CSR in India: Evolution, Models, and Impact

As one of the oldest civilizations of the world with a rich history of culture that embraces tolerance and social consciousness, the concept of social responsibility in India dates back to 1500 B.C. and is not a modern day twentieth century phenomenon. When companies emerged in the twentieth century, social responsibility was largely ingrained in volunteerism; however, today corporate social responsibility (CSR), apart from the philanthropy of individuals and companies, is triggered by the mandate to meet government’s legislation. This chapter traces the evolution of CSR in India across four phases. Conceptual models in vogue in the country are then outlined followed by an appreciation of CSR in a few major sectors. This is followed by an analysis of the impact of CSR with regard to overcoming major societal challenges. An attempt is made to answer the moot question whether CSR is part of corporate strategy, followed by an assessment of India’s unique CSR law. Thereafter, a critical evaluation of CSR activities in India including its linkages with the Sustainability Development Goals formulated by the United Nations is carried out.