1 Introduction and preliminaries
We begin by recalling the following Chebyshev functional which has been investigated by many authors (see, e.g., [1‐4]): where \(f, g:[a,b]\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) are integrable functions on \([a, b]\). Here and in the following, let \(\mathbb{R}\) and \(\mathbb{R}^{+}\) be the set of real and positive real numbers, respectively, and \(\mathbb{R}^{+}_{0}:= \mathbb{R}^{+} \cup\{0\} \). Under more conditions \(n \leq f ( x ) \leq N \) and \(m \leq g ( x ) \leq M\) for all \(x\in{}[ a,b]\), where n, m, N, M are real constants, the Chebyshev functional (1.1) satisfies the following inequality, which is known as Grüss integral inequality (see [5]; see also [6], p.236): where the constant \(\frac{1}{4} \) is sharp. In fact, the equality in (1.2) holds, for example, by taking The Grüss inequality (1.2) has been investigated a lot and a number of its generalizations have been presented (see, e.g., [7‐10]).
$$ T(f,g;a,b)=\frac{1}{b-a} \int_{a}^{b}f(x)g(x) \,\mathrm{d}x-\frac {1}{(b-a)^{2}} \int_{a}^{b}f(x) \,\mathrm{d}x \int_{a}^{b}g(x) \,\mathrm{d}x, $$
(1.1)
$$ \bigl\vert T(f,g;a,b) \bigr\vert \leq\frac{1}{4} ( M-m ) ( N-n ), $$
(1.2)
$$ f(x)=g(x)=\operatorname {sgn}x-\frac{a+b}{2}\quad \bigl(x \in[a,b] \bigr). $$
Let f and g be two positive integrable functions on \([a,b]\) such that
$$ 0< m\leq f(x)\leq M< \infty \quad \text{and}\quad 0< n\leq f(x)\leq N< \infty. $$
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Pólya and Szegö [11] established the following inequality: which was used by Dragomir and Diamond [12] who proved the following inequality:
$$ \frac{ \int_{a}^{b}f^{2}(x) \,\mathrm{d}x\int _{a}^{b}g^{2}(x) \,\mathrm{d}x}{ ( \int_{a}^{b}f(x)g(x) \,\mathrm{d}x )^{2}} \leq\frac{1}{4} \biggl(\sqrt{ \frac{MN}{mn}}+\sqrt{\frac {mn}{MN}} \biggr)^{2}, $$
(1.3)
$$ \bigl\vert T(f,g;a,b) \bigr\vert \leq\frac {(M-m)(N-n)}{4(b-a)^{2}\sqrt{mMnN}} \int_{a}^{b}f(x) \,\mathrm{d}x \int_{a}^{b}g(x) \,\mathrm{d}x. $$
(1.4)
Fractional calculus is a very helpful tool to perform differentiation and integration of real or complex number orders. This subject has earned much attention from researchers and mathematicians during the last few decades (see, e.g., [13‐21]). Among a large number of the fractional integral operators developed, due to applications in many fields of sciences, the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator and Hadamard fractional integral operator have been extensively investigated.
Let \(f\in L[a,b]\). Then the left-sided and the right-sided Hadamard fractional integrals of order \(\alpha\geq0\) and \(a>0\) are defined, respectively, by and
$$ H_{a^{+}}^{\alpha}f(t)=\frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \int_{a}^{t} \biggl(\ln \frac{t}{\tau} \biggr)^{\alpha-1}f(\tau)\frac{\mathrm{d}\tau}{\tau} \quad (0< a< t\leq b) $$
(1.5)
$$ H_{b^{-}}^{\alpha}f(t)=\frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \int_{t}^{b} \biggl(\ln \frac{\tau}{t} \biggr)^{\alpha-1}f(\tau)\frac{\mathrm{d}\tau}{\tau} \quad (0< a\leq t< b). $$
(1.6)
The theory of k-functions has been investigated since, about a decade ago, Diaz and Pariguan [22] introduced the following generalizations of the classical gamma and beta functions, with a new parameter \(k \in\mathbb{R}^{+}\), which are called k-gamma and k-beta functions, respectively: and The functions \(\Gamma_{k}\) defined on \(\mathbb{R}^{+}\) and \(B_{k}(x,y)\) on \((0,1) \) satisfy the following properties:
$$ \Gamma_{k}(\alpha) = \int_{0}^{\infty}t^{\alpha-1}e^{-\frac{t^{k}}{k}} \, \mathrm{d}t \quad \bigl(\Re(\alpha) > 0 \bigr) $$
(1.7)
$$ B_{k} (\alpha,\beta)=\frac{1}{k} \int_{0}^{1} t^{\frac{\alpha }{k}-1} (1-t)^{\frac{\beta}{k}-1} \,\mathrm{d}t \quad \bigl(\min \bigl\{ \Re(\alpha), \Re(\beta) \bigr\} >0 \bigr). $$
(1.8)
(1)
\(\Gamma_{k}(x+k)=x \Gamma_{k}(x)\);
(2)
\(\Gamma_{k}(k)=1\);
(3)
\(\Gamma_{k}(x)\) is logarithmically convex;
(4)
\(B_{k}(x,y)=\frac{\Gamma_{k}(x)\Gamma_{k}(y)}{\Gamma _{k}(x+y)}\).
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During the past several years, certain interesting properties, identities, and inequalities involving k-functions have been presented (see, e.g., [23‐29]). Mubeen and Habibullah [30] used the k-gamma function \(\Gamma _{k}\) (1.7) to introduce the following Riemann-Liouville type k-fractional integral: Later, Romero et al. [31] also used the k-gamma function \(\Gamma_{k}\) (1.7) to introduce the k-Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative whose properties including a relationship with the k-fractional integral (1.9) were presented.
$$ I_{a,k}^{\alpha}f(t)=\frac{1}{k\Gamma_{k} (\alpha)} \int _{a}^{t}(t-x)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1} f(x) \, \mathrm{d}x \quad \bigl(t\in[a,b] \bigr). $$
(1.9)
Using the k-gamma function with the parameter k, Mubeen et al. [32] have introduced left-sided and right-sided Hadamard k-fractional integrals of order \(\alpha\in\mathbb{R}^{+}\), respectively, as follows: For \(f\in L[a,b]\) and \(k, a \in\mathbb{R}^{+}\), and
$$ \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f\}(t) = \frac{1}{k\Gamma_{k}(\alpha)} \int_{a}^{t} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\tau} \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha }{k}-1}f(\tau) \frac{\mathrm{d}\tau}{\tau} \quad (0< a< t\leq b) $$
(1.10)
$$ \mathcal{H}_{b^{-},k}^{\alpha}\{f\}(t) = \frac{1}{k\Gamma_{k}(\alpha)} \int_{t}^{b} \biggl(\ln\frac{\tau }{t} \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1}f(\tau) \frac{\mathrm{d}\tau}{\tau} \quad (0< a\leq t< b). $$
(1.11)
Using the Hadamard k-fractional integral and Proposition 6 in [22], we have and
$$ \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{1\}(t)= \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\alpha+k)}\quad \bigl(0< a< t\leq b; k, \alpha\in\mathbb{R}^{+} \bigr) $$
(1.12)
$$ \mathcal{H}_{1^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{1\}(t)= \frac{ (\ln(t) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\alpha+k)} \quad \bigl(1< t\leq b; k, \alpha\in\mathbb{R}^{+} \bigr). $$
(1.13)
2 Some Pólya-Szegö and Chebyshev type inequalities involving the Hadamard k-fractional integrals
In this section, we derive some new Pólya-Szegö type inequalities associated with the Hadamard k-fractional integral operators which are also used to establish some Chebyshev type integral inequalities.
Lemma 2.1
Let
f
and
g
be two positive real integrable functions defined on
\([a,\infty)\). Also let
\(\varphi_{1}\), \(\varphi_{2}\), \(\psi_{1}\), and
\(\psi_{2}\)
be integrable functions on
\([a,\infty)\)
such that
for all
\(\tau\in[a,t]\) (\(t>a\)). Then, for
\(k, \alpha\in\mathbb{R}^{+}\), and
\(a \in\mathbb{R}^{+}_{0}\), the following inequality holds true:
$$ 0< \varphi_{1}(\tau)\leq f(\tau) \leq \varphi_{2}(\tau) \quad \textit{and}\quad 0< \psi_{1}(\tau) \leq g(\tau) \leq\psi_{2}(\tau) $$
(2.1)
$$ \frac{\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{\psi_{1}\psi_{2}f^{2}\}(t)\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{\varphi_{1}\varphi_{2}g^{2}\}(t)}{ (\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \{ (\varphi_{1}\psi _{1}+\varphi_{2}\psi_{2} )fg \}(t) )^{2}} \leq\frac{1}{4}. $$
(2.2)
Proof
Under the given conditions, we find from which we have and so The inequality (2.4) can also be written as follows: Here, multiplying each side of the inequality (2.5) by the following non-negative factor: and integrating the resulting inequality with respective to τ on \([a,t]\), we obtain Applying the AM-GM (the arithmetic-geometric mean) inequality, to the right-hand side of (2.6), we have which leads to This completes the proof. □
$$ \frac{f(\tau)}{g(\tau)}\leq\frac{\varphi_{2}(\tau)}{\psi_{1}(\tau)} \quad \text{and}\quad \frac{\varphi_{1}(\tau)}{\psi_{2}(\tau)}\leq\frac{f(\tau)}{g(\tau )} \quad \bigl(\tau\in[a,t]\ (t>a) \bigr), $$
(2.3)
$$ \biggl(\frac{\varphi_{2}(\tau)}{\psi_{1}(\tau)}-\frac{f(\tau )}{g(\tau)} \biggr) \biggl(\frac{f(\tau)}{g(\tau)}- \frac{\varphi_{1}(\tau)}{\psi _{2}(\tau)} \biggr)\geq0, $$
$$ \biggl(\frac{\varphi_{2}(\tau)}{\psi_{1}(\tau)}+\frac{\varphi_{1}(\tau )}{\psi_{2}(\tau)} \biggr) \frac{f(\tau)}{g(\tau)}\geq \frac{f^{2}(\tau)}{g^{2}(\tau)}+\frac{\varphi_{1}(\tau)\varphi_{2}(\tau )}{\psi_{1}(\tau)\psi_{2}(\tau)}. $$
(2.4)
$$ \bigl(\varphi_{1}(\tau)\psi_{1}(\tau)+ \varphi_{2}(\tau)\psi_{2}(\tau ) \bigr)f(\tau)g(\tau) \geq \psi_{1}(\tau)\psi_{2}(\tau)f^{2}(\tau)+ \varphi_{1}(\tau)\varphi _{2}(\tau)g^{2}(\tau). $$
(2.5)
$$ \frac{1}{k\Gamma_{k}(\alpha)} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\tau} \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1} \frac{1}{\tau} \quad \bigl(\tau\in[a,t]\ (t>a) \bigr) $$
$$ \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ ( \varphi_{1}\psi_{1}+\varphi _{2}\psi_{2} )fg \bigr\} (t) \geq\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ \psi_{1}\psi_{2}f^{2} \bigr\} (t)+\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ \varphi_{1} \varphi_{2}g^{2} \bigr\} (t). $$
(2.6)
$$ a+b\geq2\sqrt{ab} \quad \bigl(a,b\in\mathbb{R}_{0}^{+} \bigr) $$
(2.7)
$$ \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ ( \varphi_{1}\psi_{1}+\varphi _{2}\psi_{2} )fg \bigr\} (t) \geq2\sqrt{\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ \psi_{1}\psi_{2}f^{2} \bigr\} (t) \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ \varphi_{1} \varphi_{2}g^{2} \bigr\} (t)}, $$
(2.8)
$$ \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ \psi_{1} \psi_{2}f^{2} \bigr\} (t)\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ \varphi_{1}\varphi_{2}g^{2} \bigr\} (t) \leq \frac{1}{4} \bigl(\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ ( \varphi_{1}\psi_{1}+\varphi_{2}\psi_{2} )fg \bigr\} (t) \bigr)^{2}. $$
The following corollary is easily seen to be a special case of Lemma 2.1.
Corollary 1
Let
f
and
g
be two real positive integrable functions defined on
\([a,\infty)\)
such that
where
n, N, m, M
are real constants. Then, for all
\(t, k \in\mathbb{R}^{+}\)
and
\(\alpha\in\mathbb {R}^{+}\), we have
$$ 0< m\leq f(\tau) \leq M < \infty \quad \textit{and}\quad 0 < n\leq g(\tau) \leq N< \infty \quad \bigl( \tau\in[a,t]\ (t>a) \bigr), $$
(2.9)
$$ \frac{\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f^{2}\}(t)\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{g^{2}\}(t)}{ (\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \{fg \}(t) )^{2}} \leq\frac{1}{4} \biggl(\sqrt{ \frac{mn}{MN}}+\sqrt{\frac {MN}{nm}} \biggr)^{2}. $$
(2.10)
Lemma 2.2
Let
f
and
g
be two positive real integrable functions defined on
\([a,\infty)\). Also let
\(\varphi_{1}\), \(\varphi_{2}\), \(\psi_{1}\), and
\(\psi_{2}\)
be integrable functions on
\([a,\infty)\)
satisfying the condition (2.1). Then, for
\(t>a\) (\(a \in\mathbb{R}_{0}^{+}\)) and
\(k, \alpha , \beta\in\mathbb{R}^{+}\), the following inequality holds true:
$$ \frac{\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{\varphi_{1}\varphi_{2}\}(t) \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{\psi_{1}\psi_{2}\}(t) \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f^{2}\}(t) \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{g^{2}\}(t)}{ (\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{\varphi_{1}f\}(t)\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{\psi_{1}g\}(t) +\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{\varphi_{2}f\}(t)\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{\psi_{2}g\}(t) )^{2}} \leq\frac{1}{4}. $$
(2.11)
Proof
We find from (2.1) that which yields Multiplying each side of the inequality (2.12) by \(\psi_{1}(\rho )\psi_{2}(\rho)g^{2}(\rho)\), we get Again multiplying each side of the inequality (2.13) by the following non-negative factor: and integrating the resulting inequality with respect to τ and ρ on \([a,t]\), we have Applying the AM-GM inequality (2.7) to (2.14), we obtain which is easily seen to yield the desired inequality (2.11). Hence the proof is complete. □
$$ \biggl(\frac{\varphi_{2}(\tau)}{\psi_{1}(\rho)}-\frac{f(\tau )}{g(\rho)} \biggr)\geq0 \quad \text{and}\quad \biggl(\frac{f(\tau)}{g(\rho)}-\frac{\varphi_{1}(\tau)}{\psi _{2}(\rho)} \biggr)\geq0\quad \bigl(\tau, \rho\in[a,t]\ (t>a) \bigr), $$
$$\begin{aligned} \biggl(\frac{\varphi_{1}(\tau)}{\psi_{2}(\rho)}+\frac{\varphi_{2}(\tau )}{\psi_{1}(\rho)} \biggr) \frac{f(\tau)}{g(\rho)}\geq \frac{f^{2}(\tau)}{g^{2}(\rho)}+\frac{\varphi_{1}(\tau)\varphi_{2}(\tau )}{\psi_{1}(\rho)\psi_{2}(\rho)}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.12)
$$ \varphi_{1}(\tau)f(\tau)\psi_{1}(\rho)g( \rho) +\varphi_{2}(\tau)f(\tau)\psi_{2}(\rho)g(\rho) \geq \psi_{1}(\rho)\psi_{2}(\rho)f^{2}(\tau)+ \varphi_{1}(\tau)\varphi _{2}(\tau)g^{2}(\rho). $$
(2.13)
$$\frac{1}{k^{2}\Gamma_{k}(\alpha)\Gamma_{k}(\beta)} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\tau} \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1} \biggl( \ln\frac{t}{\rho} \biggr)^{\frac{\beta}{k}-1} \frac{1}{\tau\rho} \quad \bigl(\tau, \rho\in[a,t] (t>a) \bigr) $$
$$\begin{aligned}& \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{\varphi_{1}f \}(t)\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{\psi_{1}g\}(t) + \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{\varphi_{2}f\}(t)\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{\psi_{2}g\}(t) \\& \quad \geq\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ f^{2} \bigr\} (t)\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{\psi_{1} \psi_{2}\}(t) +\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{ \varphi_{1}\varphi_{2}\}(t)\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ g^{2} \bigr\} (t). \end{aligned}$$
(2.14)
$$\begin{aligned}& \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{\varphi_{1}f \}(t)\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{\psi_{1}g\}(t) + \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{\varphi_{2}f\}(t)\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{\psi_{2}g\}(t) \\& \quad \geq2\sqrt{\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ f^{2} \bigr\} (t)\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{ \psi_{1}\psi_{2}\}(t) \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \{\varphi_{1}\varphi_{2}\}(t)\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta} \bigl\{ g^{2} \bigr\} (t)}, \end{aligned}$$
(2.15)
Corollary 2
Let
f
and
g
be two positive integrable functions on interval
\([a,\infty)\)
satisfying the conditions in (2.9). Then, for
\(t>1\)
and
\(k, \alpha, \beta\in\mathbb{R}^{+}\), we have
$$ \frac{ (\ln t )^{\frac{\alpha+\beta}{k}}}{\Gamma _{k}(\alpha+k)\Gamma_{k}(\beta+k)} \frac{\mathcal{H}_{1^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f^{2}(t)\}\mathcal {H}_{1^{+},k}^{\beta}\{g^{2}(t)\}}{ (\mathcal{H}_{1^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f(t)\}+\mathcal {H}_{1^{+},k}^{\beta}\{g(t)\} )^{2}} \leq\frac{1}{4} \biggl(\sqrt{ \frac{mn}{MN}}+\sqrt{\frac {MN}{mn}} \biggr)^{2}. $$
(2.16)
Lemma 2.3
Suppose that all assumptions of Lemma 2.2
are satisfied. Then, for
\(t>a\)
and
\(\alpha, \beta\in\mathbb{R}^{+}\), the following inequality holds true:
$$ \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ f^{2} \bigr\} (t)\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta} \bigl\{ g^{2} \bigr\} (t) \leq\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ (\varphi_{2} f g)/\psi_{1} \bigr\} (t) \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta} \bigl\{ ( \psi_{2} f g)/\varphi_{1} \bigr\} (t). $$
(2.17)
Proof
Using the conditions (2.1), we get which implies Similarly we have and so Multiplying the inequalities (2.18) and (2.19) side by side and considering all the involved terms are non-negative real numbers, we obtain the desired inequality (2.17). □
$$ \frac{1}{k\Gamma_{k}(\alpha)} \int_{a}^{t} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\tau } \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1}f^{2}(\tau)\frac{\mathrm{d}\tau}{\tau} \leq \frac{1}{k\Gamma_{k}(\alpha)} \int_{a}^{t} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\tau } \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1} \frac{\varphi_{2}(\tau)}{\psi_{1}(\tau)}f(\tau)g(\tau)\frac{\mathrm{d}\tau}{\tau}, $$
$$ \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ f^{2} \bigr\} (t)\leq\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ ( \varphi_{2} f g)/\psi_{1} \bigr\} (t). $$
(2.18)
$$ \frac{1}{k\Gamma_{k}(\beta)} \int_{a}^{t} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\rho} \biggr)^{\frac{\beta}{k}-1}g^{2}(\rho)\frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{\rho} \leq \frac{1}{k\Gamma_{k}(\beta)} \int_{a}^{t} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\rho } \biggr)^{\frac{\beta}{k}-1} \frac{\psi_{2}(\rho)}{\varphi_{1}(\rho)}f(\rho)g(\rho)\frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{\rho} $$
$$ \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta} \bigl\{ g^{2} \bigr\} (t)\leq\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta } \bigl\{ ( \psi_{2} f g)/\varphi_{1} \bigr\} (t). $$
(2.19)
Corollary 3
Let
f
and
g
be two positive integrable functions on interval
\([a,\infty)\)
satisfying the conditions in (2.9). Then, for
\(t>a\)
and
\(\alpha, \beta\in\mathbb{R}^{+}\), we have
$$ \frac{\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f^{2}\}(t)\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{g^{2}\}(t)}{ \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{ f g\}(t) \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{f g\}(t)} \leq\frac{MN}{mn}. $$
(2.20)
Theorem 1
Let
f
and
g
be two positive integrable functions on interval
\([a,\infty)\). Suppose that there exist four positive functions
\(\varphi_{1}\), \(\varphi _{2}\), \(\psi_{1}\), and
\(\psi_{2}\)
satisfying the conditions (2.1). Then, for
\(t>a\)
and
\(k, \alpha , \beta\in \mathbb{R}^{+}\), the following inequality holds true:
where
and
$$\begin{aligned}& \biggl\vert \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\beta}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\beta +k)}\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \{fg\}(t) +\frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\alpha +k)}\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{fg\}(t) \\& \qquad {}-\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f\}(t)\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{g\}(t) -\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \{g\}(t) \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{f\}(t) \biggr\vert \\& \quad \leq \bigl\vert \mathrm{M}_{1}(f,\varphi_{1}, \varphi_{2}) (t)+\mathrm{M}_{2}(f,\varphi _{1}, \varphi_{2}) (t) \bigr\vert ^{\frac{1}{2}} \\& \qquad {}\times \bigl\vert \mathrm{M}_{1}(g,\psi_{1}, \psi_{2}) (t)+\mathrm{M}_{2}(g,\psi_{1}, \psi_{2}) (t) \bigr\vert ^{\frac{1}{2}}, \end{aligned}$$
(2.21)
$$\mathrm{M}_{1}(u,v,w) (t):= \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\beta}{k}}}{4\Gamma_{k}(\beta+k)} \frac{ (\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{(v+w)u\}(t) )^{2}}{ \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{vw\}(t)} - \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{u\}(t)\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta} \{ u\}(t) $$
$$\mathrm{M}_{2}(u,v,w) (t):=\frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac {\alpha}{k}}}{4\Gamma_{k}(\alpha+k)} \frac{ (\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{(v+w)u\}(t) )^{2}}{ \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{vw\}(t)} - \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{u\}(t)\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta} \{ u\}(t). $$
Proof
Let or, equivalently, Upon multiplying each side of (2.22) by and integrating the resulting identity with respect to τ and ρ on \([a,t]\), we get Making use of the weighted Cauchy-Schwarz inequality for double integrals in (2.23), we have Then, upon using the Hadamard k-fractional integrals, we get
$$H(\tau,\rho):= \bigl(f(\tau)-f(\rho) \bigr) \bigl(g(\tau)-g(\rho) \bigr), $$
$$ H(\tau,\rho)=f(\tau)g(\tau)+f(\rho)g(\rho)-f(\tau)g(\rho )-f( \rho)g(\tau). $$
(2.22)
$$\frac{1}{k^{2}\Gamma_{k}(\alpha)\Gamma_{k}(\beta)} \biggl(\ln\frac{x}{\tau} \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1} \biggl( \ln\frac{x}{\rho} \biggr)^{\frac{\beta}{k}-1} \frac{1}{\tau\rho} $$
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{1}{k^{2}\Gamma_{k}(\alpha)\Gamma_{k}(\beta)} \int_{a}^{t} \int_{a}^{t} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\tau} \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\rho} \biggr)^{\frac{\beta}{k}-1} H(\tau, \rho)\frac{\mathrm{d}\tau}{\tau}\frac{ \mathrm{d}\rho}{\rho} \\& \quad =\frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\beta }{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\beta+k)}\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{fg\}(t) + \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\alpha +k)}\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{fg\}(t) \\& \qquad {}-\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f\}(t)\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{g\}(t) -\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta} \{f\}(t)\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{ g\}(t). \end{aligned}$$
(2.23)
$$\begin{aligned}& \biggl\vert \frac{1}{k^{2}\Gamma_{k}(\alpha)\Gamma_{k}(\beta)} \int _{a}^{t} \int_{a}^{t} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\tau} \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\rho} \biggr)^{\frac{\beta}{k}-1} H(\tau, \rho)\frac{\mathrm{d}\tau}{\tau}\frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{\rho } \biggr\vert \\& \quad \leq \biggl[ \frac{1}{k^{2}\Gamma_{k}(\alpha)\Gamma_{k}(\beta)} \int_{a}^{t} \int_{a}^{t} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\tau} \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\rho} \biggr)^{\frac{\beta}{k}-1} f^{2}(\tau) \frac{\mathrm{d}\tau}{\tau}\frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{\rho} \\& \qquad {} +\frac{1}{k^{2}\Gamma_{k}(\alpha)\Gamma_{k}(\beta)} \int_{a}^{t} \int_{a}^{t} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\tau} \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\rho} \biggr)^{\frac{\beta}{k}-1} f^{2}(\rho) \frac{d\tau}{\tau}\frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{\rho} \\& \qquad {} -\frac{2}{k^{2}\Gamma_{k}(\alpha)\Gamma_{k}(\beta)} \int_{a}^{t} \int_{a}^{t} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\tau} \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\rho} \biggr)^{\frac{\beta}{k}-1} f( \tau)f(\rho) \frac{d\tau}{\tau}\frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{\rho} \biggr]^{\frac{1}{2}} \\& \qquad {} \times \biggl[ \frac{1}{k^{2}\Gamma_{k}(\alpha)\Gamma_{k}(\beta)} \int_{a}^{t} \int_{a}^{t} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\tau} \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\rho} \biggr)^{\frac{\beta}{k}-1} g^{2}(\tau) \frac{\mathrm{d}\tau}{\tau}\frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{\rho} \\& \qquad {} +\frac{1}{k^{2}\Gamma_{k}(\alpha)\Gamma_{k}(\beta)} \int_{a}^{t} \int_{a}^{t} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\tau} \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\rho} \biggr)^{\frac{\beta}{k}-1} g^{2}(\rho) \frac{\mathrm{d}\tau}{\tau}\frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{\rho} \\& \qquad {} -\frac{2}{k^{2}\Gamma_{k}(\alpha)\Gamma_{k}(\beta)} \int_{a}^{t} \int_{a}^{t} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\tau} \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\rho} \biggr)^{\frac{\beta}{k}-1} g( \tau)g(\rho) \frac{\mathrm{d}\tau}{\tau}\frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{\rho} \biggr]^{\frac{1}{2}}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.24)
$$\begin{aligned}& \biggl\vert \frac{1}{k^{2}\Gamma_{k}(\alpha)\Gamma_{k}(\beta)} \int _{a}^{t} \int_{a}^{t} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\tau} \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{\rho} \biggr)^{\frac{\beta}{k}-1} H(\tau, \rho)\frac{\mathrm{d}\tau}{\tau}\frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{\rho } \biggr\vert \\& \quad \leq \biggl[ \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\beta}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\beta+k)} \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ f^{2} \bigr\} (t) + \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\alpha+k)} \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta} \bigl\{ f^{2} \bigr\} (t) -2\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f \}(t)\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{ f\}(t) \biggr]^{\frac{1}{2}} \\& \qquad {} \times \biggl[ \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\beta}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\beta+k)} \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ g^{2} \bigr\} (t) + \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\alpha+k)} \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta} \bigl\{ g^{2} \bigr\} (t) \\& \qquad {}-2\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{g \}(t)\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{ g\}(t) \biggr]^{\frac{1}{2}}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.25)
Setting \(\psi_{1}(t)=\psi_{2}(t)=g(t)=1\) in Lemma 2.1, we obtain which leads to and Similarly, taking \(\varphi_{1}(t)=\varphi_{2}(t)=f(t)=1\) in Lemma 2.1, we get and Finally, by combining the inequalities (2.25)-(2.29), we can get the desired inequality (2.21). This completes the proof. □
$$ \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\beta}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\beta+k)} \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ f^{2} \bigr\} (t) \leq\frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\beta}{k}}}{4\Gamma _{k}(\beta+k)} \frac{ (\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{(\varphi_{1}+\varphi_{2})f\} (t) )^{2}}{\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{\varphi_{1}\varphi_{2}\}(t)}, $$
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\beta}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\beta+k)} \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ f^{2} \bigr\} (t) -\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f\}(t) \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{ f\}(t) \\& \quad \leq\frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\beta }{k}}}{4\Gamma_{k}(\beta+k)} \frac{ (\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{(\varphi_{1}+\varphi_{2})f\} (t) )^{2}}{ \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{\varphi_{1}\varphi_{2}\}(t)} -\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \{f\}(t)\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{ f\}(t) \\& \quad = \mathrm{M}_{1}(f,\varphi_{1},\varphi_{2}) (t) \end{aligned}$$
(2.26)
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\alpha+k)} \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta} \bigl\{ f^{2} \bigr\} (t) -\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f \}(t) \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{ f\}(t) \\& \quad \leq\frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\alpha }{k}}}{4\Gamma_{k}(\alpha+k)} \frac{ (\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{(\varphi_{1}+\varphi_{2})f\} (t) )^{2}}{ \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{\varphi_{1}\varphi_{2}\}(t)} -\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \{f\}(t)\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{ f\}(t) \\& \quad =\mathrm{M}_{2}(f,\varphi_{1},\varphi_{2}) (t). \end{aligned}$$
(2.27)
$$ \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\beta}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\beta+k)} \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ g^{2} \bigr\} (t) -\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{g\}(t) \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{ g\}(t) \leq\mathrm{M}_{1}(g, \psi_{1},\psi_{2}) (t) $$
(2.28)
$$ \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\alpha+k)} \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta} \bigl\{ g^{2} \bigr\} (t) -\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{g \}(t) \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{ g\}(t) \leq\mathrm{M}_{2}(g, \psi_{1},\psi_{2}) (t). $$
(2.29)
The following assertion is a special case of Theorem 1 when \(\alpha=\beta\).
Theorem 2
Suppose that the assumptions of Theorem 1
are satisfied. Then, for
\(t>1\)
and
\(\alpha\in\mathbb{R}^{+}\), the following inequality holds true:
where
$$\begin{aligned}& \biggl\vert \frac{ (\ln(t) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\alpha +k)}\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \{fg\}(t) -\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f\}(t)\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \{ g\}(t) \biggr\vert \\& \quad \leq \bigl\vert \mathcal{M}(f,\varphi_{1}, \varphi_{2}) (t)\mathcal{M}(g,\varphi _{1}, \varphi_{2}) (t) \bigr\vert ^{\frac{1}{2}}, \end{aligned}$$
(2.30)
$$\mathcal{M}(u,v,w) (t):= \frac{ (\ln(t) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}}{4\Gamma_{k}(\alpha+k)} \frac{ (\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{(v+w)u\}(t) )^{2}}{ \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{vw\}(t)} - \bigl( \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{u\}(t) \bigr)^{2}. $$
Remark 2.1
Setting
\(\varphi_{1}=m\), \(\varphi_{2}=M\), \(\psi_{1}=n\), and
\(\psi_{2}=N\), we have
and
$$\mathcal{M}(f,m,M) (t)=\frac{(M-m)^{2}}{4mM} \bigl(\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \{f\}(t) \bigr)^{2} $$
$$\mathcal{M}(g,n,N) (t)=\frac{(N-n)^{2}}{4nN} \bigl(\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \{g\}(t) \bigr)^{2}. $$
Corollary 4
Let
f
and
g
be two positive integrable functions on
\([a,\infty)\)
satisfying the condition (2.9). Then, for
\(t>a\)
and
\(\alpha\in\mathbb{R}^{+}\), we have
$$\begin{aligned}& \biggl\vert \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\alpha +k)}\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{fg \}(t) -\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f\}(t)\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \{ g\}(t) \biggr\vert \\& \quad \leq\frac{(M-m)(N-n)}{4\sqrt{mMnN}} \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f\}(t) \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{g\}(t). \end{aligned}$$
(2.31)
3 Applications
In this section we apply Hadamard k-fractional integrals to a function which is bounded by the Heaviside functions.
The simplest piecewise continuous function is the unit step function, which is known as the Heaviside function, defined by The unit step function is basically an on-off switch which is very useful in differential equations and piecewise functions when there is a large number of pieces, for example, Riemann sums as in Figure 1. Using Heaviside function, a piecewise continuous function \(\varphi_{1}(t)\) defined on an interval \([a,T]\) can be written as follows: where \(m_{0}=0\), \({m_{i}}\in\mathbb{R}\) (\(i=0, 1, \ldots, p+1\)) and \(a=t_{0}< t_{1}< t_{2}<\cdots<t_{p}<t_{p+1}=T\). Similarly we define the functions \(\varphi_{2}\), \(\psi_{1}\), and \(\psi _{2}\) as follows:
where \(n_{0}=N_{0}=M_{0}=0\) and \(n_{i}, N_{i}, M_{i} \in\mathbb{R}\) (\(i=0, 1, \ldots, p+1\)).
$$u_{c}(t)= \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} 1 & \text{if } u\geq c, \\ 0 & \text{if } u< c. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$
$$\begin{aligned} \varphi_{1}(t) =&m_{1} \bigl(u_{t_{0}}(t)-u_{t_{1}}(t) \bigr)+m_{2} \bigl(u_{t_{1}}(t)-u_{t_{2}}(t) \bigr) +m_{3} \bigl(u_{t_{3}}(t)-u_{t_{2}}(t) \bigr)+ \cdots+m_{p+1}u_{t_{p}}(t) \\ =&m_{1}u_{t_{0}}+(m_{2}-m_{1})u_{t_{1}}(t)+(m_{3}-m_{2})u_{t_{2}}(t)+ \cdots +(m_{p+1}-m_{p})u_{t_{p}}(t) \\ =&\sum_{k=0}^{p}(m_{k+1}-m_{k})u_{t_{k}}(t), \end{aligned}$$
(3.1)
$$\begin{aligned}& \varphi_{2}(t)=\sum_{k=0}^{p}(M_{k+1}-M_{k})u_{t_{k}}(t), \end{aligned}$$
(3.2)
$$\begin{aligned}& \psi_{1}(t)=\sum_{k=0}^{p}(n_{k+1}-n_{k})u_{t_{k}}(t), \end{aligned}$$
(3.3)
$$\begin{aligned}& \psi_{2}(t)=\sum_{k=0}^{p}(N_{k+1}-N_{k})u_{t_{k}}(t), \end{aligned}$$
(3.4)
Figure 1
Functions
f
,
\(\pmb{\varphi_{1}}\)
, and
\(\pmb{\varphi_{2}}\)
.
×
![]()
Let f be an integrable function on \([a,T]\) which satisfies the condition (2.1) with the functions \(\varphi_{1}\), \(\varphi_{2}\), \(\psi_{1}\), and \(\psi_{2}\) in (3.1), (3.2), (3.3) and (3.4), respectively. Then we get \(m_{j+1}\leq f(t)\leq M_{j+1}\) for each \(t\in(t_{j},t_{j+1})\) (\(j=0, 1, \ldots, p\)). For example, Figure 1 represents the case \(p=4\).
Then the Hadamard k-fractional integral of f on \([a, T]\) can be defined as follows: where
$$ \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f\}(T)=\sum _{j=0}^{p}\mathcal {H}_{t_{j},t_{j+1},k}^{\alpha}\{f \}(t), $$
(3.5)
$$ \mathcal{H}_{t_{j},t_{j+1},k}^{\alpha}\{f\}(t):= \frac{1}{k\Gamma _{k}(\alpha)} \int_{t_{j}}^{t_{j+1}} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{s} \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1}f(s) \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{s} \quad (j=0, 1, 2, \ldots, p). $$
(3.6)
Proposition 1
Let
f
and
g
be two positive integrable functions on
\([a,T]\)
which satisfy the condition (2.1) with the functions
\(\varphi_{1}\), \(\varphi_{2}\), \(\psi_{1}\), and
\(\psi_{2}\)
in (3.1), (3.2), (3.3), and (3.4), respectively. Then, for
\(\alpha\in\mathbb{R}^{+}\), the following inequality holds true:
$$\begin{aligned}& \Biggl(\sum_{j=0}^{p} n_{j+1}N_{j+1} \mathcal {H}_{t_{j},t_{j+1},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ f^{2} \bigr\} (T) \Biggr) \Biggl(\sum_{j=0}^{p} m_{j+1}M_{j+1} \mathcal {H}_{t_{j},t_{j+1},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ g^{2} \bigr\} (T) \Biggr) \\& \quad \leq\frac{1}{4}\sum_{j=0}^{p} (n_{j+1}N_{j+1}+m_{j+1}M_{j+1} ) \bigl( \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{fg\}(T) \bigr)^{2}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.7)
Proof
Using the Hadamard k-fractional integral in (3.5), we get
and Then substituting equalities (3.8), (3.9), and (3.10) for the result in Lemma 2.1 yields the desired result (3.7). □
$$\begin{aligned}& \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k} \bigl\{ \psi_{1} \psi_{2}f^{2} \bigr\} (T)=\sum_{j=0}^{p}n_{j+1}N_{j+1} \mathcal{H}_{t_{j},t_{j+1},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ f^{2} \bigr\} (T), \end{aligned}$$
(3.8)
$$\begin{aligned}& \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k} \bigl\{ \varphi_{1} \varphi_{2}g^{2} \bigr\} (T)=\sum_{j=0}^{p}m_{j+1}M_{j+1} \mathcal{H}_{t_{j},t_{j+1},k}^{\alpha} \bigl\{ g^{2} \bigr\} (T), \end{aligned}$$
(3.9)
$$ \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k} \bigl\{ (\varphi_{1} \psi_{1}+\varphi_{2}\psi_{2}fg) \bigr\} (T) =\sum _{j=0}^{p} (m_{j+1}n_{j+1}+M_{j+1}N_{j+1}) \mathcal{H}_{t_{j},t_{j+1},k}^{\alpha}\{fg\}(T). $$
(3.10)
Proposition 2
Suppose that assumptions of Proposition 1
are satisfied. Then, for
\(k, \alpha,\beta \in\mathbb{R}^{+}\), we have
where
$$\begin{aligned}& \biggl\vert \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\beta}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\beta +k)}\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \{fg\}(T) +\frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\alpha +k)}\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{fg\}(T) \\& \qquad {} -\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f\}(t)\mathcal {H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{g\}(T) -\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta} \{f\}(t)\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{ f\}(T) \biggr\vert \\& \quad \leq \bigl\vert \mathrm{M}_{1}^{*}(f,m_{j+1},M_{j+1}) (t)+\mathrm{M}_{2}^{*}(f,m_{j+1},M_{j+1}) (T) \bigr\vert ^{\frac{1}{2}} \\& \qquad {}\times \bigl\vert \mathrm{M}_{1}^{*}(g,n_{j+1},N_{j+1}) (t)+\mathrm{M}_{2}^{*}(g,n_{j+1},N_{j+1}) (T) \bigr\vert ^{\frac{1}{2}}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.11)
$$\begin{aligned}& \mathrm{M}_{1}^{*}(u,v,w) (t) := \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\beta}{k}}\Gamma_{k}(\alpha +k)}{4\Gamma_{k}(\beta+k)} \frac{ \sum_{j=0}^{p}(v+w) (\mathcal{H}_{t_{j},t_{j+1},k}^{\alpha}\{u\}(t) )^{2}}{ \sum_{j=0}^{p} vw [ (\ln(t/t_{j}) ]^{\frac{\alpha}{k}} - [\ln(t/t_{j+1}) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}} ]} \\& \hphantom{\mathrm{M}_{1}^{*}(u,v,w)(t) :={}}{}- \bigl(\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{u\}(T) \bigr) \bigl(\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{u\}(T) \bigr), \\& \mathrm{M}_{2}^{*}(u,v,w) (t) := \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}\Gamma_{k}(\beta +k)}{4\Gamma_{k}(\alpha+k)} \frac{ \sum_{j=0}^{p}(v+w) (\mathcal{H}_{t_{j},t_{j+1},k}^{\beta}\{u\}(t) )^{2}}{ \sum_{j=0}^{p} vw [ (\ln(t/t_{j}) ]^{\frac{\beta}{k}} - [\ln(t/t_{j+1}) )^{\frac{\beta}{k}} ]} \\& \hphantom{\mathrm{M}_{2}^{*}(u,v,w)(t) :={}}{}- \bigl(\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{u\}(t) \bigr) \bigl(\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{u\}(t) \bigr). \end{aligned}$$
Proof
Since we get and
$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{H}_{t_{j},t_{j+1},k}^{\alpha}\{f\}(T) =& \frac{1}{k\Gamma _{k}(\alpha)} \int_{t_{j}}^{t_{j+1}} \biggl(\ln\frac{t}{s} \biggr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}-1}f(s) \frac {\mathrm{d}s}{s} \\ =&\frac{ (\ln(t/t_{j}) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}- (\ln(t/t_{j+1}) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\alpha+k)}, \end{aligned}$$
$$\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}\{\varphi_{1}\varphi_{2}\} \{T\} = \sum_{j=0}^{p}\frac{m_{j+1}M_{j+1}}{\Gamma_{k}(\alpha+k)} \bigl[ \bigl(\ln(t/t_{j}) \bigr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}- \bigl(\ln(t/t_{j+1}) \bigr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}} \bigr] $$
$$\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}\{\psi_{1}\psi_{2}\} \{T\} = \sum _{j=0}^{p}\frac{n_{j+1}N_{j+1}}{\Gamma_{k}(\alpha+k)} \bigl[ \bigl( \ln(t/t_{j}) \bigr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}- \bigl(\ln(t/t_{j+1}) \bigr)^{\frac{\alpha}{k}} \bigr]. $$
After some computations, we have and
$$\begin{aligned}& \mathrm{M}_{1}(f,\varphi_{1},\varphi_{2}) (T) = \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\beta}{k}}\Gamma_{k}(\alpha +k)}{4\Gamma_{k}(\beta+k)} \frac{ \sum_{j=0}^{p}(m_{j+1}+M_{j+1}) (\mathcal{H}_{t_{j},t_{j+1},k}^{\alpha}\{f\}(t) )^{2}}{ \sum_{j=0}^{p} m_{j+1}M_{j+1} [ (\ln(t/t_{j}) ]^{\frac{\alpha}{k}} - [\ln(t/t_{j+1}) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}} ]} \\& \hphantom{\mathrm{M}_{1}(f,\varphi_{1},\varphi_{2})(T) ={}}{} - \bigl(\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f\}(T) \bigr) \bigl(\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{f\}(T) \bigr), \\& \mathrm{M}_{1}(g,\psi_{1},\psi_{2}) (T) = \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\beta}{k}}\Gamma_{k}(\alpha +k)}{4\Gamma_{k}(\beta+k)} \frac{ \sum_{j=0}^{p}(n_{j+1}+N_{j+1}) (\mathcal{H}_{t_{j},t_{j+1},k}^{\alpha}\{g\}(t) )^{2}}{ \sum_{j=0}^{p} n_{j+1}N_{j+1} [ (\ln(t/t_{j}) ]^{\frac{\alpha}{k}} - [\ln(t/t_{j+1}) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}} ]} \\& \hphantom{\mathrm{M}_{1}(g,\psi_{1},\psi_{2})(T) ={}}{} - \bigl(\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{g\}(T) \bigr) \bigl(\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{g\}(T) \bigr), \\& \mathrm{M}_{2}(f,\varphi_{1},\varphi_{2}) (T) = \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}\Gamma_{k}(\beta +k)}{4\Gamma_{k}(\alpha+k)} \frac{ \sum_{j=0}^{p}(m_{j+1}+M_{j+1}) (\mathcal{H}_{t_{j},t_{j+1},k}^{\beta}\{f\}(t) )^{2}}{ \sum_{j=0}^{p} m_{j+1}M_{j+1} [ (\ln(t/t_{j}) ]^{\frac{\beta}{k}} - [\ln(t/t_{j+1}) )^{\frac{\beta}{k}} ]} \\& \hphantom{\mathrm{M}_{2}(f,\varphi_{1},\varphi_{2})(T) ={}}{} - \bigl(\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{g\}(T) \bigr) \bigl(\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{g\}(T) \bigr), \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned} \mathrm{M}_{2}(g,\psi_{1},\psi_{2}) (t) =& \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}\Gamma_{k}(\beta +k)}{4\Gamma_{k}(\alpha+k)} \frac{ \sum_{j=0}^{p}(n_{j+1}+N_{j+1}) (\mathcal{H}_{t_{j},t_{j+1},k}^{\beta}\{g\}(T) )^{2}}{ \sum_{j=0}^{p} n_{j+1}N_{j+1} [ (\ln(t/t_{j}) ]^{\frac{\beta}{k}} - [\ln(t/t_{j+1}) )^{\frac{\beta}{k}} ]} \\ &{}- \bigl(\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{g\}(T) \bigr) \bigl( \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\beta}\{g\}(T) \bigr). \end{aligned}$$
The special case of Proposition 2 when \(\alpha=\beta\) is seen immediately to reduce to the result in Corollary 5.
Corollary 5
Suppose that the assumptions of Proposition 2
are satisfied. Then, for
\(k, \alpha\in\mathbb{R}^{+}\), the following inequality holds true:
where
$$\begin{aligned}& \biggl\vert \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}}{\Gamma_{k}(\alpha +k)}\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{fg \}(T) -\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{f\}(T)\mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha} \{ f\}(T) \biggr\vert \\& \quad \leq \bigl\vert \mathrm{M}^{*}(f,m_{j+1},M_{j+1}) (T) \mathrm{M}^{*}(g,n_{j+1},N_{j+1}) (T) \bigr\vert ^{\frac{1}{2}}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.12)
$$ \mathrm{M}^{*}(u,v,w) (t) = \frac{ (\ln(t/a) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}}{4} \frac{ \sum_{j=0}^{p}(v+w) (\mathcal{H}_{t_{j},t_{j+1},k}^{\alpha}\{u\}(t) )^{2}}{ \sum_{j=0}^{p} vw [ (\ln(t/t_{j}) ]^{\frac{\alpha}{k}} - [\ln(t/t_{j+1}) )^{\frac{\alpha}{k}} ]} - \bigl( \mathcal{H}_{a^{+},k}^{\alpha}\{u\}(t) \bigr)^{2}. $$
We conclude this paper by remarking that all the results presented in this paper can be converted into those for the right-sided Hadamard k-fractional integral.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Dongguk University Research Fund (Gyeongju). The authors would like to express their deep-felt thanks for the reviewers’ helpful comments.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
The authors have contributed equally to this manuscript. They read and approved the final manuscript.