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2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Climate Change, Extreme Events and Human Mobility in Latin America: Exploring the Links Through National Laws and Policies

Authors : Fernanda de Salles Cavedon-Capdeville, Erika Pires Ramos, Andrea Cristina Godoy Zamur, Diogo Andreola Serraglio, Ignacio Odriozola, Luiza de Moura Pallone, Fernanda Dalla Libera Damacena, Lilian Yamamoto, Giulia Manccini Pinheiro

Published in: Climate Change, Hazards and Adaptation Options

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The article focuses on the impact of climate change and extreme events on human mobility in Latin America, verifying to what extent and by what means climate national law and policy strategies have incorporated (or not) the human mobility dimension, contributing to the reduction, prevention and better management of the risks and impacts of climate extreme events. The relevance of this aim is justified by the ability to illustrate whether national climate strategies integrate human mobility and are aligned with international guidelines and recommendations on this issue, thereby also leading to the identification of existing gaps and inconsistencies. Relations between quality and availability of reliable data on climate induced human mobility and the level of awareness of the phenomenon and its integration into climate strategies are considered. Latin America was chosen as the research subject because it is one of the most vulnerable regions to the effects of climate change and exposure to extreme events that have impacted human mobility, and the previous experience and research carried out by RESAMA in the region.

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previous chapter Sanctuary in the City? Climate Change and Internally Displaced Persons in Harare, Zimbabwe

next chapter Coping with Extreme Weather in Arid Areas, a Case Study of Uzumba Maramba Pfungwe District, Zimbabwe

In 2014 there were 826 indigenous peoples in the region, corresponding to 45 millions of persons (2010 census data) (CEPAL 2014).

Considering the Human Development Index 2018 (UNDP), no Latin-american country is among the 10, 20 or 30 top countries in human development, the best ranked is Chile (38th) that, with Argentina (45th) and Uruguay (55th) are the only countries in the region to achieve a very high HDI. The countries with the lowest rates are Honduras (130), Guyana (127), Guatemala (125) Nicaragua (124) and Haiti (163) http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi.

Central America is the second region most exposed to climate risk, behind Africa, and South America is in the 6th position according to Climate Change Vulnerability Index 2017, https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/verisk%20index.pdf.

Different terms related to human mobility are cited in the article, such as “forced displacement”, “forced migration”, “environmental migration”, since it was chosen to maintain the terminology originally adopted in international, regional and national documents, legal texts and other documents cited.

‘UNFCCC Task-Force on Displacement Stakeholder Meeting—Recommendations for integrates approaches to avert, minimize and address displacement related to the adverse effects of climate change’ (2018); ‘Data Knowledge Working Group Expert Meeting—“Improving data on human mobility, environment and climate change: Priorities for action”—PDD/IOM-GMDAC/IDMC’ (2018); ‘Expert Panel and Intersessional Panel discussion on human rights, climate change, migrants and persons displaced across international borders’—OHCHR/HRC (2017); VI Plataforma Regional para la Reducción de Riesgo de Desastres en las Américas—UNISDR (2018); ‘Reunión Regional Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Expertas y Expertos en Migración Internacional preparatoria del Pacto Mundial para una Migración Segura, Ordenada y Regular’—CEPAL (2017).

For example, Ramos et al. (2018) Informe de Posición RESAMA n. 01: La migración ambiental en el Pacto Mundial para una Migración Segura, Ordenada y Regular—Desafíos y aportes para América Latina y el Caribe, https://resamadotnet.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/informe-de-posiciocc81n-resama-n-1-pacto-mundial.pdf; Ramos and Cavedon-Capdeville (2017), Yamamoto et al. (2018) Human mobility in the context of climate change and disasters: a South American approach, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-03-2017-0069; RESAMA (2016) Migración, medio ambiente y cambio climático: agenda 2030, buenas prácticas y desafíos para la región suramericana”, http://csm-osumi.org/sites/default/files/documento_de_referencia_-_migracion_medio_ambiente_y_cambio_climatico.pdf; IOM (2017) Brazilian Case Study for the IOM Research Project “Migraciones, Ambiente y Cambio Climático: estudios de caso en América del Sur”. https://robuenosaires.iom.int/sites/default/files/publicaciones/Migraciones%2C%20ambiente%20y%20cambio%20clim%C3%A1tico.PDF.

A complete mapping of initiatives related to human mobility in the context of climate change in Latin America through a migratory and DRR approach has been carried out by RESAMA in two studies mentioned in the previous note: (i) Regional responses to climate change and migration in Latin America and (ii) Human mobility in the context of climate change and disasters: a South American approach.

The full official database is publicly available in the Integrated System of Information on Disasters (S2ID), https://s2id.mi.gov.br.

RESAMA was invited by ECLAC and IOM to attend in August 2017 the UN regional consultation for GCM through the Latin American and Caribbean Regional Meeting of Experts on International Migration preparatory to the GCM.

In South America, this subject was analysed in a previous study of RESAMA (Yamamoto et al. 2018) and will be updated in an upcoming study on DRR strategies in Latin America.

“Regional Consultative Processes on Migration (RCPs) are state-led, ongoing, regional information-sharing and policy dialogues dedicated to discussing specific migration issue(s) in a cooperative manner among States from an agreed (usually geographical) region, and may either be officially associated with formal regional institutions, or be informal and non-binding. RCPs are Inter-State Consultation Mechanisms on Migration (ISCMs) at the regional level.” https://www.iom.int/regional-consultative-processes-migration.

Desastres y desplazamiento transfronterizo en América Central: Necesidades emergentes, nuevas respuestas, Conclusiones: Consulta Regional de la Iniciativa Nansen, San José, Costa Rica, del 2 al 4 de diciembre de 2013, www.nanseninitiative.org/central-america-consultations-intergovernmental/.

The SACM/CSM is a Regional Consultation Processes that provides a platform for consultation in the following fields: development, diasporas, rights of migrants, integration, information exchange, migration statistics among others. For more information, see: http://csm-osumi.org/.

For the XVI SACM/CSM Meeting in 2016, RESAMA prepared for the CSM Technical Secretariat a document of reference “Migration, environment and climate change: agenda 2030, good practices and challenges for the South American region”. In its contributions as member of PDD Advisory Committee RESAMA reinforced the need of a regional guide for South America. RESAMA took part in the regional meetings with CSM Members to discuss the document before its final approval last year during the XVIII CSM Meeting.

RESAMA is member of the Regional Working Group for the Brazil Plan of Action (GAR-PAB), an initiative to articulate civil society to the implementation and follow-up of the 2014 Brazil Plan of Action, “a Framework for Cooperation and Regional Solidarity to Strengthen the International Protection of Refugees, Displaced and Stateless Persons in Latin America and the Caribbean”. Brazil Plan of Action is “a Common Roadmap to Strengthen Protection and Promote Sustainable Solutions for Refugees, Displaced and Stateless Persons in Latin America and the Caribbean within a Framework of Cooperation and Solidarity”.

Sectoral climate policies and norms, are not included in this analysis. Only general climate policies and norms were selected to the study.

The NDCs were provided for in Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement. States Parties shall prepare, communicate and maintain successive Nationally Determined Contributions which they intend to achieve.

Forwarded NAPs of developing countries are available at: https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NAPC/News/Pages/national_adaptation_plans.aspx.

Brazilian NAP Vol. II, http://www.mma.gov.br/images/arquivo/80182/BOOK_PNA_Volume%20II%20v4.pdf; Chilean NAP, https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NAPC/Documents/Parties/Chile%20NAP%20including%20sectoral%20plans%20Spanish.pdf; Colombian NAP, https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NAPC/Documents/Parties/Colombia%20NAP%20Spanish.pdf.

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haití, Honduras, México, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela.

All the NDCs cited in this item can be accessed at the UNFCCC NDC Registry, https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NDCStaging/Pages/All.aspx.

Argentina has adopted a new climate law at this month of november (2019), nothing relevant related to human mobility was identified.

Colombia, Ley n. 1931 por la cual se establecen directrices para la gestión del cambio climático, 27 July 2018, http://es.presidencia.gov.co/normativa/normativa/LEY%201931%20DEL%2027%20DE%20JULIO%20DE%202018.pdf; Perú, Ley Marco Sobre Cambio Climático n. 30754, 2 April 2018, https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/normaslegales/ley-marco-sobre-cambio-climatico-ley-n-30754-1638161-1/; Paraguay, Ley Nacional de Cambio Climático n. 5875, 15 September 2017, http://redrural.org.py/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/LEY-5875-CC.pdf; Uruguay, Decreto del Poder Ejecutivo n. 310/017—Politica Nacional de Cambio Climático, 27 April 2017, http://www.mvotma.gub.uy/politica-planes-y-proyectos/politica-nacional-de-cambio-climatico; Ecuador, Codigo Organico del Ambiente, 6 April 2017, http://www.ambiente.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2018/01/CODIGO_ORGANICO_AMBIENTE.pdf.

Chile, Decreto n. 52—Crea Comisión Asesora Presidencial Permanente de Cambio Climático, 22 November 2017, https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1113261&idParte=0. For more information about public consultation on the new climate change law, see: http://portal.mma.gob.cl/proceso-de-consulta-publica-del-anteproyecto-de-ley-marco-de-cambio-climatico/.

In the glossary, “migrant for environmental reasons” are considered as “persons or a group of persons who, because of unavoidable, sudden or progressive environmental changes that negatively affect their lives or their living conditions, are forced to leave their habitual homes, or decide to do so voluntarily. Displacement can be temporary or permanent, inside the country or abroad.’’ (translation from the original text in spanish).

Colombia, Politica Nacional de Cambio Climático, 2017, http://www.minambiente.gov.co/images/cambioclimatico/pdf/Poli_CC_A2_B16_C6_WEB_Resumen_de_la_PNCC_dirigido_a_tomadores_de_decision.pdf; Paraguay, Politica Nacional de Cambio Climático, 2011, http://www.py.undp.org/content/dam/paraguay/docs/Politica%20Nacional%20CC.pdf; Perú, Estrategia Nacional ante el Cambio Climático, 2015, http://www.minam.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/ENCC-FINAL-250915-web.pdf and Plan de Acción de Adaptación y Mitigación frente al Cambio Climático, 2010, https://sinia.minam.gob.pe/documentos/plan-accion-adaptacion-mitigacion-frente-cambio-climatico; Uruguay, Plan Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático, 2010, http://www.mvotma.gub.uy/politica-planes-y-proyectos/plan-nacional-de-respuesta-al-cambio-climatico/item/10009500-plan-nacional-de-respuesta-al-cambio-climatico; Chile, Plan de Acción Nacional de Cambio Climático, http://portal.mma.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/plan_nacional_climatico_2017_2.pdf.

Costa Rica, National Adaptation Policy to Climate Change 2018–2030, http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/DocsDescargar/Normas/No%20DE-41091/Version1/Politica_ADAPTACION_24_abril.pdf and Decreto Ejecutivo n. 41091-MINAE, http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/cos178000.pdf; Mexico, Ley General de Cambio Climático, 6 June, 2012 (last review published on 13 July, 2018), http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LGCC_130718.pdf; Nicaragua, Decreto Presidencial n. 07-2019, 1st February 2019, http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Normaweb.nsf/164aa15ba012e567062568a2005b564b/2aa845f404d355c6062583a0005a2819?OpenDocument.

Guatemala, Ley Marco para regular la reducción de la vulnerabilidad, la adaptación obligatoria ante los efectos del cambio climático y la mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero - Decreto 7-2013, 5 September 2013, http://www.marn.gob.gt/Multimedios/2682.pdf and Plan de Accion Nacional de Cambio Climático, 2016, http://sgccc.org.gt/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Plan-de-Acción-Nacional-de-Cambio-Climático-ver-oct-2016-aprobado-1.pdf; Honduras, Ley de Cambio Climático—Decreto n. 297-2013, 14 March 2014, https://observatoriop10.cepal.org/sites/default/files/documents/hn_-_ley_del_cambio_climatico_y_otros_decretos.pdf and Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, 2010, http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/hon148589.pdf; El Salvador, Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático, 2015 (revised in 2017), http://www.marn.gob.sv/download/Plan%20Nacional%20de%20Cambio%20Climático.pdf.

RESAMA has been working on indicators for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of international recommendations related to human mobility in the context of climate change and disasters at the national level. A set of legal indicators was developed to assess the level of alignment of national legal frameworks to international recommendations and targets, tested in Brazil.

ACNUR (2014) Brazil declaration and plan of action. Adopted in Brasília, Dec 3rd. https://www.acnur.org/cartagena30/pt-br/declaracao-e-plano-de-acao-do-brasil/

Cantor DJ (2018) Cross-border displacement, climate change and disasters: Latin America and the Caribbean. Study prepared for UNHCR and PDD at the request of governments participating in the 2014 Brazil declaration and plan of action. Geneva: UNHCR-PDD. https://www.unhcr.org/protection/environment/5d4a7b737/cross-border-displacement-climate-change-disasters-latin-america-caribbean.html

CEPAL (2014) Los pueblos indígenas en América Latina: avances en el último decenio y retos pendientes para la garantía de sus derechos. Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, Santiago de Chile, p 128

CEPAL (2015) América Latina y el Caribe: una mirada al futuro desde los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Informe regional de monitoreo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) en América Latina y el Caribe, 2015 (LC/G.2646). Santiago de Chile: Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, p 90

CRED (2017) Annual disaster statistical review 2016: the numbers and trends. In: Guha-Sapir D, Hoyois Ph, Wallemacq P, Below R (eds) Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Brussels, p 91

CRED (2018) Natural disasters 2017: lower mortality, higher cost. Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, p 8

CRED, UNISDR (2018) Economic losses, poverty & disasters 1998–2017. In: Wallemacq P, House R (eds) Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium, p 33

CRED (2019) 2018 review of disaster events. Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, p 6

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Title: Climate Change, Extreme Events and Human Mobility in Latin America: Exploring the Links Through National Laws and Policies
Authors: Fernanda de Salles Cavedon-Capdeville
Erika Pires Ramos
Andrea Cristina Godoy Zamur
Diogo Andreola Serraglio
Ignacio Odriozola
Luiza de Moura Pallone
Fernanda Dalla Libera Damacena
Lilian Yamamoto
Giulia Manccini Pinheiro
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Climate Change, Hazards and Adaptation Options
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-37424-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-37425-9

Copyright Year: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37425-9_34

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