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2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. Build Biophilic Urbanism in the City and Its Bioregion

Authors : Peter Newman, Timothy Beatley, Heather Boyer

Published in: Resilient Cities

Publisher: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics

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Abstract

Biophilic urbanism is based on the knowledge that humans have an innate connection with nature that should be expressed in our daily lives, especially in cities. This has not been a strong feature of architectural principles (even though there is a long tradition of landscape architecture), yet potentially it offers great rewards if it is implemented in the structure of the built environment. This chapter looks at the multiple co-benefits of biophilic urbanism within the city and how it can help in overcoming fossil fuel dependence and making a more resilient city.

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Footnotes
1
Robert L. Thayer Jr., LifePlace: Bioregional Thought and Practice (Berkeley: University of California Press), 2003; Timothy Beatley, Native to Nowhere: Sustaining Home and Community in a Global Age (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2004).
 
2
Tom Daniels and Katherine Daniels, The Environmental Planning Handbook for Sustainable Communities and Regions (Chicago: Planners Press, 2003).
 
3
Erich Fromm, The Heart of Man: Its Genius for Good and Evil (New York: Harper & Row, 1964); Jana Söderlund and Peter Newman, “Biophilic Architecture: A Review of the Rationale and Outcomes,” AIMS Environmental Science 2, no. 4 (2015): 950–969, doi:10.​3934/​environsci.​2015.​4.​950.
 
4
Edward O. Wilson, Biophilia: The Human Bond with Other Species (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).
 
5
Stephen R. Kellert, Judith Heerwagen, and Martin Mador, eds., Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2008); Timothy Beatley, Biophilic Cities: Integrating Nature into Urban Design and Planning (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2011).
 
6
See Biophilic Cities, http://​biophiliccities.​org.
 
7
For example, see National Lifestyle Villages, http://​www.​nlv.​com.​au/​, which has recently developed a series of carbon-positive villages for retirees.
 
8
For example, see Australian Wildlife Conservancy, “Karakamia,” http://​www.​australianwildli​fe.​org/​sanctuaries/​karakamia-sanctuary.​aspx.
 
9
Beatley, Biophilic Cities; Alex Tan and Kelly Chiang, Vertical Greenery for the Tropics (Singapore: Centre for Urban Greenery and Ecology, 2009).
 
10
Jana Söderlund, “Biophilic Design: A Social Movement Journey,” PhD diss., Curtin University, Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute, 2015.
 
11
Söderlund and Newman, “Biophilic Architecture.”
 
12
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14
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18
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19
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20
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21
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22
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23
Patrick Carey, “A Guide to Phytoremediation: A Symbiotic Relationship with Plants, Water, and Living Architecture,” Greenroofs.​com, February 12, 2013, http://​www.​greenroofs.​com/​content/​Phytoremediation​-A-Symbiotic-Relationship-with-Plants-Water-and-Living-Architecture.​htm; Akira Miyawaki, “Restoration of Urban Green Environments Based on the Theories of Vegetation Ecology,” Ecological Engineering 11, nos. 1–4 (October 1998): 157–165, doi:10.​1016/​S0925-8574(98)00033-0; Marc Ottelé et al., “Comparative Life Cycle Analysis for Green Façades and Living Wall Systems,” Energy and Buildings 43, no. 12 (December 2011): 3419–3429, doi:10.​1016/​j.​enbuild.​2011.​09.​010; Thomas A. M. Pugh et al., “Effectiveness of Green Infrastructure for Improvement of Air Quality in Urban Street Canyons,” Environmental Science & Technology 46, no. 14 (2012): 7692–7699, doi:10.​1021/​es300826w; Marc Ottelé, Hein D. van Bohemen, and Alex L. A. Fraaij, “Quantifying the Deposition of Particulate Matter on Climber Vegetation on Living Walls,” Ecological Engineering 36, no. 2 (February 2010): 154–162, doi:10.​1016/​j.​ecoleng.​2009.​02.​007; B. C. Wolverton, Rebecca C. McDonald, and E. A. Watkins Jr., “Foliage Plants for Removing Indoor Air Pollutants from Energy-Efficient Homes,” Economic Botany 38, no. 2 (April–June 1984): 224–228, doi:10.​1007/​BF02858837; Priscilla Nascimento Pegas et al., “Could Houseplants Improve Indoor Air Quality in Schools?,” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 75, nos. 22–23 (2012): 1371–1380, doi:10.​1080/​15287394.​2012.​721169; Hal Levin, “Can House Plants Solve Indoor Air Quality Problems?,” Indoor Air Bulletin 2, no. 2 (February 1992).
 
24
Lomholt, “Living Wall Biofilter.”
 
25
Stephan Brenneisan, “Space for Urban Wildlife: Designing Green Roofs as Habitats in Switzerland,” Urban Habitats 4, no. 1 (2006): 27–36; Nathalie Baumann, “Ground-Nesting Birds on Green Roofs in Switzerland: Preliminary Observations,” Urban Habitats 4 (December 2006): 37–50, http://​www.​urbanhabitats.​org/​v04n01/​birds_​full.​html; Frédéric Madre et al., “Green Roofs as Habitats for Wild Plant Species in Urban Landscapes: First Insights from a Large-Scale Sampling,” Landscape and Urban Planning 122 (2014): 100–107, doi:10.​1016/​j.​landurbplan.​2013.​11.​012.
 
26
Peter Newman, “Biophilic Urbanism: A Case Study on Singapore,” Australian Planner 51, no. 1 (2014): 47–65, doi:10.​1080/​07293682.​2013.​790832.
 
27
Roger S. Ulrich et al., “Stress Recovery During Exposure to Natural and Urban Environments,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 11, no. 3 (September 1991): 201–230, doi:10.​1016/​S0272-4944(05)80184-7.
 
28
Liisa Tyrväinen et al., “The Influence of Urban Green Environments on Stress Relief Measures: A Field Experiment,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 38 (June 2014): 1–9, doi:10.​1016/​j.​jenvp.​2013.​12.​005.
 
29
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30
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31
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32
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33
Roger S. Ulrich, “View through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery,” Science 224, no. 4647 (April 27, 1984): 420–421; Seong-Hyun Park and Richard H. Mattson, “Effects of Flowering and Foliage Plants in Hospital Rooms on Patients Recovering from Abdominal Surgery,” HortTechnology 18, no. 4 (December 2008): 563–568; E. O. Moore, “A Prison Environment’s Effect on Health Care Service Demands,” Journal of Environmental Systems 11 (1981): 17–34; Qing Li et al., “Acute Effects of Walking in Forest Environments on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Parameters,” European Journal of Applied Physiology 111, no. 11 (November 2011): 2845–2853, doi:10.​1007/​s00421-011-1918-z; Marc G. Berman et al., “Interacting with Nature Improves Cognition and Affect for Individuals with Depression,” Journal of Affective Disorders 140, no. 3 (November 2012): 300–305, doi:10.​1016/​j.​jad.​2012.​03.​012; K. Matsunaga et al., “Physiologically Relaxing Effect of a Hospital Rooftop Forest on Older Women Requiring Care,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 59, no. 11 (November 2011): 2162–2163, doi:10.​1111/​j.​1532-5415.​2011.​03651.​x; Bum Jin Park et al., “The Physiological Effects of Shinrin-Yoku (Taking In the Forest Atmosphere or Forest Bathing): Evidence from Field Experiments in 24 Forests across Japan,” Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 15 (2010): 18–26, doi:10.​1007/​s12199-009-0086-9; Tyrväinen et al., “Influence of Urban Green Environments”; Marc G. Berman, John Jonides, and Stephen Kaplan, “The Cognitive Benefits of Interacting with Nature,” Psychological Science 19, no. 12 (2008): 1207–1212, doi:10.​1111/​j.​1467-9280.​2008.​02225.​x.
 
34
N. Guéguen and J. Stefan, “‘Green Altruism’: Short Immersion in Natural Green Environments and Helping Behavior,” Environment and Behavior 48, no. 2 (2016): 324–342 (first published July 1, 2014), doi:10.​1177/​0013916514536576​; Nikos Salingaros and Kenneth Masden, “Neuroscience, the Natural Environment, and Building Design,” chap. 5 in Kellert, Heerwagen, and Mador, Biophilic Design; Terry Hartig, Tina Bringslimark, and Grete Grindal Patil, “Restorative Environmental Design: What, When, Where, and for Whom,” chap. 9 in Kellert, Heerwagen, and Mador, Biophilic Design; Upali Nanda et al., “Lessons from Neuroscience: Form Follows Function, Emotions Follow Form,” Intelligent Buildings International 5, no. S1 (2013): 61–78, doi:10.​1080/​17508975.​2013.​807767; Frances E. Kuo and William C. Sullivan, “Environment and Crime in the Inner City: Does Vegetation Reduce Crime?,” Environment and Behavior 33, no. 3 (May 2001): 343–367.
 
35
J. Jasper, “Social Movements,” in The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, ed. George Ritzer (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007); Söderlund, “Biophilic Design.”
 
36
See Barbara Schaffer, “Green Visions: Nature as Infrastructure,” Landscape Architecture Australia 146 (May 2015), http://​landscapeaustral​ia.​com/​articles/​green-visions-nature-as-infrastructure/​.
 
37
For more information about these biophilic city initiatives, see Timothy Beatley, Handbook of Biophilic City Planning & Design (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2017).
 
38
City of Vancouver, British Columbia, “Greenest City 2020 Action Plan, Part 2: 2015–2020,” http://​vancouver.​ca/​files/​cov/​greenest-city-2020-action-plan-2015-2020.​pdf.
 
41
Ibid.
 
42
Eric Jaffe, “Trees Can Make Waiting for the Bus Feel Shorter,” CityLab, August 13, 2015, http://​www.​citylab.​com/​commute/​2015/​08/​trees-can-make-waiting-for-the-bus-feel-shorter/​401135/​.
 
43
See Beatley, Biophilic Cities, for a more extensive discussion of Jane Martin and her work.
 
44
Singapore’s biophilic urbanism is set out in Newman, “Biophilic Urbanism”; Peter Newman and Annie Matan, Green Urbanism in Asia: The Emerging Green Tigers (Singapore: World Scientific, 2013); and a popular YouTube film by Peter Newman, Tim Beatley, and Linda Blagg, Singapore: Biophilic City, a Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute video posted May 7, 2012, https://​www.​youtube.​com/​watch?​v=​XMWOu9xIM_​k. Other details can be found in Lena Chan and Ahmed Djoghlaf, “Invitation to Help Compile an Index of Biodiversity in Cities,” Nature 460, no. 33 (July 2, 2009), doi:10.​1038/​460033a; and Lena Chan, “Singapore Index on Cities’ Biodiversity,” paper presented at World Cities Summit, Singapore, July 3, 2012.
 
45
See the Web site for Portland’s Depave, http://​depave.​org.
 
Metadata
Title
Build Biophilic Urbanism in the City and Its Bioregion
Authors
Peter Newman
Timothy Beatley
Heather Boyer
Copyright Year
2017
Publisher
Island Press/Center for Resource Economics
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-686-8_6