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2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. Causes of Obesity: Individual Physiology and Consumption Choices

Authors : Julian M. Alston, Abigail M. Okrent

Published in: The Effects of Farm and Food Policy on Obesity in the United States

Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan US

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Abstract

The recent upward trend in the adult obesity rate is attributable to an energy imbalance, where people consume more calories than they expend. Between 1970 and 2004, Americans increased their daily consumption by an average of 300–500 calories, and the quality of diets changed. The typical American diet today consists of foods and beverages with a greater degree of processing, including more calories consumed from restaurants, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and ready-to-eat and ready-to-heat foods. Meanwhile, although physical activity in leisure has increased slightly, physical activity in work, housework, and travel has declined steadily. The complex interaction between diet composition, eating and physical activity behaviors, and human physiology makes it difficult to pinpoint the exact mechanism through which prevalence of obesity has increased.

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previous chapter Consequences of Obesity
next chapter Causes of Obesity: External Influences
Footnotes
1
The glycemic index measures how quickly an individual converts carbohydrates in a food into glucose such that a food with a higher glycemic index is converted more quickly. Less-processed foods are generally associated with low glycemic index values (FAO/WHO 1998).
 
2
For a much more detailed look at the interactions between human physiology, food intake, and food expenditure see the interactive diagram designed by shift n at http://​www.​shiftn.​com/​obesity/​Full-Map.​html.
 
3
The identification of hormones that control food intake has generated new targets for drug development in the treatment of obesity and related disorders (Schwartz et al. 2000; Lenard and Berthoud 2008).
 
4
Hedonic eating or hyperphagia is “the appetitive drive to eat to obtain pleasure in the absence of an energy deficit” (Witt and Lowe 2014).
 
5
Genne-Bacon (2014) provides a comprehensive review of alterative hypotheses based on epigenetics including the thrifty phenotype hypothesis and the thrifty epigenotype hypothesis.
 
7
Ford and Dietz (2013) also reported that calories from fat intake declined between 1970 and 2010, which may appear to be in direct contrast with the estimates of per capita availability of calories from added fats and oils and dairy fats. However, the added fats and oils and dairy fats category does not include fats naturally occurring in meat, eggs, and nuts, which are included in the NHANES-based estimates.
 
8
Recommended physical activity was defined as 30 minutes of moderate physical activity at least three times per week.
 
9
The metabolic equivalent of an activity is the ratio of the work metabolic rate to the resting metabolic rate. One MET is defined as 1 kcal/kg/hour and is roughly equivalent to the energy cost of sitting quietly. A MET also is defined as oxygen uptake in ml/kg/min with one MET equal to the oxygen cost of sitting quietly, equivalent to 3.5 ml/kg/min (Ainsworth et al. 2011).
 
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Metadata
Title
Causes of Obesity: Individual Physiology and Consumption Choices
Authors
Julian M. Alston
Abigail M. Okrent
Copyright Year
2017
Book
The Effects of Farm and Food Policy on Obesity in the United States

Print ISBN: 978-1-137-48647-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-137-47831-3

Copyright Year: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47831-3_4