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Published in:
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2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

8. Circuits and Systems

Author : Hassan Raza

Published in: Nanoelectronics Fundamentals

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

In this chapter, we discuss various circuits and systems based on the CMOS technology. While, it is simply not possible to cover the broad area of the circuits and systems related to nanoelectronics in a single chapter, we do discuss a few representative circuits and systems, in order to emphasize the key concepts.

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previous chapter Memories
next chapter Nanofabrication
Footnotes
1
A register is a physical circuit that may store multiple bits. e.g., an 8-bit register has the capacity to store 8-bits of data.
 
2
System level design of memory is already discussed in Chap. 7.
 
3
A table of logic outputs from all possible combinations of the logic inputs.
 
4
This assignment is not universal, and one may very well assign 0 V to the logic 1 level and +5 V to the logic 0 level.
 
5
One should note that there are two additional logic levels in digital circuits. Logic level Z represents high impedance state, whereas logic level X represents indeterminate state.
 
6
To qualify as a universal gate, one should be able to implement all other logic gates by using one particular logic gate.
 
7
A more general circuit with the same functionality with \(2^n\) inputs and n select signals is called a multiplexer. A duplexer is simply a two-input multiplexer.
 
8
Photons with energy less than the bandgap may also be absorbed leading to exciton peaks in the absorption spectrum.
 
9
In fact, silicon is such a good sensor for photons and humidity, that one has to encapsulate silicon devices in dark and hermetically sealed packaging to ensure proper operation.
 
10
There are various definitions of VLSI in terms of the number of transistors. Our focus here is only on the state of the art and not the historical development.
 
11
Please make a note of the reuse of the symbols H, N, P, and p, which have been used earlier for Hamiltonian, total number of electrons, total number of holes, and hole concentration.
 
Metadata
Title
Circuits and Systems
Author
Hassan Raza
Copyright Year
2019
Book
Nanoelectronics Fundamentals

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-32571-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-32573-2

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32573-2_8

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