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Published in:
Introduction: The Challenge of Achieving the Energy Transition Read chapter Read first chapter

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

23. Consumer (Co-)Ownership in Renewables in Brazil

Authors : Liss Böckler, Marcio Giannini Pereira

Published in: Energy Transition

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The federal government promotes consumer (co-)ownership in the form of prosumership of individuals and organizations with micro and mini installations. Since April 2012 the Brazilian consumer has been able to generate electricity from renewable energy sources for self-consumption and feed the surplus into the local distribution network through a net metering system. In 2015 the power limit was scaling up, net metering improved and new collective forms of distributed generation (DG) allowed, bundled in the Programme for the Development of Distributed Generation of Electric Energy. In addition, first socio-ecological pilot projects that link energy access with income-generation for disadvantaged communities are set up and funded by the government. (Co-)ownership of DG facilities can be realized in the form of individual ownership, community projects or the use of any kind of corporate vehicle. As the regulatory scenario has changed recently, DG is currently still in its first stages of development. Despite this, the sector is already displaying considerable dynamism. So far, individual prosumers with micro solar installations—acquired through sales contracts—is the prevailing form of consumer (co-)ownership in Brazil. The shared generation model allows the cooperation of different stakeholders like natural persons or corporate entities in a cooperative or a consortium to prosume energy and reduce the organization’s energy bills regardless of their place of residence. This model is currently used by 64 units with a total capacity of around 14,500 kW. Overall 60 cooperatives active in the RE sector were accounted for in 2017, with 14 rural electrification cooperatives exclusively serving their members.

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previous chapter Consumer (Co-)Ownership in Renewables in Ontario (Canada)
next chapter Consumer (Co-)Ownership in Renewables in Chile
Footnotes
1
Installations of installed capacity below 3 MW (for hydro 5 MW) are defined mini, those below 75 kW micro.
 
2
Another programme adding to that policy goal was Prodeem—Program for Energy Development of States and Municipalities. It was designed by Presidential Decree as of 27 December 1994 in order to foster the development of isolated communities that were not connected to the supply network, especially through photovoltaic installations and for public schools. In 2005, Prodeem was incorporated into LpT (ANEEL 2005).
 
3
In addition to federal legislation, projects must conform to state legislation. In some cases, there is no homogeneity regarding the framework of wind installations in the federal and state spheres.
 
4
To define the amount to be purchased, the distributor must anticipate the total demand of its captive customers. The auctions differ according to the delivery time of the electricity that can either take one, three or five years. The contract is awarded to the project developer offering the lowest price.
 
5
For example, consumers who live in an apartment and do not have a roof to “solarize” can generate solar electricity in another location, for instance, a country house or beach house owned, and use the energy credits generated for their apartment in the city, provided that it is located within the same concession area of the distributor.
 
6
With the recent flexibility taking effect, ANEEL estimates that by 2024, there will be more than 1.2 million solar generators in the country. Most of these generators will be installed in buildings, with the panels integrated into the roof or front of the building where the generated energy will be consumed (Pereira et al. 2017).
 
7
Namely, ICMS which is a value-added tax on sales and services which applies to the supply and movement of goods, transportation and communication services, PIS/Pasep, a contribution for social integration programmes and the formation of public servants’ patrimony and Cofins, a tax for social security financing.
 
8
According to an expert interview on 13 January 2018, the RevoluSolar cooperative has not yet been founded due to the extensive bureaucratic effort that is needed.
 
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Metadata
Title
Consumer (Co-)Ownership in Renewables in Brazil
Authors
Liss Böckler
Marcio Giannini Pereira
Copyright Year
2019
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Book
Energy Transition

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93517-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-93518-8

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93518-8_23