental carbon source apportionment in Europe and the United States. Atmos Environ 144:409–427CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Belis CA, Larsen BR, Amato F, El Haddad I, Favez O, Harrison RM, Hopke PK, Nava S, Paatero P, Prevot A, Quass U, Vecchi R, Viana M (2014) European guide on air pollution source apportionment with receptor models, p 92. https://doi.org/10.2788/9307. Report EUR 26080 EN Belis CA, Larsen BR, Amato F, El Haddad I, Favez O, Harrison RM, Hopke PK, Nava S, Paatero P, Prevot A, Quass U, Vecchi R, Viana M (2014) European guide on air pollution source apportionment with receptor models, p 92. https://​doi.​org/​10.​2788/​9307. Report EUR 26080 EN
14.
go back to reference Healy RM, Sofowote U, Su Y, Debosz J, Noble M, Jeong CH, Jones K (2017) Ambient measurements and source apportionment of fossil fuel and biomass burning black carbon in Ontario. Atmos Environ 161:34–47CrossRef Healy RM, Sofowote U, Su Y, Debosz J, Noble M, Jeong CH, Jones K (2017) Ambient measurements and source apportionment of fossil fuel and biomass burning black carbon in Ontario. Atmos Environ 161:34–47CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Lamarque JF, Bond TC, Eyring V, Granier C, Heil A, Klimont Z, Lee D, Liousse C, Mieville A, Owen B, Schultz MG, Shindell D, Smith SJ, Stehfest E, Van Aardenne J, Cooper OR, Kainuma M, Mahowald N, McConnell JR, Naik V, Riahi K, VanVuuren DP (2010) Historical(1850-2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application. Atmos Chem Phys 10(15):7017–7039. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010 CrossRef Lamarque JF, Bond TC, Eyring V, Granier C, Heil A, Klimont Z, Lee D, Liousse C, Mieville A, Owen B, Schultz MG, Shindell D, Smith SJ, Stehfest E, Van Aardenne J, Cooper OR, Kainuma M, Mahowald N, McConnell JR, Naik V, Riahi K, VanVuuren DP (2010) Historical(1850-2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application. Atmos Chem Phys 10(15):7017–7039. https://​doi.​org/​10.​5194/​acp-10-7017-2010 CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Van der Werf GR, Randerson JT, Giglio L, Collatz GJ, Kasibhatla PS, Arellano AF Jr (2006) Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004. Atmos Chem Phys 6:3423–3441CrossRef Van der Werf GR, Randerson JT, Giglio L, Collatz GJ, Kasibhatla PS, Arellano AF Jr (2006) Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004. Atmos Chem Phys 6:3423–3441CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Schultz MG, Heil A, Hoelzemann JJ, Spessa A, Thonicke K, Goldammer JG, Held AC, Pereira JMC, van het Bolscher M (2008) Global wildland fire emissions from 1960 to 2000. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 22:1–17CrossRef Schultz MG, Heil A, Hoelzemann JJ, Spessa A, Thonicke K, Goldammer JG, Held AC, Pereira JMC, van het Bolscher M (2008) Global wildland fire emissions from 1960 to 2000. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 22:1–17CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Randerson JT, Liu H, Flanner MG, Chambers SD, Jin Y, Hess PG, Pfister G, Mack MC, Treseder KK, Welp LR, Chapin FS, Harde JW, Goulden ML, Lyons E, Neff JC, Schuur EAG, Zender CS (2006) The impact of Boreal forest fire on climate warming. Science 314:1130–1132CrossRef Randerson JT, Liu H, Flanner MG, Chambers SD, Jin Y, Hess PG, Pfister G, Mack MC, Treseder KK, Welp LR, Chapin FS, Harde JW, Goulden ML, Lyons E, Neff JC, Schuur EAG, Zender CS (2006) The impact of Boreal forest fire on climate warming. Science 314:1130–1132CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Council, Arctic, (2015) Enhanced black carbon and methane emissions reductions: an arctic council framework for action. Iqaluit 2015a SAO Report to Ministers, Annex 4. Council, Arctic, (2015) Enhanced black carbon and methane emissions reductions: an arctic council framework for action. Iqaluit 2015a SAO Report to Ministers, Annex 4.
21.
go back to reference Favez O, El Haddad I, Piot C, Boreave A, Abidi E, Marchand N (2010) Intercomparison of source apportionment models for the estimation of wood burning aerosols during wintertime in an Alpine city (Grenoble, France). Atmos Chem Phys 10(12):5295–5314CrossRef Favez O, El Haddad I, Piot C, Boreave A, Abidi E, Marchand N (2010) Intercomparison of source apportionment models for the estimation of wood burning aerosols during wintertime in an Alpine city (Grenoble, France). Atmos Chem Phys 10(12):5295–5314CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Larsen BR, Gilardoni S, Stenstrom K, Niedzialek J, Jimenez J, Belis CA (2012) Sources for PM air pollution in the Po Plain, Italy: II. Probabilistic uncertainty characterization and sensitivity analysis of secondary and primary sources. Atmos Environ 50:203–213CrossRef Larsen BR, Gilardoni S, Stenstrom K, Niedzialek J, Jimenez J, Belis CA (2012) Sources for PM air pollution in the Po Plain, Italy: II. Probabilistic uncertainty characterization and sensitivity analysis of secondary and primary sources. Atmos Environ 50:203–213CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Belis CA, Karagulian F, Larsen BR, Hopke PK (2013) Critical review and metaanalysis of ambient particulate matter source apportionment using receptor models in Europe. Atmos Environ 69:94–108CrossRef Belis CA, Karagulian F, Larsen BR, Hopke PK (2013) Critical review and metaanalysis of ambient particulate matter source apportionment using receptor models in Europe. Atmos Environ 69:94–108CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Liu J, Li J, Zhang Y, Liu D, Ding P, Shen C, Shen K, He Q, Ding X, Wang X, Chen D, Szidat S, Zhang G (2014) Source apportionment using radiocarbon and organic tracers for PM2.5 carbonaceous aerosols in Guangzhou, South China: contrasting local- and regional-scale haze events. Environ Sci Technol 48(20):12002–12011. https://doi.org/10.1021/es503102w CrossRef Liu J, Li J, Zhang Y, Liu D, Ding P, Shen C, Shen K, He Q, Ding X, Wang X, Chen D, Szidat S, Zhang G (2014) Source apportionment using radiocarbon and organic tracers for PM2.5 carbonaceous aerosols in Guangzhou, South China: contrasting local- and regional-scale haze events. Environ Sci Technol 48(20):12002–12011. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1021/​es503102w CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Wang R, Tao S, Balkanski Y, Ciais P, Boucher O, Liu J, Piao S, Shen H, Vuolo MR, Valari M (2014) Exposure to ambient black carbon derived from a unique inventory and high-resolution model. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111:2459–2463CrossRef Wang R, Tao S, Balkanski Y, Ciais P, Boucher O, Liu J, Piao S, Shen H, Vuolo MR, Valari M (2014) Exposure to ambient black carbon derived from a unique inventory and high-resolution model. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111:2459–2463CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Zhang Q, Streets DG, Carmichael GR, He K, Huo H, Kannari A, Klimont Z, Park I, Reddy S, Fu J (2009) Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-Bmission. Atmos Chem Phys 9:5131–5153CrossRef Zhang Q, Streets DG, Carmichael GR, He K, Huo H, Kannari A, Klimont Z, Park I, Reddy S, Fu J (2009) Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-Bmission. Atmos Chem Phys 9:5131–5153CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Liu Y, Yan C, Zheng M (2018) Source apportionment of black carbon during winter in Beijing. Sci Total Environ 618:531–541CrossRef Liu Y, Yan C, Zheng M (2018) Source apportionment of black carbon during winter in Beijing. Sci Total Environ 618:531–541CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Kupiainen K, Klimont Z (2007) Primary emissions of fine carbonaceous particles in Europe. Atmos Environ 41:2156–2170CrossRef Kupiainen K, Klimont Z (2007) Primary emissions of fine carbonaceous particles in Europe. Atmos Environ 41:2156–2170CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Amann M, Klimont Z, Wagner F (2013) Regional and global emissions of air pollutants: recent trends and future scenarios. In: Gadgil A, Liverman DM (eds) Annual review of environment and resources, p 38 Amann M, Klimont Z, Wagner F (2013) Regional and global emissions of air pollutants: recent trends and future scenarios. In: Gadgil A, Liverman DM (eds) Annual review of environment and resources, p 38
32.
go back to reference Plaza J, Artí~nano B, Salvador P, Gomez-Moreno FJ, Pujadas M, Pio CA (2011) Short-term secondary organic carbon estimations with a modified OC/EC primary ratio method at a suburban site in Madrid (Spain). Atmos Environ 45:2496–2506CrossRef Plaza J, Artí~nano B, Salvador P, Gomez-Moreno FJ, Pujadas M, Pio CA (2011) Short-term secondary organic carbon estimations with a modified OC/EC primary ratio method at a suburban site in Madrid (Spain). Atmos Environ 45:2496–2506CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Salvador P, Artí~nano B, Alonso DG, Querol X, Alastuey A (2004) Identification and characterisation of sources of PM10 in Madrid (Spain) by statistical methods. Atmos Environ 38:435–447CrossRef Salvador P, Artí~nano B, Alonso DG, Querol X, Alastuey A (2004) Identification and characterisation of sources of PM10 in Madrid (Spain) by statistical methods. Atmos Environ 38:435–447CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Salvador P, Artíñano B, Viana M, Alastuey A, Querol X (2012) Evaluation of the changes in the Madrid metropolitan area influencing air quality: analysis of 1999–2008 temporal trend of particulate matter. Atmos Environ 57:175–185CrossRef Salvador P, Artíñano B, Viana M, Alastuey A, Querol X (2012) Evaluation of the changes in the Madrid metropolitan area influencing air quality: analysis of 1999–2008 temporal trend of particulate matter. Atmos Environ 57:175–185CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Gao R, Niu S, Zhang H, Guo J, Meng D, Ma J (2007) A comparative study on black carbon aerosol observations in regions of Beijing and Lhasa in 2006. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 6679:66791T–66791T-8 Gao R, Niu S, Zhang H, Guo J, Meng D, Ma J (2007) A comparative study on black carbon aerosol observations in regions of Beijing and Lhasa in 2006. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 6679:66791T–66791T-8
36.
go back to reference Zha S, Cheng T, Tao J, Zhang R, Chen J, Zhang Y, Du J (2014) Characteristics and relevant remote sources of black carbon aerosol in Shanghai. Atmos Environ 135:159–171 Zha S, Cheng T, Tao J, Zhang R, Chen J, Zhang Y, Du J (2014) Characteristics and relevant remote sources of black carbon aerosol in Shanghai. Atmos Environ 135:159–171
37.
go back to reference Bhat MA, Romshoo SA, Beig G (2017) Aerosol black carbon at an urban site-Srinagar, Northwestern Himalaya, India: seasonality, sources, meteorology and radiative forcing. Atmos Environ 165:336–348CrossRef Bhat MA, Romshoo SA, Beig G (2017) Aerosol black carbon at an urban site-Srinagar, Northwestern Himalaya, India: seasonality, sources, meteorology and radiative forcing. Atmos Environ 165:336–348CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Shores CA, Klapmeyer ME, Quadros ME, Marr LC (2013) Sources and transport of black carbon at the California–Mexico border. Atmos Environ 70:490–499CrossRef Shores CA, Klapmeyer ME, Quadros ME, Marr LC (2013) Sources and transport of black carbon at the California–Mexico border. Atmos Environ 70:490–499CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Song S, Wu Y, Xu J, Ohara T, Hasegawa S, Li J (2013) Black carbon at a roadside site in Beijing: temporal variations and relationships with carbon monoxide and particle number size distribution. Atmos Environ 77:213–221CrossRef Song S, Wu Y, Xu J, Ohara T, Hasegawa S, Li J (2013) Black carbon at a roadside site in Beijing: temporal variations and relationships with carbon monoxide and particle number size distribution. Atmos Environ 77:213–221CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Wang Q, Huang RJ, Cao J, Tie X, Shen Z, Zhao S, Zhou Y (2016) Contribution of regional transport to the black carbon aerosol during winter haze period in Beijing. Atmos Environ 132:11–18CrossRef Wang Q, Huang RJ, Cao J, Tie X, Shen Z, Zhao S, Zhou Y (2016) Contribution of regional transport to the black carbon aerosol during winter haze period in Beijing. Atmos Environ 132:11–18CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Bibi S, Alam K, Chishtie F, Bibi H, Rahman S (2017) Temporal variation of black carbon concentration using aethalometer observations and its relationships with meteorological variables in Karachi, Pakistan. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 157:67–77CrossRef Bibi S, Alam K, Chishtie F, Bibi H, Rahman S (2017) Temporal variation of black carbon concentration using aethalometer observations and its relationships with meteorological variables in Karachi, Pakistan. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 157:67–77CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Ozdemir H, Pozzoli L, Kindap T, Demir G, Mertoglu B, Mihalopoulos N, Unal A (2014) Spatial and temporal analysis of black carbon aerosols in Istanbul megacity. Sci Total Environ 473:451–458CrossRef Ozdemir H, Pozzoli L, Kindap T, Demir G, Mertoglu B, Mihalopoulos N, Unal A (2014) Spatial and temporal analysis of black carbon aerosols in Istanbul megacity. Sci Total Environ 473:451–458CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Onat B, Şahin AÜ, Mangır N, Doğan M (2017) Black carbon and particulate matter concentration at urban traffic site in İstanbul, 8th atmospheric sciences symposium, ATMOS2017, 01–04 Nov 2017, Istanbul, Turkey Onat B, Şahin AÜ, Mangır N, Doğan M (2017) Black carbon and particulate matter concentration at urban traffic site in İstanbul, 8th atmospheric sciences symposium, ATMOS2017, 01–04 Nov 2017, Istanbul, Turkey
44.
go back to reference Wang Y, Hopke PK, Rattigan OV, Chalupa DC, Utell MJ (2012) Multiple-year black carbon measurements and source apportionment using delta-c in Rochester, New York. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 62(8):880–887CrossRef Wang Y, Hopke PK, Rattigan OV, Chalupa DC, Utell MJ (2012) Multiple-year black carbon measurements and source apportionment using delta-c in Rochester, New York. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 62(8):880–887CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Li C, Bosch C, Kang S, Andersson A, Chen P, Zhang Q (2016) Sources of black carbon to the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau glaciers. Nat Commun 7:12574CrossRef Li C, Bosch C, Kang S, Andersson A, Chen P, Zhang Q (2016) Sources of black carbon to the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau glaciers. Nat Commun 7:12574CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Highwood EJ, Kinnersley RP (2006) When smoke gets in our eyes: the multiple impacts of atmospheric black carbon on climate, air quality and health. Environ Int 32:560–566CrossRef Highwood EJ, Kinnersley RP (2006) When smoke gets in our eyes: the multiple impacts of atmospheric black carbon on climate, air quality and health. Environ Int 32:560–566CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Kirchstetter TW, Aguiar J, Tonse S, Fairley D, Novakov T (2008) Black carbon concentrations and diesel vehicle emission factors derived from coefficient of haze measurements in California: 1967e2003. Atmos Environ 42:480–491CrossRef Kirchstetter TW, Aguiar J, Tonse S, Fairley D, Novakov T (2008) Black carbon concentrations and diesel vehicle emission factors derived from coefficient of haze measurements in California: 1967e2003. Atmos Environ 42:480–491CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Dons E, Panis LI, Van Poppel M, Theunis J, Wets G (2012) Personal exposure to black carbon in transport microenvironments. Atmos Environ 55:392–398CrossRef Dons E, Panis LI, Van Poppel M, Theunis J, Wets G (2012) Personal exposure to black carbon in transport microenvironments. Atmos Environ 55:392–398CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Suarez L, Mesias S, Iglesias V, Silva C, Caceres DD, Ruiz-Rudolph P (2014) Personal exposure to particulate matter in commuters using different transport modes (bus, bicycle, car and subway) in an assigned route in downtown Santiago, Chile. Environ Sci Process Impacts 16(6):1309–1131CrossRef Suarez L, Mesias S, Iglesias V, Silva C, Caceres DD, Ruiz-Rudolph P (2014) Personal exposure to particulate matter in commuters using different transport modes (bus, bicycle, car and subway) in an assigned route in downtown Santiago, Chile. Environ Sci Process Impacts 16(6):1309–1131CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Zuurbier M, Hoek G, Oldenwening M, Lenters V, Meliefste K, van den Hazel P (2010) Commuters’ exposure to particulate matter air pollution is affected by mode of transport, fuel type, and route. Environ Health Perspect 118:783–789CrossRef Zuurbier M, Hoek G, Oldenwening M, Lenters V, Meliefste K, van den Hazel P (2010) Commuters’ exposure to particulate matter air pollution is affected by mode of transport, fuel type, and route. Environ Health Perspect 118:783–789CrossRef
51.
go back to reference De Nazelle A, Fruin A, Westerdahl S, Martinez D, Ripol D, Kubesch N, Nieuwenhuijsen M (2012) A travel mode comparison of commuters’ exposures to air pollutants in Barcelona. Atmos Environ 59:151–159CrossRef De Nazelle A, Fruin A, Westerdahl S, Martinez D, Ripol D, Kubesch N, Nieuwenhuijsen M (2012) A travel mode comparison of commuters’ exposures to air pollutants in Barcelona. Atmos Environ 59:151–159CrossRef
52.
go back to reference Ragettli MS, Corradi E, Braun-Fahrlander C, Schindler C, de Nazelle A, Jerrett M, Ducret-Stich RE, Künzli N, Phuleria HC (2013) Commuter exposure to ultrafine particles in different urban locations, transportation modes and routes. Atmos Environ 77:376–384CrossRef Ragettli MS, Corradi E, Braun-Fahrlander C, Schindler C, de Nazelle A, Jerrett M, Ducret-Stich RE, Künzli N, Phuleria HC (2013) Commuter exposure to ultrafine particles in different urban locations, transportation modes and routes. Atmos Environ 77:376–384CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Duci A, Chaloulakou A, Spyrellis N (2003) Exposure to carbon monoxide in the Athens urban area during commuting. Sci Total Environ 309:47–58CrossRef Duci A, Chaloulakou A, Spyrellis N (2003) Exposure to carbon monoxide in the Athens urban area during commuting. Sci Total Environ 309:47–58CrossRef
54.
go back to reference Dons E, Int Panis L, Van Poppel M, Theunis J, Willems H, Torfs R (2011) Impact of time activity patterns on personal exposure to black carbon. Atmos Environ 45:3594–3602CrossRef Dons E, Int Panis L, Van Poppel M, Theunis J, Willems H, Torfs R (2011) Impact of time activity patterns on personal exposure to black carbon. Atmos Environ 45:3594–3602CrossRef
55.
go back to reference Fruin SA, Winer AM, Rodes CE (2004) Black carbon concentrations in California vehicles and estimation of in-vehicle diesel exhaust particulate matter exposures. Atmos Environ 38(25):4123–4133CrossRef Fruin SA, Winer AM, Rodes CE (2004) Black carbon concentrations in California vehicles and estimation of in-vehicle diesel exhaust particulate matter exposures. Atmos Environ 38(25):4123–4133CrossRef
56.
go back to reference Vouitsis I, Taimisto P, Kelessis A, Samaras Z (2017) Microenvironment particle measurements in Thessaloniki, Greece. Urban Clim 10(4):608–620 Vouitsis I, Taimisto P, Kelessis A, Samaras Z (2017) Microenvironment particle measurements in Thessaloniki, Greece. Urban Clim 10(4):608–620
57.
go back to reference Li B, Lei XN, Xiu GL, Gao CY, Gao S, Qian NS (2015) Personal exposure to black carbon during commuting in peak and off -peak hours in Shanghai. Sci Total Environ 524–525:237–245CrossRef Li B, Lei XN, Xiu GL, Gao CY, Gao S, Qian NS (2015) Personal exposure to black carbon during commuting in peak and off -peak hours in Shanghai. Sci Total Environ 524–525:237–245CrossRef
58.
go back to reference Moreno T, Reche C, Rivas I, Minguillon MC, Martins V, Vargas C, Buonanno G, Parga J, Pandolfi M, Brines M, Ealo M, Fonseca AS, Amato F, Sosa G, Capdevila M, De Miguel E, Querol X, Gibbons W (2015) Urban air quality comparison for bus, tram, subway and pedestrian commutes in Barcelona. Environ Res 142:495–510CrossRef Moreno T, Reche C, Rivas I, Minguillon MC, Martins V, Vargas C, Buonanno G, Parga J, Pandolfi M, Brines M, Ealo M, Fonseca AS, Amato F, Sosa G, Capdevila M, De Miguel E, Querol X, Gibbons W (2015) Urban air quality comparison for bus, tram, subway and pedestrian commutes in Barcelona. Environ Res 142:495–510CrossRef
59.
go back to reference Williams RD, Knibbs LD (2016) Daily personal exposure to black carbon: a pilot study. Atmos Environ 132:296–299CrossRef Williams RD, Knibbs LD (2016) Daily personal exposure to black carbon: a pilot study. Atmos Environ 132:296–299CrossRef
60.
go back to reference Rivas I, Kumar P, Hagen-Zanker A, Andrade FM, Slovic DA, Pritchard PJ, Geurs TK (2017) Determinants of black carbon, particle mass and number concentrations in London transport microenvironments. Atmos Environ 161:247–262CrossRef Rivas I, Kumar P, Hagen-Zanker A, Andrade FM, Slovic DA, Pritchard PJ, Geurs TK (2017) Determinants of black carbon, particle mass and number concentrations in London transport microenvironments. Atmos Environ 161:247–262CrossRef
61.
go back to reference Ham W, Vijayan A, Schulte N, Herner JD (2017) Commuter exposure to PM2.5, BC and UFP in six common transport microenvironment in Sacramento, California. Atmos Environ 167:335–345CrossRef Ham W, Vijayan A, Schulte N, Herner JD (2017) Commuter exposure to PM2.5, BC and UFP in six common transport microenvironment in Sacramento, California. Atmos Environ 167:335–345CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Hertel O, Hvidberg M, Ketzel M, Storm L, Stausgaard L (2008) A proper choice of route significantly reduces air pollution exposure - a study on bicycle and bus trips on urban streets. Sci Total Environ 389:58–70CrossRef Hertel O, Hvidberg M, Ketzel M, Storm L, Stausgaard L (2008) A proper choice of route significantly reduces air pollution exposure - a study on bicycle and bus trips on urban streets. Sci Total Environ 389:58–70CrossRef
63.
go back to reference Xu B, Hao J (2017) Air quality inside subway metro indoor environment worldwide: a review. Environ Int 107:33–46CrossRef Xu B, Hao J (2017) Air quality inside subway metro indoor environment worldwide: a review. Environ Int 107:33–46CrossRef
64.
go back to reference Lohmann U, Feichter J (2005) Global indirect aerosol effects: a review. Atmos Chem Phys 5:715–737CrossRef Lohmann U, Feichter J (2005) Global indirect aerosol effects: a review. Atmos Chem Phys 5:715–737CrossRef
65.
go back to reference Flanner MG, Zender CS, Hess PG, Mahowald NM, Painter TH, Ramanathan V, Rasch PJ (2009) Springtime warming and reduced snow cover from carbonaceous particles. Atmos Chem Phys 9:2481–2497CrossRef Flanner MG, Zender CS, Hess PG, Mahowald NM, Painter TH, Ramanathan V, Rasch PJ (2009) Springtime warming and reduced snow cover from carbonaceous particles. Atmos Chem Phys 9:2481–2497CrossRef
66.
go back to reference Chen LWA, Doddridge BG, Dickerson RR, Chow JC, Mueller PK, Quinn J, Butler WA (2001) Seasonal variations in elemental carbon aerosol, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide: implications for sources. Geophys Res Lett 28(9):1711–1714CrossRef Chen LWA, Doddridge BG, Dickerson RR, Chow JC, Mueller PK, Quinn J, Butler WA (2001) Seasonal variations in elemental carbon aerosol, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide: implications for sources. Geophys Res Lett 28(9):1711–1714CrossRef
67.
go back to reference Goldberg ED (1985) Black carbon in the environment. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York Goldberg ED (1985) Black carbon in the environment. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York
68.
go back to reference Horvath H (1993) Atmospheric light absorption a review. Atmos Environ Part A Gen Top 27:293–317CrossRef Horvath H (1993) Atmospheric light absorption a review. Atmos Environ Part A Gen Top 27:293–317CrossRef
69.
go back to reference Jacobson MZ (2000) A physically based treatment of elemental carbon optics: implications for global direct forcing of aerosols. Geophys Res Lett 27:217–220CrossRef Jacobson MZ (2000) A physically based treatment of elemental carbon optics: implications for global direct forcing of aerosols. Geophys Res Lett 27:217–220CrossRef
70.
go back to reference Jacobson MZ (2010) Short-term effects of controlling fossil-fuel soot, biofuel soot and gases, and methane on climate, arctic ice, and air pollution health. J Geophys Res Atmos 115:D14209CrossRef Jacobson MZ (2010) Short-term effects of controlling fossil-fuel soot, biofuel soot and gases, and methane on climate, arctic ice, and air pollution health. J Geophys Res Atmos 115:D14209CrossRef
71.
go back to reference Cubison MJ, Ervens B, Feingold G, Docherty KS, Ulbrich IM, Shields L, Prather K, Hering S, Jimenez JL (2008) The influence of chemical composition and mixing state of Los Angeles urban aerosol on CCN number and cloud properties. Atmos Chem Phys 8:5649–5667CrossRef Cubison MJ, Ervens B, Feingold G, Docherty KS, Ulbrich IM, Shields L, Prather K, Hering S, Jimenez JL (2008) The influence of chemical composition and mixing state of Los Angeles urban aerosol on CCN number and cloud properties. Atmos Chem Phys 8:5649–5667CrossRef
72.
go back to reference Fierce L, Bond TC, Bauer SE, Mena F, Riemer N (2016) Black carbon absorption at the global scale is affected by particle-scale diversity in composition. Nat Commun 7:12361CrossRef Fierce L, Bond TC, Bauer SE, Mena F, Riemer N (2016) Black carbon absorption at the global scale is affected by particle-scale diversity in composition. Nat Commun 7:12361CrossRef
73.
go back to reference Ramanathan V, Carmichael G (2008) Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nat Geosci 1:221–227CrossRef Ramanathan V, Carmichael G (2008) Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nat Geosci 1:221–227CrossRef
74.
go back to reference Girach IA, Nair VS, Babu SS, Nair PR (2014) Black carbon and carbon monoxide over Bay of Bengal during W_ICARB: source characteristics. Atmos Environ 94:508–517CrossRef Girach IA, Nair VS, Babu SS, Nair PR (2014) Black carbon and carbon monoxide over Bay of Bengal during W_ICARB: source characteristics. Atmos Environ 94:508–517CrossRef
75.
go back to reference Myhre G, Shindell D, Breon FM, Collins W, Fuglestvedt J, Huang J, Koch D, Lamarque JF, Lee D, Mendoza B, Nakajima T, Roboc A, Stephens G, Takemura T, Zhang H (2013) Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working Group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Myhre G, Shindell D, Breon FM, Collins W, Fuglestvedt J, Huang J, Koch D, Lamarque JF, Lee D, Mendoza B, Nakajima T, Roboc A, Stephens G, Takemura T, Zhang H (2013) Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working Group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
76.
go back to reference Wang R (2015) Global emissions of black carbon from 1960 to 2007, global emission inventory and atmospheric transport of black carbon. Springer, New York, pp 115–129 Wang R (2015) Global emissions of black carbon from 1960 to 2007, global emission inventory and atmospheric transport of black carbon. Springer, New York, pp 115–129
77.
go back to reference Wang Q, Huang RJ, Zhao Z, Zhang N, Wang Y, Ni H, Zhang J (2016) Size distribution and mixing state of refractory black carbon aerosol from a coastal city in South China. Atmos Res 181:163–171CrossRef Wang Q, Huang RJ, Zhao Z, Zhang N, Wang Y, Ni H, Zhang J (2016) Size distribution and mixing state of refractory black carbon aerosol from a coastal city in South China. Atmos Res 181:163–171CrossRef
78.
go back to reference Geng F, Hua J, Mu Z, Peng L, Xu X, Chen R, Kan H (2013) Differentiating the associations of black carbon and fine particle with daily mortality in a Chinese city. Environ Res 120:27–32CrossRef Geng F, Hua J, Mu Z, Peng L, Xu X, Chen R, Kan H (2013) Differentiating the associations of black carbon and fine particle with daily mortality in a Chinese city. Environ Res 120:27–32CrossRef
79.
go back to reference Jansen KL, Larson TV, Koenig JQ, Mar TF, Fields C, Stewart J, Lippmann M (2005) Associations between health effects and particulate matter and black carbon in subjects with respiratory disease. Environ Health Perspect 113:1741–1746CrossRef Jansen KL, Larson TV, Koenig JQ, Mar TF, Fields C, Stewart J, Lippmann M (2005) Associations between health effects and particulate matter and black carbon in subjects with respiratory disease. Environ Health Perspect 113:1741–1746CrossRef
80.
go back to reference Janssen NA, Hoek G, Simic-Lawson M, Fischer P, van Bree L, ten Brink H, Keuken M, Atkinson RW, Anderson HR, Brunekreef B, Cassee FR (2011) Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5. Environ Health Perspect 119:1691–1699CrossRef Janssen NA, Hoek G, Simic-Lawson M, Fischer P, van Bree L, ten Brink H, Keuken M, Atkinson RW, Anderson HR, Brunekreef B, Cassee FR (2011) Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5. Environ Health Perspect 119:1691–1699CrossRef
81.
go back to reference Straif K, Keil U, Taeger D, Holthenrich D, Sun Y, Bungers M, Weiland SK (2000) Exposure to nitrosamines, carbon black, asbestos, and talc and mortality from stomach, lung, and laryngeal cancer in a cohort of rubber workers. Am J Epidemiol 152:297–306CrossRef Straif K, Keil U, Taeger D, Holthenrich D, Sun Y, Bungers M, Weiland SK (2000) Exposure to nitrosamines, carbon black, asbestos, and talc and mortality from stomach, lung, and laryngeal cancer in a cohort of rubber workers. Am J Epidemiol 152:297–306CrossRef
82.
go back to reference Chen Y, Schleicher N, Fricker M, Cen K, Liu XL, Kaminski U, Norra S (2016) Long-term variation of black carbon and PM2. 5 in Beijing, China with respect to meteorological conditions and governmental measures. Environ Pollut 212:269–278CrossRef Chen Y, Schleicher N, Fricker M, Cen K, Liu XL, Kaminski U, Norra S (2016) Long-term variation of black carbon and PM2. 5 in Beijing, China with respect to meteorological conditions and governmental measures. Environ Pollut 212:269–278CrossRef
84.
go back to reference Janssen NAH, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Lanki T, Salonen RO, Cassee F, Hoek G, Fischer P, Brunekreef B, Krzyzanowski M (2012) Health effects of black carbon. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, p 96 Janssen NAH, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Lanki T, Salonen RO, Cassee F, Hoek G, Fischer P, Brunekreef B, Krzyzanowski M (2012) Health effects of black carbon. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, p 96
85.
go back to reference Adar SD, Gold DR, Coull BA, Schwartz J, Stone PH, Suh HH (2007) Focused exposures to airborne traffic particles and heart rate variability in the elderly. Epidemiology 18(1):95–103CrossRef Adar SD, Gold DR, Coull BA, Schwartz J, Stone PH, Suh HH (2007) Focused exposures to airborne traffic particles and heart rate variability in the elderly. Epidemiology 18(1):95–103CrossRef
86.
go back to reference McCracken J, Baccarelli A, Hoxha M, Dioni L, Melly S, Coull B, Suh H, Vokonas P, Schwartz J (2010) Annual ambient black carbon associated with shorter telomeres in elderly men: veterans affairs normative aging study. Environ Health Perspect 118(11):1564–1570CrossRef McCracken J, Baccarelli A, Hoxha M, Dioni L, Melly S, Coull B, Suh H, Vokonas P, Schwartz J (2010) Annual ambient black carbon associated with shorter telomeres in elderly men: veterans affairs normative aging study. Environ Health Perspect 118(11):1564–1570CrossRef
87.
go back to reference Wellenius GA, Burger MR, Coull BA, Schwartz J, Suh HH, Koutrakis P, Schlaug G, Gold DR, Mitteleman MA (2012) Ambient air pollution and the risk of acute ischemic stroke. Arch Intern Med 172(3):229–234CrossRef Wellenius GA, Burger MR, Coull BA, Schwartz J, Suh HH, Koutrakis P, Schlaug G, Gold DR, Mitteleman MA (2012) Ambient air pollution and the risk of acute ischemic stroke. Arch Intern Med 172(3):229–234CrossRef
88.
go back to reference Lin W, Huang W, Zhu T, Hu M, Brunekreef B, Zhang Y, Liu X, Cheng H, Gehring U, Li C, Tang X (2011) Acute respiratory inflammation in children and black carbon in ambient air before and during the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Environ Health Perspect 119(10):1507–1512CrossRef Lin W, Huang W, Zhu T, Hu M, Brunekreef B, Zhang Y, Liu X, Cheng H, Gehring U, Li C, Tang X (2011) Acute respiratory inflammation in children and black carbon in ambient air before and during the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Environ Health Perspect 119(10):1507–1512CrossRef
89.
go back to reference Patel MM, Chillrud SN, Correa JC, Hazi Y, Feinberg M, Deepti KC, Prakash S, Ross MJ, Levy D, Kinney PL (2010) Traffic-related particulate matter and acute respiratory symptoms among New York City area adolescents. Environ Health Perspect 118(9):1338–1343CrossRef Patel MM, Chillrud SN, Correa JC, Hazi Y, Feinberg M, Deepti KC, Prakash S, Ross MJ, Levy D, Kinney PL (2010) Traffic-related particulate matter and acute respiratory symptoms among New York City area adolescents. Environ Health Perspect 118(9):1338–1343CrossRef
90.
go back to reference Gan WQ, Koehoorn M, Davies HW, Demers P, Tamburic L, Brauer M (2011) Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and the risk of coronary heart disease hospitalization and mortality. Environ Health Perspect 119(4):501–507CrossRef Gan WQ, Koehoorn M, Davies HW, Demers P, Tamburic L, Brauer M (2011) Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and the risk of coronary heart disease hospitalization and mortality. Environ Health Perspect 119(4):501–507CrossRef
91.
go back to reference Dons E, Temmerman P, Van Poppel M, Bellemans T, Wets G, Int Panis L (2013) Street characteristics and traffic factors determining road users’ exposure to black carbon. Sci Total Environ 447(1):72–79CrossRef Dons E, Temmerman P, Van Poppel M, Bellemans T, Wets G, Int Panis L (2013) Street characteristics and traffic factors determining road users’ exposure to black carbon. Sci Total Environ 447(1):72–79CrossRef
92.
go back to reference Hamilton RS, Mansfield TA (1991) Airborne particulate elemental carbon: its sources, transport and contribution to dark smoke and soiling. Atmos Environ 25:715–723CrossRef Hamilton RS, Mansfield TA (1991) Airborne particulate elemental carbon: its sources, transport and contribution to dark smoke and soiling. Atmos Environ 25:715–723CrossRef
93.
go back to reference Watson JG, Chow JC, Lowenthal DH, Pritchett LC, Frazier CA, Neuroth GR, Robbins R (1994) Differences in the carbon composition of source profiles for diesel- and gasoline powered vehicles. Atmos Environ 28(15):2493–2505CrossRef Watson JG, Chow JC, Lowenthal DH, Pritchett LC, Frazier CA, Neuroth GR, Robbins R (1994) Differences in the carbon composition of source profiles for diesel- and gasoline powered vehicles. Atmos Environ 28(15):2493–2505CrossRef
94.
go back to reference Pakkanen TA, Kerminen VM, Ojanena CH, Hillamo RE, Aarnio P, Koskentalo T (2000) Atmospheric black carbon in Helsinki. Atmos Environ 34:1497–1506CrossRef Pakkanen TA, Kerminen VM, Ojanena CH, Hillamo RE, Aarnio P, Koskentalo T (2000) Atmospheric black carbon in Helsinki. Atmos Environ 34:1497–1506CrossRef
95.
go back to reference Sandradewi J, Prevot ASH, Weingartner E, Schmidhauser R, Gysel M, Baltensperger U (2008) A study of wood burning and traffic aerosols in an Alpine valley using a multi-wavelength aethalometer. Atmos Environ 42:101–112CrossRef Sandradewi J, Prevot ASH, Weingartner E, Schmidhauser R, Gysel M, Baltensperger U (2008) A study of wood burning and traffic aerosols in an Alpine valley using a multi-wavelength aethalometer. Atmos Environ 42:101–112CrossRef
96.
go back to reference Reche C, Querol X, Alastuey A, Viana M, Pey J, Moreno T, Dall'Osto M (2011) New considerations for PM, black carbon and particle number concentration for air quality monitoring across different European cities. Atmos Chem Phys 11(13):6207–6227CrossRef Reche C, Querol X, Alastuey A, Viana M, Pey J, Moreno T, Dall'Osto M (2011) New considerations for PM, black carbon and particle number concentration for air quality monitoring across different European cities. Atmos Chem Phys 11(13):6207–6227CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Black Carbon Aerosols in Urban Air: Sources, Concentrations, and Climate Change
Authors
Burcu Onat
Ülkü Alver Şahin
Burcu Uzun
Copyright Year
2019
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95888-0_16