Introduction
Materials and methods
Sample analysis
Plants | Plant A | Plant B |
---|---|---|
Furnace type | Stoker | Stoker |
Melting furnace presence | Presence | Absence |
Treatment capacity | 250 t/d×2 | 100 t/d×3 |
Samples | Fig. 1 | Fig. 1 |
(1), (2), (3) | (2), (4), (5), (6) |
Total content test
Main metal elements and nonmetal elements
Trace metal element
Elution test
1 M hydrochloric acid extraction test
Heavy metal elution test
Desalination test
Results and discussion
Particle size distribution
Total content test
Unit: mg/kg | |
---|---|
Analysis items | Acceptance criteria |
Cl | < 1000 |
K2O | < 20,000 |
SO3 | <30,000 |
P2O5 | <50,000 |
TiO2 | <20,000 |
Pb | < 1000 |
Cu | < 1300 |
Zn | < 1700 |
Cd | < 20 |
Cr | < 170 |
Hg | < 1 |
Unit: mg/kg | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant | Particle size (mm) | Av/SD | Cl | K2O | SO3 | P2O5 | TiO2 | Pb | Cu | Zn | Cd | Cr | Hg | Pd | Au | Ag |
A | < 0.5 | Av | 19,000 | 8900 | 11,000 | 19,000 | 14,000 | 170 | 1400 | 3100 | 8 | 710 | 0.033 | < 0.09 | < 6 | 6.6 |
SD | 1400 | 1800 | 600 | 1900 | 930 | 91 | 360 | 550 | 9.3 | 53 | 0.021 | 1.1 | ||||
0.5–2.0 | Av | 12,000 | 16,000 | 8000 | 22,000 | 17,000 | 140 | 2900 | 4600 | 1.8 | 610 | 0.011 | < 0.09 | < 6 | 9.2 | |
SD | 310 | 2300 | 700 | 730 | 78 | 90 | 1600 | 2000 | 1.3 | 62 | 0.001 | 5.4 | ||||
2.0–4.75 | Av | 6900 | 17,000 | 5700 | 30,000 | 15,000 | 190 | 4400 | 6100 | 2.2 | 520 | 0.011 | < 0.09 | < 6 | 3.7 | |
SD | 810 | 360 | 850 | 4800 | 530 | 130 | 2300 | 460 | 2.7 | 48 | 0.006 | 0.49 | ||||
4.75–9.5 | Av | 3900 | 14,000 | 8000 | 39,000 | 11,000 | 1000 | 31,000 | 19,000 | 0.31 | 660 | 0.005 | 0.24 | < 6 | 5.8 | |
SD | 110 | 570 | 3000 | 16,000 | 37 | 1200 | 25,000 | 1400 | 0.36 | 480 | 0.0004 | 2.7 | ||||
> 9.5 | Av | 1400 | 16,000 | 2200 | 3000 | 3300 | 250 | 1600 | 1600 | 14 | 130 | 0.005 | < 0.09 | < 6 | < 2.0 | |
SD | 220 | 460 | 320 | 4400 | 130 | 340 | 1700 | 1500 | 5.2 | 0.005 | ||||||
B | < 0.5 | Av | 16,000 | 18,000 | 27,000 | 30,000 | 18,000 | 350 | 2200 | 4300 | 15 | 300 | 0.011 | 0.93 | < 6 | 19 |
SD | 1300 | 880 | 3500 | 1000 | 1800 | 12 | 330 | 600 | 3.9 | 24 | 0.007 | 7.8 | ||||
0.5–2.0 | Av | 10,000 | 23,000 | 15,000 | 27,000 | 14,000 | 580 | 5400 | 6800 | 20 | 290 | 0.17 | 0.49 | < 6 | 22 | |
SD | 1000 | 720 | 2700 | 2100 | 1800 | 40 | 1200 | 990 | 9.2 | 37 | 0.28 | 0.2 | 2.6 | |||
2.0–4.75 | Av | 3800 | 22,000 | 9500 | 17,000 | 8300 | 1500 | 12,000 | 12,000 | 3.1 | 210 | 0.004 | 0.097 | < 6 | 18 | |
SD | 1100 | 690 | 1600 | 1100 | 800 | 750 | 4600 | 2700 | 1 | 57 | 0.004 | 19 | ||||
4.75–9.5 | Av | 1500 | 20,000 | 950 | 2200 | 5300 | 420 | 4400 | 3300 | 3.9 | 1700 | 0.006 | 0.1 | < 6 | 6.4 | |
SD | 1000 | 920 | 1600 | 3900 | 780 | 300 | 2900 | 1100 | 3.6 | 2400 | ||||||
> 9.5 | Av | 920 | 28,000 | 4500 | 330 | 1400 | 2100 | 2.1 | 81 | 0.01 | < 0.09 | < 6 | < 2.0 | |||
SD | 1600 | 1700 | 520 | 230 | 1800 | 1700 | 2.1 | 37 | 0.014 |
Unit: mg/kg | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant | Samples | Particle size(mm) | Av/SD | Pb | Cu | Zn | Cd | Cr | Hg | Pd | Au | Ag |
A | QGA | < 0.5 | Av | 650 | 4900 | 6400 | 9.9 | 480 | 1.5 | 0.14 | < 6 | 12 |
SD | 290 | 900 | 1400 | 9.1 | 81 | 1.8 | 0.028 | 0.71 | ||||
0.5–2.0 | Av | 1700 | 18,000 | 17,000 | 38 | 470 | 4.2 | 0.26 | < 6 | 19 | ||
SD | 1100 | 23 | 4100 | 48 | 23 | 5.9 | 7.1 | |||||
2.0–4.75 | Av | 640 | 43,000 | 54,000 | 4.1 | 370 | 0.059 | 0.17 | < 6 | 9.7 | ||
SD | 37 | 28,000 | 13,000 | 4.8 | 16 | 0.026 | 0.078 | 6.2 | ||||
4.75–9.5 | Av | 1000 | 80,000 | 53,000 | 8 | 350 | 0.091 | 0.11 | < 6 | 9.3 | ||
SD | 1300 | 93,000 | 54,000 | 3.9 | 62 | 0.098 | 0.021 | 2.4 | ||||
> 9.5 | Av | 6900 | 11,000 | 41,000 | 3.5 | 420 | 0.18 | < 0.09 | < 6 | 16 | ||
SD | 9700 | 13,000 | 48,000 | 4.9 | 13 | 0.24 | ||||||
B | UDGA | < 0.5 | Av | 14,000 | 7800 | 16,000 | 470 | 460 | 0.41 | 0.16 | 11 | 36 |
SD | 11,000 | 3200 | 5000 | 360 | 29 | 0.46 | 27 | |||||
0.5–2.0 | Av | 25,000 | 16,000 | 25,000 | 72 | 1700 | 0.061 | 0.1 | < 6 | 58 | ||
SD | 16,000 | 5300 | 4800 | 61 | 2300 | 0.086 | 62 | |||||
2.0–4.75 | Av | 12,000 | 28,000 | 30,000 | 17 | 360 | 0.009 | < 0.09 | < 6 | 7.6 | ||
SD | 4800 | 23,000 | 13,000 | 9.6 | 230 | 0.006 | ||||||
4.75–9.5 | Av | 5500 | 19,000 | 34,000 | 1.5 | 150 | 0.003 | < 0.09 | < 6 | 24 | ||
SD | 8900 | 8800 | 24,000 | 0.39 | 100 | |||||||
> 9.5 | Av | 3800 | 2300 | 14,000 | 1.9 | 690 | < 0.09 | < 6 | 46 | |||
SD | 6300 | 2000 | 15,000 | 440 | ||||||||
UIGA | < 0.5 | Av | 14,000 | 25,000 | 23,000 | 230 | 570 | 0.37 | 0.26 | 7.3 | 68 | |
SD | 10,000 | 21,000 | 8400 | 260 | 340 | 0.18 | 0.1 | 23 | ||||
0.5–2.0 | Av | 21,000 | 48,000 | 80,000 | 230 | 540 | 0.015 | 0.6 | < 6 | 62 | ||
SD | 16,000 | 40,000 | 49,000 | 200 | 550 | 0.006 | 8.1 | |||||
2.0–4.75 | Av | 10,000 | 46,000 | 45,000 | 13 | 1100 | 0.017 | 0.56 | < 6 | 28 | ||
SD | 2200 | 42,000 | 49,000 | 12 | 1400 | 0.014 | 20 | |||||
4.75–9.5 | Av | 4900 | 3300 | 47,000 | 2.7 | 1600 | < 0.09 | < 6 | 230 | |||
SD | 4100 | 1900 | 55,000 | 2600 | ||||||||
> 9.5 | Av | 30,000 | 46,000 | 73,000 | 2.3 | 81 | 0.007 | < 0.09 | < 6 | 4.2 | ||
SD | 37,000 | 77,000 | 120,000 | 74 | 0.004 | |||||||
UFGA | < 0.5 | Av | 7800 | 16,000 | 25,000 | 84 | 420 | 0.47 | 0.82 | 57 | 240 | |
SD | 2500 | 6200 | 14,000 | 91 | 330 | 0.72 | 0.32 | 120 | ||||
0.5–2.0 | Av | 8500 | 48,000 | 71,000 | 33 | 150 | 0.014 | 17 | 29 | 820 | ||
SD | 3000 | 19,000 | 27,000 | 39 | 31 | 0.01 | 29 | 1300 | ||||
2.0–4.75 | Av | 5900 | 21,000 | 45,000 | 12 | 160 | < 0.09 | < 6 | 18 | |||
SD | 2500 | 21,000 | 59,000 | 5.2 | 73 | 8.9 | ||||||
4.75–9.5 | Av | 1500 | 7600 | 52,000 | 3.9 | 180 | < 0.09 | < 6 | 36 | |||
SD | 1100 | 7200 | 64,000 | 0.83 | 63 | 55 | ||||||
> 9.5 | Av | 110 | 1300 | 53,000 | 0.35 | 390 | 0.018 | < 0.09 | < 6 | 3.9 | ||
SD | 44 | 2000 | 75,000 | 510 | 0.029 |
Elution test
Sample type | Particle size (mm) | Extraction amount with 1 M HCl (mg/kg) | Heavy metal elution amount (μg/L) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Cd | Cr | Pb | Cd | Cr | ||
QBA | < 0.5 | 430 | 2.4 | 96 | 81 | < 1 | 580 |
0.5–2.0 | 260 | 1.5 | 71 | 36 | < 1 | 440 | |
2.0–4.75 | 230 | < 0.1 | 56 | < 14 | < 1 | 420 | |
DDQBA | < 0.5 | 410 | 3 | 150 | 280 | < 1 | 240 |
0.5–2.0 | 380 | < 0.1 | 91 | 210 | < 1 | 290 | |
2.0–4.75 | 400 | < 0.1 | 65 | < 14 | < 1 | 100 | |
4.75–9.5 | 18 | < 0.1 | 62 | 50 | < 1 | 270 | |
> 9.5 | < 5 | < 0.1 | 9.1 | 110 | < 1 | 32 | |
QGA | < 0.5 | 5600 | 17 | 62 | 2600 | < 1 | 54 |
0.5–2.0 | 2100 | 23 | 35 | 3600 | < 1 | 38 | |
2.0–4.75 | 180 | 12 | 22 | 170 | < 1 | 120 | |
4.75–9.5 | 170 | < 0.1 | 13 | 17 | < 1 | 18 | |
> 9.5 | < 5 | < 0.1 | < 0.01 | < 14 | < 1 | 16 |
1 M hydrochloric acid extraction test
Heavy metal elution test
Desalination test
Na and K
Unit: mg/L | |||
---|---|---|---|
Sample type | Particle size (mm) | Na | K |
QBA | < 0.5 | 340 | 39 |
0.5–2.0 | 200 | 18 | |
2.0–4.75 | 130 | 11 | |
DDQBA | < 0.5 | 190 | 44 |
0.5–2.0 | 80 | 35 | |
2.0–4.75 | 54 | 16 | |
4.75–9.5 | 17 | 7.6 | |
> 9.5 | 36 | 34 | |
QGA | < 0.5 | 67 | 33 |
0.5–2.0 | 29 | 6.9 | |
2.0–4.75 | 23 | 4.6 | |
4.75–9.5 | 10 | 2.8 | |
> 9.5 | 4.3 | 2.2 |
Unit: mg/L | |||
---|---|---|---|
Sample type | Desalination time (h) | Na | K |
QBA | 6 | 73 | 29 |
24 | 110 | 42 | |
48 | 86 | 41 | |
72 | 100 | 48 | |
168 | 110 | 55 | |
QGA | 6 | 30 | 8.0 |
24 | 34 | 8.9 | |
48 | 38 | 13 | |
72 | 39 | 19 | |
168 | 39 | 15 |
Cl
Unit: % | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample type | Particle size(mm) | Soluble chlorine | Insoluble chlorine | Total chlorine | ||||||
Before desalination | After desalination | Removal ratio | Before desalination | After desalination | Removal ratio | Before desalination | After desalination | Removal ratio | ||
QBA | < 0.5 | 0.97 | 0.31 | 68.0 | 0.81 | 0.63 | 22.2 | 1.78 | 0.94 | 47.2 |
0.5–2.0 | 0.61 | 0.23 | 62.3 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 19.0 | 1.03 | 0.57 | 44.7 | |
2.0–4.75 | 0.42 | 0.12 | 71.4 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 20.8 | 0.66 | 0.31 | 53.0 | |
DDQBA | < 0.5 | 0.55 | 0.15 | 72.7 | 0.52 | 0.43 | 17.3 | 1.07 | 0.58 | 45.8 |
0.5–2.0 | 0.28 | 0.10 | 64.3 | 0.16 | 0.21 | – | 0.44 | 0.31 | 29.5 | |
2.0–4.75 | 0.14 | 0.056 | 60.0 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 21.4 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 39.3 | |
4.75–9.5 | 0.064 | 0.024 | 62.5 | 0.076 | 0.074 | 2.6 | 0.14 | 0.098 | 30.0 | |
> 9.5 | 0.014 | 0.009 | 35.7 | 0.008 | 0.015 | – | 0.022 | 0.024 | – | |
QGA | < 0.5 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 38.7 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 10.5 | 0.69 | 0.53 | 23.2 |
0.5–2.0 | 0.086 | 0.044 | 48.8 | 0.144 | 0.12 | 16.7 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 30.4 | |
2.0–4.75 | 0.067 | 0.028 | 58.2 | 0.103 | 0.092 | 10.7 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 29.4 | |
4.75–9.5 | 0.038 | 0.033 | 13.2 | 0.040 | 0.17 | – | 0.078 | 0.20 | – | |
> 9.5 | 0.036 | 0.007 | 80.6 | 0.015 | 0.008 | 46.7 | 0.051 | 0.015 | 70.6 |
Unit: % | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample type | Before/after desalination | Soluble chlorine | Insoluble chlorine | Total chlorine | ||||
Content | Removal ratio | Content | Removal ratio | Content | Removal ratio | |||
DDQBA | Before desalination | 0.25 | – | 0.27 | – | 0.52 | – | |
After desalination | 6h | 0.089 | 64.4 | 0.17 | 37.0 | 0.26 | 50.0 | |
24h | 0.092 | 63.2 | 0.20 | 25.9 | 0.29 | 44.2 | ||
48h | 0.066 | 73.6 | 0.15 | 44.4 | 0.22 | 57.7 | ||
72h | 0.10 | 60.0 | 0.19 | 29.6 | 0.29 | 44.2 | ||
168h | 0.068 | 72.8 | 0.18 | 33.3 | 0.25 | 51.9 | ||
QGA | Before desalination | 0.084 | – | 0.21 | – | 0.29 | – | |
After desalination | 6h | 0.043 | 48.8 | 0.097 | 53.8 | 0.14 | 51.7 | |
24h | 0.038 | 54.8 | 0.082 | 61.0 | 0.12 | 58.6 | ||
48h | 0.035 | 58.3 | 0.075 | 64.3 | 0.11 | 62.1 | ||
72h | 0.039 | 53.6 | 0.10 | 52.4 | 0.14 | 51.7 | ||
168h | 0.023 | 72.6 | 0.063 | 70.0 | 0.086 | 70.3 |