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2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Chlorophylls in Microalgae: Occurrence, Distribution, and Biosynthesis

Authors : Jaqueline Carmo da Silva, Ana Teresa Lombardi

Published in: Pigments from Microalgae Handbook

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Chlorophylls (Chl) are the most abundant natural pigment supporting oxygenic photosynthesis in microalgae and Cyanobacteria, whereby they derive energy for metabolism and reproduction. In microalgae (eukaryotes) Chls are located in the chloroplast, but in Cyanobacteria (prokaryotes) in the photosynthetic lamellae. Chlorophylls are constituted by a large aromatic tetrapyrrole macrocycle (light absorption and redox chemistry), a central Mg ion (maximizes excited state lifetime), and a hydrocarbon tail (anchoring in thylakoids). Endosymbiosis Theory explains the photosynthetic eukaryotes plastids origin, postulating that Cyanobacteria ancestral was engulfed by eukaryotic host cell and gradually transformed into organelles that were further spread to other eukaryotes by additional rounds of endosymbiosis. Evolution distributed the Chls a, b, c, d, and f among microalgae and Cyanobacteria, with Chl a universally distributed; Chl b in Euglenophyta, Chlorophyta, and Charophyta; Chl c in Bacillariophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Raphidophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Haptophyta, Cryptophyta, Dinophyta; Chl d in Rhodophyta; Chl f in Cyanobacteria. The pathways of Chl a biosynthesis were based in experiments with leaves and Chlorella vulgaris, dating back to the forties. Latter, it was documented the two genetically and biochemically different strategies for chlorophyll a biosynthesis, one being light dependent and one light independent co-exist. Chl f is the most recently discovered Chl, helping Cyanobacteria thrive in environments dominated by far-red light; far-red light photoacclimation, whereby 8% Chl a is replaced by Chl f, permits cyanobacteria expand light absorption range for oxygenic photosynthesis up to 800 nm allowing them to access 33% more photons than organisms that do not have Chl f.

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Title: Chlorophylls in Microalgae: Occurrence, Distribution, and Biosynthesis
Authors: Jaqueline Carmo da Silva
Ana Teresa Lombardi
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Pigments from Microalgae Handbook
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-50970-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-50971-2

Copyright Year: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50971-2_1