Top

Published in:

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Challenges for and with Autonomous Vehicles: An Introduction

Authors : Steven Van Uytsel, Danilo Vasconcellos Vargas

Published in: Autonomous Vehicles

Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

The deployment of autonomous vehicles has been announced for years. Yet, full autonomous vehicles are not on public roads. Elon Musk, speaking at an event during the first half of 2020, stated that his firm will be able to present a fully autonomous vehicle technology by the end of the year. This statement is met with skepticism, especially because several of the challenges that existed have not been solved. Road traffic laws have not been adjusted to face the reality of driving by an autonomous machine. The only way that full autonomous vehicles can hit public roads is through test procedures. There also exists quite some uncertainty on who should be liable for accidents with autonomous vehicles. Accidents may occur, and this is something that adversarial machine learning is showing. Even with the best set of sensors, the interpretation of the sensed environment may be misinterpreted. Connectivity is being suggested as a possible solution to several of the problems autonomous vehicles are facing. Deploying autonomous vehicles will also challenge business organization, as car manufacturers may turn their business vehicles into mobility service providers. This may require a different type of organization within the firm.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

next chapter Technology in the Driver’s Seat: Legal Obstacles and Regulatory Gaps in Road Traffic Law

Litman (2018), pp. 5–12. See also Meyboom (2019).

Carp (2018), p. 88.

Geistfeld (2017), p. 1617.

Gurney (2013), p. 215.

Litman (2018), p. 5.

Gurney (2013), p. 257.

Coppola and Esztergár-Kiss (2019), p. xi.

Coppola and Silvestri (2019), p. 8.

Coppola and Silvestri (2019), p. 9.

Coppola and Silvestri (2019), p. 10.

Geistfeld (2017), p. 1615.

However, among the vehicles currently marketed to the public, Tesla is offering the most advanced autonomous vehicles, see Lim (2018). For an overview of the historical development, see Kellerman (2018), pp. 106–109. Audi is said to start commercialize a Level 3 vehicle in 2019, see Audi MediaCenter (2017); See also Abe (2018), p. 3. Hannah YeeFen Lim purports that in early 2018 the race for a Level 5 vehicle is being dominated by Google’s Waymo subsidiary and General Motors’ Cruise Automation subsidiary, see Lim (2018), p. 5. Ryosuke Abe reports that Nissan will test autonomously driving taxis in the high-density city of Yokohama and that Toyota would like to provide autonomous vehicles at the sites built for the Tokyo Olympics in 2020. No statement is made on the level of these vehicles, see Abe (2018), p. 3.

Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2020/07/09/elon-musk-tesla-will-have-level-5-self-driving-cars-this-year/#13e8323a2d1d. Accessed 30 June 2020.

See supra footnote 13.

Lim (2018), p. 53.

See chapter Infrastructure Enabled Autonomy—Autonomy as a Service [this volume].

See chapter on Technology in the Driver’s Seat: Legal Obstacles and Regulatory Gaps in Road Traffic Law [this volume] See also Chapter on Testing Autonomous Vehicles On Public Roads: Facilitated by a Series of Alternative, Often Soft, Legal Instruments [this volume]. To the contrary, see Smith (2012).

See chapter on Different Liability Regimes for Autonomous Vehicles: One Preferable above the Other? [this volume].

See chapter on Design Thinking & Organizing-for-Innovation in the Automobile Firm of the Future [this volume].

Society of Automative Engineers (2018); See also Channon et al. (2019), pp. 4–5.

Lim (2018), p. 4.

Fuchs (2019).

Pearl (2017), p. 27.

Lim (2018), pp. 4–5.

Pearl (2017), pp. 28–29.

Fuchs (2019).

Lim (2018), p. 5. Many predictions have been made on when autonomous vehicles will hit the road (for a summary of these predictions, see Gurney (2013), pp. 248–251 (especially footnotes 8–15); Geistfeld (2017), p. 1615.

Lim (2018), p. 5.

Lim (2018), p. 6.

Surden and Williams (2017).

Surden and Williams (2017), pp. 11–12.

Lim (2018), p. 13.

Surden and Williams (2017), p. 17.

Surden and Williams (2017), p. 19.

Surden and Williams (2017), p. 19. The mistake can be “by several inches to feet.” See Lim (2018), p. 11.

Lim (2018), p. 10.

Fuchs (2019); Lim (2018), p. 10.

Lim (2018), p. 13.

Cameras can also be used for distance calculation. Pictures of the same object from different angles allows a computer to estimate the distance. This is called stereopsis.

Surden and Williams (2017), p. 20.

Surden and Williams (2017), p. 20. See also Lim (2018), p. 8.

Available at: https://venturebeat.com/2020/07/09/elon-musk-says-tesla-is-very-close-to-level-5-autonomous-driving/. Accessed 30 June 2020.

Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-self-driving-technology-compared-to-everyone-see-how-it-works-2020-7#tesla-by-contrast-doesnt-use-lidar-autopilot-relies-on-cameras-sensors-and-most-importantly-a-vast-amount-of-real-world-driver-information-thats-generated-by-its-fleet-of-cars-20. Accessed 30 June 2020.

Lim (2018), p. 53.

Available at: https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/22/18510828/tesla-elon-musk-autonomy-day-investor-comments-self-driving-cars-predictions. Accessed 30 June 2020.

See chapter on Sensors for Automated Driving [this volume].

Lim (2018), p. 53.

Braun (2019).

See chapter on Learning Systems Under Attack—Adversarial Attacks, Defenses and Beyond [this volume].

See, e.g., Eykholt et al. (2018); Carlini and Wagner (2017); Evtimov et al. (2017); Houben et al. (2013); Karungaru et al. (2013); Stallkampa et al. (2012).

Eykholt et al. (2018).

Sitawarin (2018), p. 2.

Sitawarin (2018), p. 11.

Carlini and Wagner (2017), p. 11.

Herrmann et al. (2018), pp. 25–29.

See chapter on Different Liability Regimes for Autonomous Vehicles: One Preferable above the Other? [this volume].

Coppola and Silvestri (2019), pp. 3–4.

Coppola and Silvestri (2019), p. 4.

Gasser (2016).

Gasser (2016), p. 542.

Chapter on Learning Systems Under Attack—Adversarial Attacks, Defenses and Beyond [this volume].

Callon et al. (2001).

Sunstein (2008).

See chapter on Testing Autonomous Vehicles On Public Roads: Facilitated by a Series of Alternative, Often Soft, Legal Instruments [this volume].

See, e.g., Lohsse et al. (2019).

See, e.g., Pearl (2017), Karner (2019), p. 121.

See, e.g., Schellekens (2018).

See, e.g., Abbott (2018); Chagal-Feferkorn (2018).

See, e.g., Spindler (2019), pp. 136–138.

See chapter on Different Liability Regimes for Autonomous Vehicles: One Preferable above the Other? [this volume].

See, e.g., Winkelman et al. (2019); Channon (2019), p. 47.

Available at: https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/22/18510828/tesla-elon-musk-autonomy-day-investor-comments-self-driving-cars-predictions. Accessed 30 June 2020.

Coppola and Silvestri (2019), p. 9.

Van Uytsel (2020), p. 177.

Coppola and Silvestri (2019), p. 9.

Coppola and Silvestri (2019), p. 11.

Abe R (2018) Transition to autonomous public transportation: Impacts on trip service levels and potential benefits for transportation systems (Working Paper). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3270747. Accessed 30 June 2020

Abbott R (2018) The reasonable computer: disrupting the paradigm of tort liability. The George Wash Law Rev 81(1):2–45

Audi MediaCenter (2017) The New Audi A8—conditional automated at Level 3. https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/on-autopilot-into-the-future-the-audi-vision-of-autonomous-driving-9305/the-new-audi-a8-conditional-automated-at-level-3-9307. Accessed 30 June 2020

Braun A (2019) IEEE P2020 Automotive image quality (Tutorial at the 8th IEEE international conference on connected vehicles and expo, 4–8 November 2019, Graz (Austria))

Callon M et al (2001) Acting in an uncertain world: an essay on technical democracy (Burchell G (trans.)). The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Carlini N, Wagner D (2017) Adversarial examples are not easily detected: bypassing ten detection methods. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.07263.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2020

Carp JA (2018) Autonomous vehicles: problems and principles for future regulation. J Law & Public Affairs 4:82–148

Chagal-Feferkorn K (2018) The reasonable algorithm. J Law Technol Policy 1:111–147

Channon M, McCormick L, Noussia K (eds) (2019) The law and autonomous vehicles. Informa Law from Routledge, Abingdon

Channon M (2019) Cybersecurity and Data protection. In: Channon M, McCormick L, Noussia K (eds) The law and autonomous vehicles. Informa Law from Routledge, Abingdon, pp 47–63CrossRef

Coppola P, Esztergár-Kiss P (2019) Introduction. In: Coppola P, Esztergár-Kiss P (eds) Autonomous vehicles and future mobility. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp xi–xiii

Coppola P, Silvestri F (2019) Autonomous vehicles and future mobility solutions. In: Coppola P, Esztergár-Kiss P (eds) Autonomous vehicles and future mobility. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–15

Evtimov et al (2017) Physical adversarial examples against deep neural networks. https://bair.berkeley.edu/blog/2017/12/30/yolo-attack/. Accessed 30 June 2020

Eykholt K et al (2018) Robust physical-world attacks on deep learning visual classification. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.08945.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2020

Fuchs A (2019) Sensors for autonomous vehicles—how upcoming vehicles perceive their environment. In: Presentation at the future of autonomous vehicles conference, Kyushu University, February 1, 2019

Gasser TM (2016) Fundamental and special legal questions for autonomous vehicles. In Maurer M et al. (Eds) Autonomous driving: Technical, legal and social aspects. SpringerOpen, Heidelberg

Geistfeld M (2017) A roadmap for autonomous vehicles: state tort liability, automobile insurance, and federal safety regulation. Calif Law Rev 105:1611–1694

Gurney JK (2013) Sue my car not me; Product liability and accidents involving autonomous vehicles. J Law Technol Policy 2:247–277

Herrmann A, Brenner W, Stadler R (2018) Autonomous driving: how the driverless revolution will change the world. Emerald Publishing, BingleyCrossRef

Houben S et al (2013) Detection of traffic signs in real-world images: the German traffic sign detection benchmark. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6706807. Accessed 30 June 2020

Karner E (2019) Liability for robotics: current rules, challenges, and the need for innovative concepts. In: Lohsse S, Schulze R, Staudenmayer D (eds) Liability for artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, Nomos, Baden-Baden, pp 117–143

Karungaru S, Nakano H, Fukumi M (2013) Road traffic signs recognition using genetic algorithms and neural networks. Int J Mach Learn Comput 3(3):313–317CrossRef

Kellerman A (2018) Automated and autonomous spatial mobilities. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham

Lim YFH (2018) Autonomous vehicles and the law: Technology, algorithms and ethics. Edward Elgar, CheltenhamCrossRef

Litman T (2018) Autonomous vehicle implementation predictions: implications for transport planning. https://www.vtpi.org/avip.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2020.

Lhosse S, Schulze R, Staudenmayer D (eds) (2019) Liability for artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things. Baden-Baden, Nomos

Meyboom A (2019) Driverless urban futures: a speculative atlas for autonomous vehicles. Routledge, New York

Pearl TH (2017) Hands on the wheel: a call for greater regulation of semi-autonomous cars. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2930125. Accessed 30 June 2020

Schellekens M (2018) No-fault compensation schemes for self-driving Vehicles. Law Innov Technol 10(2):314–333CrossRef

Sitawarin Ch et al (2018) DARTS: deceiving autonomous cars with toxic signs. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.06430.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2020

Smith BW (2012) Automated vehicles are probably legal in the United States. The Center for Internet and Society, StanfordCrossRef

Stallkampa J et al (2012) Man vs. computer: benchmarking machine learning algorithms for traffic sign recognition. https://christian-igel.github.io/paper/MvCBMLAfTSR.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2020

Society of Automative Engineers (2018) SAE International releases updated visual chart for its “Levels of Driving Automation” standard for self-driving vehicles. https://www.sae.org/news/press-room/2018/12/sae-international-releases-updated-visual-chart-for-its-%E2%80%9Clevels-of-driving-automation%E2%80%9D-standard-for-self-driving-vehicles. Accessed 30 June 2020

Spindler G (2019) User liability and strict liability in the Internet of Things and for robots. In: Lohsse S, Schulze R, Staudenmayer D (eds) Liability for artificial intelligence and the internet of things. Baden-Baden, Nomos, pp 125–145CrossRef

Sunstein CR (2008) Throwing precaution to the wind: why the ‘safe’ choice can be dangerous. Boston Globe (13 July) https://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2008/07/13/throwing_precaution_to_the_wind/?page=full. Accessed 30 June 2020

Surden H, Williams M-A (2017) How self driving cars work. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2784465. 30 June 2020

Van Uytsel S (2020) Horizontal shareholding among fintech firms in Asia: A preliminary competition law assessment. In: Fenwick M, Van Uytsel S, Ying B (eds) Regulating Fintech in Asia: global contexts, local perspectives. Springer, Singapore, pp 177–204CrossRef

Winkelman et al (2019) When autonomous vehicles are hacked, who is liable? Rand Corporation, Santa MonicaCrossRef

Woods JB (2019) Autonomous vehicles and police de-escalation. Northwest Univ Law Rev 114:74–103

Title: Challenges for and with Autonomous Vehicles: An Introduction
Authors: Steven Van Uytsel
Danilo Vasconcellos Vargas
Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore
Book: Autonomous Vehicles
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-9254-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-15-9255-3

Copyright Year: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9255-3_1

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"