Top

Published in:

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

21. Bringing Intersectionality into Danish Public Policy

Author : Heidi Lene Myglegaard Andersen

Published in: The Palgrave Handbook of Intersectionality in Public Policy

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

This chapter applies an intersectional analysis to a community health framework based partly on phronetic action research and partly on a Foucauldian-inspired planning approach based on phronetic social science. The empirical case study describes a local planning process of a health project in a deprived community in Copenhagen, Denmark. Denmark can be seen as a pragmatic case example, as it is experiencing a growing inequality in health despite being based in a universal welfare state. The aim of the analysis is to find alternative theoretical and practical solutions to the current public health policies. The conclusion is that one alternative to the Danish national health documents is a cross-sectional community health approach based on phronetic action research. Intersectional-Based Policy Analysis (IBPA) is another. IBPA applied to the case study has transcended the prevailing conceptualization of class, widened the perception of how it is possible to (re)think health, and has addressed some of the root causes to inequality in health. The case study elaborates that the Danish national health strategies instead of being oriented on general indicators should be orientated towards the actual conditions and contextual health needs and perceptions.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Intersectional Advocacy and Policymaking Across US States

next chapter Intersectionality and LGBTI Public Policies in Colombia: Uses and Displacements of a Critical Notion

Community health has been defined: “by some combination of the following: heterogeneous groups of individuals who share something and combine to act collectively based in (i) geography-place (ii) networks and organisations (iii) aspirations, needs and interest (iv) bonds and ties” (Verity 2007: 1).

IBPA—Intersectionality-Based Policy Analysis (Hankivsky 2012). The IBPA Framework facilitates the asking of questions that can capture the most important and relevant information about decision-making priorities, processes, and policy outcomes.

The apartment buildings in the community consist of small apartments where 59% of the residents have a non-Western background (compared to 22% in the next neighbourhood), 76% have little or no education, but 38% are currently studying. In general, the citizens have low income and can be described as having different social problems (Brønnum-Hansen m.fl. 2013; Brønnum-Hansen og Diderichsen 2013).

One focus group interview, four in-depth interviews, three workshops, visits to pubs and NGOs, and observations were performed by the researcher, while a research assistant and practice frontline workers also conducted some of the interviews and observations.

The “we” referred to in the questions consists of those researchers asking the questions and those who share the concerns of the researchers, possibly including people in the community or organization under study. Thus the “we” will always be situated in relation to a specific context. Phronetic researchers are aware of the importance of contextual implications and do not believe in a “view from nowhere” (Flyvbjerg et al. 2013; Flyvbjerg 2001).

Aristotle is the philosopher of phronesis par excellence. In Aristotle’s words, phronesis is an intellectual virtue that is reasoned and capable of action with regard to things that are good or bad for man. Phronesis concerns values and goes beyond analytical, scientific knowledge (episteme), and technical knowledge or know-how (techne) and it involves what is called “the art of judgement”, that is to say decisions made in the manner of a virtuoso social actor. It will be argued here that phronesis is commonly involved in practices of planning and, therefore, that any attempts to reduce planning research to episteme or techne or to comprehend planning practices in those terms are misguided (Flyvbjerg 2002: 285).

Aamann, I. C. (2016). Klasse, Sundhed og Subjekt—Nye Greb om Social Ulighed i Sundhed. In S. Lehn-Christiansen, A. Liveng, B. Dybbroe, M. Holen, N. Thualagant, I. C. Aamann, & B. Nordenhof (Eds.), Ulighed i Sundhed—Nye Humanistiske og Samfundsvidenskabelige Perspektiver (1st ed., pp. 77–97). Frederiksberg, Denmark: Frydenlund Academic.

Aamann, I. C. (2017). “Oh! Ibens Here Now, So We Better Behave Properly”—The Production of Class as Morality in Research Encounters. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-18.3.2752.

Almlund, P., & Holm, J. (2015). Post Rio Communication Styles for Deliberation: Between Individualization and Collective Action. The Conference on Communication and Environment.

Amdam, R. (2010). Empowerment Planning in Regional Development. European Planning Studies, 18(11). Abingdon: Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd: 1805–1819. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2010.512165.CrossRef

Andersen, H. L. (2015a). Community Health—Sundhedsfremmestrategier og planlægning i lokalsamfund. Købehavn: Roskilde Universitet. Retrieved from http://rudar.ruc.dk/handle/1800/27071.

Andersen, H. L. (2015b). Social Health and Sustainability—What Conceptual Framing and Common Language Can Help Move a Shared Agenda Forward? The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies, 14(2), 65–75. Retrieved from http://www.journal-tes.dk/.

Aristoteles. (2000). Etikken. In S. Porsborg (Ed.) (5th ed.). Frederiksberg, Denmark: Det lille Forlag.

Bourdieu, P. (1987). What Makes a Social Class? On the Theoretical and Practical Existence of Groups. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 32, 1–17.

Brøgger, B., & Eikeland, O. (2009). Turning to Practice with Action Research (György Széll et al., Ed., vol. 15). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften.

Brønnum-Hansen, H., & Diderichsen, F. (2013). Fuglekvarteret i tal. Københavns Kommune, 1–17.

Brønnum-Hansen, H., Holm, A. L., Schnohr, C. W., & Diderichsen, F. (2013). Flere sunde leveår på Nørrebro og i Bispebjerg: Hvilke udfordringer er der? Københavs Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, 1. Afdeling for Social Medicin, Institut for Folkesun.

Clegg, S., Flyvbjerg, B., & Haugaard, M. (2014). Reflections on Phronetic Social Science: A Dialogue Between Stewart Clegg, Bent Flyvbjerg and Mark Haugaard. Journal of Political Power, July 2014(juni), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2014.929259.CrossRef

Craig, G. (2005). Community Capacity-Building: Definitions, Scope, Measurements and Critiques. A Paper Prepared for the OECD, Prague, Czech Republic December 8, 2005. 1: Introduction: the Nature of ‘Community’.

Dean, K., & Mcqueen, D. (1996). Theory in Health Promotion Introduction. Health Promotion International, 11(1), 7–10.CrossRef

Diderichsen, F., Scheele, C. E., & Little, I. G. (2015). Tackling Health Inequalities Locally: The Scandinavian Experience. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen.

Dybbroe, L., Land, B., & Nielsen, S. B. (2012). Sundhedsfremme: Et kritisk perspektiv. Frederiksberg: Samfundslitteratur.

Eikeland, O. (2006a). Book Review Sanford F. Schram, Brian Caterino (Eds.) (2006): Making Political Science Matter—Debating Knowledge, Research, and Method Reviewed by Olav Eikeland (Vol. 4, pp. 314–319). New York; London: New York University Press.

Eikeland, O. (2006b). Phrónêsis, Aristotle, and Action Research. International Journal of Action Research, 2(1), 5.

Eikeland, O. (2007). From Epistemology to Gnoseology – Understanding the Knowledge Claims of Action Research. Management Research News, 30(5), 344–358. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170710746346.CrossRef

Eikeland, O. (2008). The Ways of Aristotle. Aristotelian Phrónêsis, Aristotelian Philosophy of Dialogue, and Action Research Reviewed by Ole Fogh Kirkeby.

Eikeland, O. (2012). Intervention Research, Collaborative Praxis Research? International Journal of Action Research, 8(1), 9–44. https://doi.org/10.1688/1861-9916.

Eikeland, O. (2014). Phronesis. In D. Coglan & M. Brydon-Miller (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Action Research (pp. 623–626). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Faber, S. T., & Prieur, A. (2013). Class in Disguise: On Representations of Class in a Presumptively Classless Society. In L. Knudsen, M. H. Jacobsen, & L. Skov (Eds.). Henriksen. Institut for Sociologi, Socialt Arbejde og Organisation, Aalborg Universitet (Sociologisk Arbejdspapir). Aalborg, Denmark: Aalborg Universitet. Retrieved from http://vbn.aau.dk/en/publications/class-in-disguise(83ea8fc6-01a7-4b3f-be91-6acfa86666d6).html.

Flyvbjerg, B. (1998). Rationality and Power: Democracy in Practice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Flyvbjerg, B. (2001). Making Social Science Matter: Why Social Inquiry Fails and How It Can Succeed Again (1st ed.). Cambridge: University Press.CrossRef

Flyvbjerg, B. (2002). Phronetic Planning Research. Theoretical and Methodological Reflections Draft 7.0. Aalborg University, Denmark. Electronic Copy. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2278320.

Flyvbjerg, B. (2004). Phronetic Planning Research: Theoretical and Methodological Reflections. Planning Theory Practice, 5(3), 283–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/1464935042000250195.CrossRef

Flyvbjerg, B. (2007a). Megaproject policy and planning: Problems, causes, cures = Megaprojekters politik og planlægning: Problemer, årsager, løsninger: Sammenfattende redegørelse for doktorafhandling af Bent Flyvbjerg. Aalborg: Aalborg Universitet.

Flyvbjerg, B. (2007b). Phronetic Organizational Research. For The Senate Sub-Committee on Population Health, Appendix B.

Flyvbjerg, B. (2009). Samfundsvidenskab som virker. Hvorfor samfundsforskningen fejler, og hvordan man får den til at lykkedes igen. Cambridge University Press 2001 i engelsk udgave. Akademisk Forlag i dansk udgave 2009.

Flyvbjerg, B. (2011). Case Study. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (4th ed., Chapter 17, pp. 1–3, 301–316). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Flyvbjerg, B. (2012). Real Social Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Flyvbjerg, B., & Sampson, S. (2001). Making Social Science Matter: Why Social Inquiry Fails and How It Can Succeed Again. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Flyvbjerg, B., Landman, T., & Schram, S. (2013). Tension Points in Real Social Science: A Response. British Journal of Sociology, 64(4), 758–762. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12047_4.CrossRef

Fosse, E. (2011). Different Welfare States-Different Policies? An Analysis of the Substance of National Health Promotion Policies in Three European Countries. International Journal of Health Services, 41(2), 255–272. https://doi.org/10.2190/HS.41.2.e.CrossRef

Haavind, H. (2003). Masculinity by Rule-Breaking: Cultural Contestations in the Transitional Move from Being a Child to Being a Young Male. NORA, 2, 89–100.

Hancock, T. (1999). Health Care Reform and Reform for Health: Creating a Health System for Communities in the 21st Century. Futures, 31(5), 417–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(99)00003-8.CrossRef

Hancock, T. (2009). Act Locally: Community-Based Population Health Promotion. Appendix B. A Report for The Senate Sub-Committee on Population Health, March, 1–81. Retrieved from http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/SEN/Committee/402/popu/rep/appendixBjun09-e.pdf.

Hankivsky, O. (2012). An Intersectionality-Based Edited by Olena Hankivsky. Institute for Intersectionality Research and Policy, Simon Fraser University. Retrieved from www.sfu.ca/iirp/ibpa.html.

Jones, K. C., Misra, J., & Mccurley, K. (2010). Intersectionality in Sociology, 1–8.

Kemmis, S., & McTaggart, R. (2014). Critical Participatory Action Research. In D. Coglan & M. Brydon-Miller (Eds.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Action Research (pp. 208–211). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Kickbusch, I. (2012). 21st Century Determinants of Health and Wellbeing: A New Challenge for Health Promotion. Global Health Promotion, 19(3), 5–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975912454783.CrossRef

Kickbusch, I., & Gleicher, D. (2012). Governance for Health in the 21st Century. WHO Europe.

Labonté, R. (2011). Toward a Post-Charter Health Promotion. Health Promotion International, 26 Suppl 2(December), ii183–ii186. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dar062.CrossRef

Marmot, M. (2015). The Health Gap: The Challenge of an Unequal World. In A. Johnson (Ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-health-gap-9781408857991/#sthash.CtVuvKLD.dpuf.

McQueen, D. V., Wismar, M., Lin, V., Jones, C. M., & Davies, M. (2012a). Intersectoral Governance for Health in All Policies. Structures, Actions and Experiences. World Health Organisation, XIX+206p.

McQueen, D. V., Kickbusch, I., Potvin, L., Pelikan, J. M., Balbo, L., & Abel, T. (2012b). Health and Modernity—The Role of Theory in Health Promotion. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-37759-9.CrossRef

Mørch, Y., & Staunæs, D. (2003). Introduction: Gender and Ethnicity. NORA, 2, 67–68.

Povlsen, L., Karlsson, L. E., Regber, S., Sandstig, G., & Fosse, E. (2014). Are Equity Aspects Communicated in Nordic Public Health Documents? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 42(December 2013), 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494813520358.CrossRef

Raphael, D. (2014). Challenges to Promoting Health in the Modern Welfare State: The Case of the Nordic Nations. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 42(1), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494813506522.CrossRef

Reay, D. (1997). Feminist Theory, Habitus, and Social Class: Disrupting Notions of Classlessness. Women’s Studies International Forum, 20(2), 225–233.CrossRef

Reay, D. (2002). Shaun’s Story. Gender and Education, 14(2), 221–234.CrossRef

Reay, D. (2005). Beyond Consciousness?: The Psychic Landscape of Social Class. Sociology, 39(5), 911–928.CrossRef

Sandercock, L. (2012). Unsettling a Settler Society: Film, Phronesis and Collaborative Planning in Small-Town Canada. In S. Flyvbjerg, B. Landman, & T. Schram (Eds.), Real Social Science: Applied Phronesis (1st ed., pp. 137–166). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Sennett, R., & Cobb, J. (1973). The Hidden Injuries of Class. In A. A. Knopf (Ed.). New York: The Macmillan Company.

Skeggs, B. (1997). Formations of Class and Gender. Becoming Respectable. London: Sage.

Skeggs, B. (2004). Class, Self, Culture. London: Routledge.

Vallgårda, S. (2008). Social Inequality in Health: Dichotomy or Gradient? A Comparative Study of Problematizations in National Public Health Programmes. Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 85(1), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2007.07.004.CrossRef

Vallgårda, S. (2010). Tackling Social Inequalities in Health in the Nordic Countries: Targeting a Residuum or the Whole Population? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 64(6), 495–496. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.102459.CrossRef

Vallgårda, S. (2011). Addressing Individual Behaviours and Living Conditions: Four Nordic Public Health Policies. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 39(6 Suppl), 6–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494810378922.CrossRef

Verity, F. (2007). Community Capacity Building—A Review of the Literature. Government of South Australia, 38.

WHO. (1986). Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 1–5. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/.

WHO. (2015). Health in the Post-2015 Development Agenda, July 2013.

Woodall, J., South, J., & Warwick-Booth, L. (2010). Empowerment and Health & Well-Being Evidence Review.

Title: Bringing Intersectionality into Danish Public Policy
Author: Heidi Lene Myglegaard Andersen
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: The Palgrave Handbook of Intersectionality in Public Policy
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98472-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-98473-5

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_21