Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Society 6/2022

26-07-2022 | Original Article

Cutting Off the Branch on Which We Are Sitting? On Postpositivism, Value Neutrality, and the “Bias Paradox”

Authors: Axel van den Berg, Tay Jeong

Published in: Society | Issue 6/2022

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

One of the most widely agreed-upon tenets of the current “postpositivist” consensus in sociological theory is the categorical dismissal of the pursuit of value neutrality in the social and natural sciences, a pursuit that is seen as both futile and undesirable. This dismissal is based on the rejection of the “positivist” claim that mainstream scientific knowledge is in some sense more objectively valid than other forms of knowledge. But this results in a “bias paradox:” on what basis can those denying the possibility of any value-neutral knowledge still claim validity for their own knowledge claims? In this paper, we analyze a series of attempts, broadly going under the label of “standpoint theory,” to resolve the paradox. We show how each of these is seriously flawed and that efforts to repair those flaws have merely led to a covert return to the kind of “positivism” the authors claim to reject. We conclude that this is the result of the persistent failure of “critical” theorists of various stripes to recognize the fact that the “positivist” ideals of value neutrality and objectivity embody the very principles of egalitarianism and democracy they claim to subscribe to.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
A criticism which continued to echo well into the 1960s and early 1970s (Habermas 1968, 1971, 1973; Gouldner 1970, 1961; see also Agger 2013) until it eventually floundered as a result of the critical theorists’ inability to sustain any equivalent of the Marxian-Hegelian historicist faith on which it had originally been based (see, e.g., Jacoby 1981; Jay 1973, 2016; see also van den Berg 1980, 1990). More recently, Roy Bhaskar and his “critical realist” followers have tried to resurrect the attempt to derive values judgments from facts (for a trenchant critique of which, see Hammersley 2009).
 
2
For some representative catalogs of “positivism”’s many shortcomings see, e.g., Anderson (2019, sec. 7), Flax (1987, 624–625), Hartsock (1989, 17), Hawkesworth (1989, 547–551, 2012, 99–106), Hesse-Biber (2012, 8–9, 12–13), and Steinmetz (2005a).
 
3
As is common in the literature, we use the two terms interchangeably here. However, in what follows, we will use only value neutrality because the term value freedom is, for reasons that will become clear shortly, grossly misleading and has been the cause of much confusion.
 
4
We are well aware that the extent to which Weber himself consistently held this position is debatable (see, e.g., Dahrendorf 1987, 577–578; Portis 1986, 70–75). But see Hammersley (2017), Beiser (2011, chap. 13), and Douglas (2011, 514–516) for careful accounts that closely parallel ours.
 
5
Throughout this paper, we use “she” and “her” as the generic gender-neutral pronoun.
 
6
All italics in quotations are from the original unless explicitly stated otherwise.
 
7
For a recent example, see Christensen et al. (2019).
 
8
For many examples from the feminist literature, see, e.g., Anderson (1995, 58–79), Harding (1991, chap. 5), Hesse-Biber (2012, 5–9), Hundleby (2012), Longino (1990, chaps. 6–8), and Okruhlik (1994).
 
9
See, e.g., Anderson (1995, 76–79, 2019, sec. 4), Douglas (2007, 2011), Intemann (2010, 778–783), Longino (1990, 25–28, 53–57), Nelson (2003, 68–71), and Roush (2007, 172–174).
 
10
Of the specific examples of shared standards of evaluation that Longino provides, “empirical accuracy, truth, generation of specifiable interactions with the natural or experienced world, the expansion of existing knowledge frameworks, consistency with accepted theories in other domains, comprehensiveness, reliability as a guide to action, relevance to or satisfaction of particular social needs” (Longino 1990, 77), only the last one could possibly be construed as potentially in conflict with the Weberian position. On this see below.
 
11
Although Popper was one of the earliest and most prominent critics of logical positivism, he has nevertheless been treated as an arch-“positivist” by “critical” theorists (see Adorno 1976).
 
12
According to a slightly different variant of the underdetermination argument, it would be legitimate to allow non-epistemic values to play the “tiebreaker role” (Roush 2007, 180) whenever two theories are equally supported by the available evidence. But this is a purely pragmatic role, and by definition would not establish anything about the epistemic standing of the theories in question.
 
13
As we saw, Longino, too, appears to reject value neutrality in principle when she dismisses the “myth of scientific value neutrality” (Longino 1990, 224) and declares that “[t]he idea of a value-free science is not just empty but pernicious” (ibid., 191).
 
14
For some clear accounts of the main features of standpoint theory, see, e.g., Ashton (2020), Harding (2004b, 2012), Hawkesworth (1989, 2012, 107–108), Intemann (2010, 783–789), Tanesini (2019), and Wylie (2003, 2012a).
 
15
For an authoritative analysis of Lukács’ Marxism, see Kołakowski (Kołakowski 1978b, 253–307).
 
16
It is worth pointing out in this connection that Marx was firmly committed to this Hegelian historicist faith in the inevitable triumph of Reason well before he discovered the proletariat as the “universal” class that would bring it about (see, e.g., Gouldner 1980; Heinrich 2019; S. W. Moore 1980; van den Berg 2003, 51–53).
 
17
Which is precisely why Marx himself, in true Hegelian form, roundly derided such arguments as a hopelessly impotent form of “moralism” (see Kołakowski 1978a, 57–80, Ch. II and III; van den Berg 1984, 2003, 46–55).
 
18
As we argue at the end of the next sub-section, the only escape from this circularity would be to appeal to actual empirical evidence of that fraudulence, that is, to effectively invoke some kind of value neutral validity for this claim.
 
19
In Lenin’s fateful words in What Is To Be Done?, “[s]ince there can be no talk of an independent ideology formulated by the working masses themselves…the only choice is--either bourgeois or socialist ideology. There is no middle course (for mankind has not created a “third” ideology, and, moreover, in a society torn by class antagonisms there can never be a non-class or an above-class ideology). Hence, to belittle the socialist ideology in any way, to turn aside from it in the slightest degree, means to strengthen bourgeois ideology” (Lenin 1968, 45–46; see also van den Berg 2003, 125–126).
 
20
For a brilliant demonstration of the deeply religious roots of this fundamental aspect of Marxism, see Kołakowski (1978a, chap. I).
 
21
It is in fact one of Gallie’s original examples of such concepts in his famous article.
 
22
Similarly, Dorothy Smith speaks of a “bifurcated consciousness” (Smith 1987, 7–9, 86–89). Some invoke Hegel’s master-slave dialectic (Hesse-Biber 2012, 11; Harding 1986, 26; Smith 1987, 78–81) while many refer back to W.E.B. Dubois’ notion of the “double consciousness” (E. Anderson 2019, sec. 2; see, e.g., Harding 2012, 62, fn.2; Wylie 2012a, 63).
 
23
For very similar assertions on the part of a range of groups deemed to be marginalized and oppressed, see, e.g., Ashton (2020, 332–334), De Lauretis (1990), Harding (1991, 124–125, 131–132, 2015, 36), Hartsock (1983, 285, 1989, 27, 1998, 243), Intemann (2010, 788–789), Medina (2013), Narayan (2004, 221), and Wylie (2003, 63, 2012a, 63).
 
24
Although some formulations are not entirely clear in this respect. See, e.g., Collins (1986, 26–30), Intemann (2010, 789).
 
25
For the debate triggered by this much-discussed article, see Collins (1997), Harding (1997), Hartsock (1997), Hekman (1997a), and Smith (1997).
 
26
This critique has come to be associated with the notion of “intersectionality” coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw (see Crenshaw 1989, 1990; see also Collins 1998, 203–211, 2019; Bilge and Collins 2020; Collins and Chepp 2013).
 
27
Though even Harding herself presents it as no more than a “hypothesis made plausible by standpoint analysis” (Harding 2012, 55; see also Wylie 2012a, 61–63).
 
28
For Lenin’s views on the proletariat’s “spontaneous” consciousness, see van den Berg (2004, 122–129).
 
29
As Harding, writing about “ideologies” benefitting the “oppressors” puts it, “[s]ocial and natural sciences play an important role in developing and maintaining such ideologies, involuntarily or not” (Harding 2003, 297, italics added).
 
30
For a superb critique of the most important twentieth-century examples of such “Old Deferentialism,” see Haack (Haack 2007, chap. 2).
 
31
Although Haack may be right to suggest that “the naïf...who assumes that science is a rational enterprise because it is a product of our culture, is surely a straw man” (2007, 182).
 
32
For a similar argument, see Burawoy (2016).
 
33
As well as deeply moral. On this, see Campbell (2014, 449–451).
 
34
For a brilliant defense of the fact/value distinction on precisely such “political” grounds, see Kołakowski (1977).
 
35
For an analysis of “positivism and its afterlife” that reaches similar conclusions to ours, see Hammersley (1995, chap. 1).
 
36
The potential pitfalls of a relativistic stance from a “progressive” point of view have been widely debated. In addition to the literature cited in footnote 25 above, see also, e.g., Anderson (2019, sec. 3), Gannon and Davis (Gannon and Davies 2012), Gelsthorpe (1992), Hammersley (1992, 1994), Hartsock (1989, 1990), Hesse-Biber (Hesse-Biber 2012, 11–13), Ramazanoglu (1992), and Williams (1993).
 
37
For this reason, some have advocated adopting “the terminology of “facts”... “evidence”...and “objectivity”...[because it] provides a valuable discursive authority” (Hundleby 2012, 29; see also Harding 2015, 186, fn.2). One suspects, however, that such a transparently opportunistic use of “positivist” terms (note the scare quotes around “facts,” “evidence,” and “objectivity”!) could easily backfire.
 
38
As Frank Parkin caustically put it, the Marxist assumption “that the proletariat was endowed with massive usurpatory powers” created the puzzle of “why workers failed to actualize it for their own political ends. This paved the way for a succession of Marxist theorists, from Lukacs and Gramsci to the Althusserian and Frankfurt schools, offering a diagnosis implying in the most oblique and scholarly manner that the proletariat was suffering from a kind of collective brain damage” (Parkin 1979, 81).
 
Literature
go back to reference Abercrombie, N., Hill, S., & Turner, B. S. 1980. The Dominant Ideology Thesis. London: Allen & Unwin. Abercrombie, N., Hill, S., & Turner, B. S. 1980. The Dominant Ideology Thesis. London: Allen & Unwin.
go back to reference Adorno, T. W. 1976. The Positivist Dispute in German Sociology. London: Heinemann. Adorno, T. W. 1976. The Positivist Dispute in German Sociology. London: Heinemann.
go back to reference Agger, B. 2013. Critical Social Theories. 3rd ed. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. Agger, B. 2013. Critical Social Theories. 3rd ed. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Anderson, P. 1976. Considerations on Western Marxism (Vol. 6). London: New Left Books. Anderson, P. 1976. Considerations on Western Marxism (Vol. 6). London: New Left Books.
go back to reference Anderson, E. 1995. Feminist Epistemology: An Interpretation and a Defense. Hypatia, 10(3), 50–84. Anderson, E. 1995. Feminist Epistemology: An Interpretation and a Defense. Hypatia, 10(3), 50–84.
go back to reference Antony, L. M. 1993. Quine as Feminist: The Radical Import of Naturalized Epistemology. In L. M. Antony & C. Witt (Eds.), A Mind of One’s Own (pp. 110–153). Boulder: Westview Press. Antony, L. M. 1993. Quine as Feminist: The Radical Import of Naturalized Epistemology. In L. M. Antony & C. Witt (Eds.), A Mind of One’s Own (pp. 110–153). Boulder: Westview Press.
go back to reference Ashton, N. A. 2020. Relativising Epistemic Advantage. In M. Kusch (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Relativism (pp. 329–338). New York: Routledge. Ashton, N. A. 2020. Relativising Epistemic Advantage. In M. Kusch (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Relativism (pp. 329–338). New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Beiser, F. C. 2011. The German Historicist Tradition. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Beiser, F. C. 2011. The German Historicist Tradition. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
go back to reference Betz, G. 2013. In Defence of the Value Free Ideal. European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 3(2), 207–220. Betz, G. 2013. In Defence of the Value Free Ideal. European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 3(2), 207–220.
go back to reference Bhambra, G. 2007. Rethinking Modernity: Postcolonialism and the Sociological Imagination. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Bhambra, G. 2007. Rethinking Modernity: Postcolonialism and the Sociological Imagination. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
go back to reference Bilge, S., & Collins, P. H.. 2020. Intersectionality (2nd ed). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Bilge, S., & Collins, P. H.. 2020. Intersectionality (2nd ed). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
go back to reference Burawoy, M. 2004. Public Sociologies: Contradictions, Dilemmas, and Possibilities. Social Forces; a Scientific Medium of Social Study and Interpretation, 82(4), 1603–1618. Burawoy, M. 2004. Public Sociologies: Contradictions, Dilemmas, and Possibilities. Social Forces; a Scientific Medium of Social Study and Interpretation, 82(4), 1603–1618.
go back to reference Burawoy, M. 2005. 2004 Presidential Address: For Public Sociology. American Sociological Review, 70(1), 4–28. Burawoy, M. 2005. 2004 Presidential Address: For Public Sociology. American Sociological Review, 70(1), 4–28.
go back to reference Burawoy, M. 2011. The Last Positivist. Contemporary Sociology, 40(4), 396–404. Burawoy, M. 2011. The Last Positivist. Contemporary Sociology, 40(4), 396–404.
go back to reference Burawoy, M. 2016. Sociology as a Vocation. Contemporary Sociology, 45(4), 379–393. Burawoy, M. 2016. Sociology as a Vocation. Contemporary Sociology, 45(4), 379–393.
go back to reference Burawoy, M., Gamson, W., Ryan, C., Pfohl, S., Vaughan, D., Derber, C., & Schor, J. 2004. Public Sociologies: A Symposium from Boston College. Social Problems, 51(1), 103–130. Burawoy, M., Gamson, W., Ryan, C., Pfohl, S., Vaughan, D., Derber, C., & Schor, J. 2004. Public Sociologies: A Symposium from Boston College. Social Problems, 51(1), 103–130.
go back to reference Campbell, B. 2014. Anti-Minotaur: The Myth of a Sociological Morality. Society, 51(5), 443–451. Campbell, B. 2014. Anti-Minotaur: The Myth of a Sociological Morality. Society, 51(5), 443–451.
go back to reference Christensen, G., Freese, J., & Miguel, E. 2019. Transparent and Reproducible Social Science Research: How to Do Open Science. University of California Press. Christensen, G., Freese, J., & Miguel, E. 2019. Transparent and Reproducible Social Science Research: How to Do Open Science. University of California Press.
go back to reference Christian, M., Seamster, L., & Ray, V. 2021. Critical Race Theory and Empirical Sociology. The American Behavioral Scientist, 65(8), 1019–1026. Christian, M., Seamster, L., & Ray, V. 2021. Critical Race Theory and Empirical Sociology. The American Behavioral Scientist, 65(8), 1019–1026.
go back to reference Code, L. 1993. Taking Subjectivity into Account. In L. Alcoff & E. Potter (Eds.), Feminist Epistemologies (pp. 15–48). New York: Routledge. Code, L. 1993. Taking Subjectivity into Account. In L. Alcoff & E. Potter (Eds.), Feminist Epistemologies (pp. 15–48). New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Code, L. 2014. Feminist Epistemology and the Politics of Knowledge: Questions of Marginality. In M. Evans, C. Hemmings, M. Henry, H. Johnstone, S. Madhok, A. Plomien, & S. Wearing (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Feminist Theory (pp. 9–25). London: Sage. Code, L. 2014. Feminist Epistemology and the Politics of Knowledge: Questions of Marginality. In M. Evans, C. Hemmings, M. Henry, H. Johnstone, S. Madhok, A. Plomien, & S. Wearing (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Feminist Theory (pp. 9–25). London: Sage.
go back to reference Collins, P. H. 1997. Comment on Hekman’s‘ Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited’: Where’s the Power? Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 22(2), 375–381. Collins, P. H. 1997. Comment on Hekman’s‘ Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited’: Where’s the Power? Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 22(2), 375–381.
go back to reference Collins, P. H. 1998. Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota Press. Collins, P. H. 1998. Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota Press.
go back to reference Collins, P. H. 1999. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge. Collins, P. H. 1999. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Collins, P. H. 2019. Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Collins, P. H. 2019. Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
go back to reference Collins, P. H., & Chepp, V. 2013. Intersectionality. In G. Waylen, K. Celis, J. Kantola, & S. Laurel Weldon (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics (pp. 57–87). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Collins, P. H., & Chepp, V. 2013. Intersectionality. In G. Waylen, K. Celis, J. Kantola, & S. Laurel Weldon (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics (pp. 57–87). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Connell, R. 2018. Decolonizing Sociology. Contemporary Sociology, 47(4), 399–407. Connell, R. 2018. Decolonizing Sociology. Contemporary Sociology, 47(4), 399–407.
go back to reference Crenshaw, K. 1989. Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. The University of Chicago Legal Forum (pp. 139). Crenshaw, K. 1989. Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. The University of Chicago Legal Forum (pp. 139).
go back to reference Crenshaw, K. 1990. Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43, 1241–1299. Crenshaw, K. 1990. Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43, 1241–1299.
go back to reference Dahrendorf, R. 1987. Max Weber and Modern Social Science. In W. J. Mommsen & J. Ostserhammel (Eds.) Max Weber and His Contemporaries (pp. 574–580). London: Allen & Unwin. Dahrendorf, R. 1987. Max Weber and Modern Social Science. In W. J. Mommsen & J. Ostserhammel (Eds.) Max Weber and His Contemporaries (pp. 574–580). London: Allen & Unwin.
go back to reference Daston, L., & Galison, P. 2007. Objectivity. New York: Zone Books. Daston, L., & Galison, P. 2007. Objectivity. New York: Zone Books.
go back to reference de Lauretis, T. 1990. Eccentric Subjects: Feminist Theory and Historical Consciousness. Feminist Studies: FS, 16(1), 115–150. de Lauretis, T. 1990. Eccentric Subjects: Feminist Theory and Historical Consciousness. Feminist Studies: FS, 16(1), 115–150.
go back to reference Douglas, H. 2007. Rejecting the Ideal of Value-Free Science. In H. Kincaid, J. Dupré, & A. Wylie (Eds.), Value-Free Science? Ideals and Illusions (pp. 120–139). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Douglas, H. 2007. Rejecting the Ideal of Value-Free Science. In H. Kincaid, J. Dupré, & A. Wylie (Eds.), Value-Free Science? Ideals and Illusions (pp. 120–139). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Douglas, H. 2011. Facts, Values, and Objectivity. In I. C. Jarvie & J. P. Zamora Bonilla (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of the Philosophy of the Social Sciences (pp. 513–529). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE. Douglas, H. 2011. Facts, Values, and Objectivity. In I. C. Jarvie & J. P. Zamora Bonilla (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of the Philosophy of the Social Sciences (pp. 513–529). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
go back to reference Feyerabend, P. 1982. Academic Ratiofascism Comments on Tibor Machan’s Review. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 12(2), 191–195. Feyerabend, P. 1982. Academic Ratiofascism Comments on Tibor Machan’s Review. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 12(2), 191–195.
go back to reference Flax, J. 1987. Postmodernism and Gender Relations in Feminist Theory. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 12(4), 621–643. Flax, J. 1987. Postmodernism and Gender Relations in Feminist Theory. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 12(4), 621–643.
go back to reference Gallie, W. B. 1955. Essentially Contested Concepts. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 56, 167–98. Gallie, W. B. 1955. Essentially Contested Concepts. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 56, 167–98.
go back to reference Gannon, S., & Davies, B. 2012. Postmodern, Post-Structural and Critical Theories. In S. N. Hesse-Biber (Ed.), Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Practice (2nd ed., pp. 71–106). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Gannon, S., & Davies, B. 2012. Postmodern, Post-Structural and Critical Theories. In S. N. Hesse-Biber (Ed.), Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Practice (2nd ed., pp. 71–106). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
go back to reference Gelsthorpe, L. 1992. Response to Martyn Hammersley’s Paper ‘on Feminist Methodology’. Sociology, 26(2), 213–218. Gelsthorpe, L. 1992. Response to Martyn Hammersley’s Paper ‘on Feminist Methodology’. Sociology, 26(2), 213–218.
go back to reference Giddens, A. 1974. Positivism and Sociology. London: Heinemann Educational Publishers. Giddens, A. 1974. Positivism and Sociology. London: Heinemann Educational Publishers.
go back to reference Go, J. 2016a. Globalizing Sociology, Turning South. Perspectival Realism and the Southern Standpoint. Sociologica, 10(2), 1–42. Go, J. 2016a. Globalizing Sociology, Turning South. Perspectival Realism and the Southern Standpoint. Sociologica, 10(2), 1–42.
go back to reference Go, J. 2016b. Postcolonial Thought and Social Theory. Oxford University Press. Go, J. 2016b. Postcolonial Thought and Social Theory. Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Go, J. 2017. Decolonizing Sociology: Epistemic Inequality and Sociological Thought. Social Problems, 64(2), 194–199. Go, J. 2017. Decolonizing Sociology: Epistemic Inequality and Sociological Thought. Social Problems, 64(2), 194–199.
go back to reference Goldthorpe, J. H. 1972. Class, Status and Party in Modern Britain: Some Recent Interpretations, Marxist and Marxisant. European Journal of Sociology, XIII(2), 342–372. Goldthorpe, J. H. 1972. Class, Status and Party in Modern Britain: Some Recent Interpretations, Marxist and Marxisant. European Journal of Sociology, XIII(2), 342–372.
go back to reference Gorski, P. S., Davis, J. E., Jacobs, J., Lawson, T., Maull, A., Westerman, R., Sabl, A., et al. 2013. Symposium: Facts, Values, and Social Science. Society, 50(6), 543–622 Gorski, P. S., Davis, J. E., Jacobs, J., Lawson, T., Maull, A., Westerman, R., Sabl, A., et al. 2013. Symposium: Facts, Values, and Social Science. Society, 50(6), 543–622
go back to reference Gouldner, A. W. 1961. Anti-Minotaur: The Myth of a Value-Free Sociology. Social Problems, 9, 199. Gouldner, A. W. 1961. Anti-Minotaur: The Myth of a Value-Free Sociology. Social Problems, 9, 199.
go back to reference Gouldner, A. W. 1970. The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology. Gouldner, Alvin Ward, 1920- Studies in the Series on the Social Origins of Social Theory. New York: Basic Books. Gouldner, A. W. 1970. The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology. Gouldner, Alvin Ward, 1920- Studies in the Series on the Social Origins of Social Theory. New York: Basic Books.
go back to reference Gouldner, A. W. 1980. The Two Marxisms: Contradictions and Anomalies in the Development of Theory. New York: Seabury Press. Gouldner, A. W. 1980. The Two Marxisms: Contradictions and Anomalies in the Development of Theory. New York: Seabury Press.
go back to reference Graham, K. M. 2002. The Ideal of Objectivity in Political Dialogue: Liberal and Feminist Approaches. Social Epistemology 16 (3): 295–309. Graham, K. M. 2002. The Ideal of Objectivity in Political Dialogue: Liberal and Feminist Approaches. Social Epistemology 16 (3): 295–309.
go back to reference Haack, S. 2007. Defending Science—within Reason: Between Science and Cynicism. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. Haack, S. 2007. Defending Science—within Reason: Between Science and Cynicism. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
go back to reference Habermas, J. 1968. Technik Und Wissenschaft Als “Ideologie.” Edition Suhrkamp. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. Habermas, J. 1968. Technik Und Wissenschaft Als “Ideologie.” Edition Suhrkamp. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
go back to reference Habermas, J. 1971. Knowledge and Human Interests. Boston: Beacon Press. Habermas, J. 1971. Knowledge and Human Interests. Boston: Beacon Press.
go back to reference Habermas, J. 1973. Theory and Practice. Boston: Beacon Press. Habermas, J. 1973. Theory and Practice. Boston: Beacon Press.
go back to reference Hacking, I. 2000. The Social Construction of What? 1st Harvard University Press pbk. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Hacking, I. 2000. The Social Construction of What? 1st Harvard University Press pbk. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
go back to reference Hammersley, M. 1992. On Feminist Methodology. Sociology, 26(2), 187–206. Hammersley, M. 1992. On Feminist Methodology. Sociology, 26(2), 187–206.
go back to reference Hammersley, M. 1994. On Feminist Methodology: A Response. Sociology, 28(1), 293–300. Hammersley, M. 1994. On Feminist Methodology: A Response. Sociology, 28(1), 293–300.
go back to reference Hammersley, M. 1995. The Politics of Social Research. London: Sage. Hammersley, M. 1995. The Politics of Social Research. London: Sage.
go back to reference Hammersley, M. 2009. Why Critical Realism Fails to Justify Critical Social Research. Methodological Innovations Online, 4(2), 1–11. Hammersley, M. 2009. Why Critical Realism Fails to Justify Critical Social Research. Methodological Innovations Online, 4(2), 1–11.
go back to reference Hammersley, M. 2011. Methodology: Who Needs It? Los Angeles: SAGE. Hammersley, M. 2011. Methodology: Who Needs It? Los Angeles: SAGE.
go back to reference Hammersley, M. 2017. On the Role of Values in Social Research: Weber Vindicated? Sociological Research Online, 22(1), 130–141. Hammersley, M. 2017. On the Role of Values in Social Research: Weber Vindicated? Sociological Research Online, 22(1), 130–141.
go back to reference Haraway, D. 1988. Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. Feminist Studies: FS, 14(3), 575–599. Haraway, D. 1988. Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. Feminist Studies: FS, 14(3), 575–599.
go back to reference Harding, S. 1986. The Science Question in Feminism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Harding, S. 1986. The Science Question in Feminism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
go back to reference Harding, S. 1991. Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?: Thinking from Women’s Lives. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. Harding, S. 1991. Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?: Thinking from Women’s Lives. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
go back to reference Harding, S. 1992. Rethinking Standpoint Epistemology: What Is‘ Strong Objectivity?’ The Centennial Review, 36(3), 437–470. Harding, S. 1992. Rethinking Standpoint Epistemology: What Is‘ Strong Objectivity?’ The Centennial Review, 36(3), 437–470.
go back to reference Harding, S. 1997. Comment on Hekman’s‘ Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited’: Whose Standpoint Needs the Regimes of Truth and Reality? Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 22(2), 382–391. Harding, S. 1997. Comment on Hekman’s‘ Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited’: Whose Standpoint Needs the Regimes of Truth and Reality? Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 22(2), 382–391.
go back to reference Harding, S. 2003. How Standpoint Methodology Informs Philosophy of Social Science. In S. P. Turner & P. A. Roth (Eds.), The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of the Social Sciences (pp. 291–310). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Harding, S. 2003. How Standpoint Methodology Informs Philosophy of Social Science. In S. P. Turner & P. A. Roth (Eds.), The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of the Social Sciences (pp. 291–310). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
go back to reference Harding, S. 2004a. Introduction: Standpoint Theory as a Site of Political, Philosophic, and Scientific Debate. In S. Harding (Ed.), The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies (pp. 1–16). New York: Routledge. Harding, S. 2004a. Introduction: Standpoint Theory as a Site of Political, Philosophic, and Scientific Debate. In S. Harding (Ed.), The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies (pp. 1–16). New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Harding, S. 2004b. The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies. New York: Routledge. Harding, S. 2004b. The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies. New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Harding, S. 2011. The Postcolonial Science and Technology Studies Reader. Durham: Duke University Press. Harding, S. 2011. The Postcolonial Science and Technology Studies Reader. Durham: Duke University Press.
go back to reference Harding, S. 2012. Feminist Standpoints. In S. N. Hesse-Biber (Ed.), Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis (2nd ed., pp. 46–64). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Harding, S. 2012. Feminist Standpoints. In S. N. Hesse-Biber (Ed.), Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis (2nd ed., pp. 46–64). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
go back to reference Harding, S. 2015. Objectivity and Diversity: Another Logic of Scientific Research. University of Chicago Press. Harding, S. 2015. Objectivity and Diversity: Another Logic of Scientific Research. University of Chicago Press.
go back to reference Harris, A. P. 1990. Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory. Stanford Law Review, 42(3), 581–616. Harris, A. P. 1990. Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory. Stanford Law Review, 42(3), 581–616.
go back to reference Hartsock, N. 1983. The Feminist Standpoint: Developing the Ground for a Specifically Feminist Historical Materialism. In S. Harding and M. B. Hintikka (Eds.), Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, (pp. 283–310). Synthese Library. Dordrecht: Reidel. Hartsock, N. 1983. The Feminist Standpoint: Developing the Ground for a Specifically Feminist Historical Materialism. In S. Harding and M. B. Hintikka (Eds.), Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, (pp. 283–310). Synthese Library. Dordrecht: Reidel.
go back to reference Hartsock, N. 1989. Postmodernism and Political Change: Issues for Feminist Theory. Cultural Critique, (14), 15–33. Hartsock, N. 1989. Postmodernism and Political Change: Issues for Feminist Theory. Cultural Critique, (14), 15–33.
go back to reference Hartsock, N. 1990. Foucault on Power: A Theory for Women? In L. Nicholson (Ed.) Feminism/Postmodernism (pp. 157–75). New York: Routledge. Hartsock, N. 1990. Foucault on Power: A Theory for Women? In L. Nicholson (Ed.) Feminism/Postmodernism (pp. 157–75). New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Hartsock, N. 1997. Comment on Hekman’s‘ Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited’: Truth or Justice? Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 22(2), 367–374. Hartsock, N. 1997. Comment on Hekman’s‘ Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited’: Truth or Justice? Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 22(2), 367–374.
go back to reference Hartsock, N. 1998. The Feminist Standpoint Revisited and Other Essays. Boulder, CO: Westview. Hartsock, N. 1998. The Feminist Standpoint Revisited and Other Essays. Boulder, CO: Westview.
go back to reference Hawkesworth, M. 1989. Knowers, Knowing, Known: Feminist Theory and Claims of Truth. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 14(3): 533–557. Hawkesworth, M. 1989. Knowers, Knowing, Known: Feminist Theory and Claims of Truth. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 14(3): 533–557.
go back to reference Hawkesworth, M. 2012. Truth and Truths in Feminist Knowledge Production. In S. N. Hesse-Biber (Ed.), Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis (2nd ed., pp. 92–118). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Hawkesworth, M. 2012. Truth and Truths in Feminist Knowledge Production. In S. N. Hesse-Biber (Ed.), Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis (2nd ed., pp. 92–118). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
go back to reference Heikes, D. K. 2004. The Bias Paradox: Why It’s Not Just for Feminists Anymore. Synthese, 138(3), 315–335. Heikes, D. K. 2004. The Bias Paradox: Why It’s Not Just for Feminists Anymore. Synthese, 138(3), 315–335.
go back to reference Heinrich, M. 2019. Karl Marx and the Birth of Modern Society: The Life of Marx and the Development of His Work. New York: Monthly Review Press. Heinrich, M. 2019. Karl Marx and the Birth of Modern Society: The Life of Marx and the Development of His Work. New York: Monthly Review Press.
go back to reference Hekman, S. 1997a. Reply to Hartsock, Collins, Harding, and Smith. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 22(2), 399–402. Hekman, S. 1997a. Reply to Hartsock, Collins, Harding, and Smith. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 22(2), 399–402.
go back to reference Hekman, S. 1997b. Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 22(2), 341–365. Hekman, S. 1997b. Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 22(2), 341–365.
go back to reference Hesse-Biber, S. N. 2012. Feminist Research: Exploring, Interrogating, and Transforming the Interconnections of Epistemology, Methodology, and Method. In S. N. Hesse-Biber (Ed.), Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis (2nd ed., pp. 2–26). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Hesse-Biber, S. N. 2012. Feminist Research: Exploring, Interrogating, and Transforming the Interconnections of Epistemology, Methodology, and Method. In S. N. Hesse-Biber (Ed.), Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis (2nd ed., pp. 2–26). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
go back to reference Holmwood, J. 1995. Feminism and Epistemology: What Kind of Successor Science? Sociology, 29(3), 411–428. Holmwood, J. 1995. Feminism and Epistemology: What Kind of Successor Science? Sociology, 29(3), 411–428.
go back to reference Horkheimer, M. 1972a. Critical Theory; Selected Essays. New York: Continuum. Horkheimer, M. 1972a. Critical Theory; Selected Essays. New York: Continuum.
go back to reference Horkheimer, M. 1972b. Traditional and Critical Theory. In Critical Theory: Selected Essays (pp. 188–243). New York: Continuum. Horkheimer, M. 1972b. Traditional and Critical Theory. In Critical Theory: Selected Essays (pp. 188–243). New York: Continuum.
go back to reference Hundleby, C. 2012. Feminist Empiricism. In S. N. Hesse-Biber (Ed.), Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis (2nd ed., pp. 28–45). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Hundleby, C. 2012. Feminist Empiricism. In S. N. Hesse-Biber (Ed.), Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis (2nd ed., pp. 28–45). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
go back to reference Hunter, R. 1996. Deconstructing The Subjects Of Feminism: The Essentialism Debate In Feminist Theory And Practice. Australian Feminist Law Journal, 6(1), 135–162. Hunter, R. 1996. Deconstructing The Subjects Of Feminism: The Essentialism Debate In Feminist Theory And Practice. Australian Feminist Law Journal, 6(1), 135–162.
go back to reference Intemann, K. 2010. 25 Years of Feminist Empiricism and Standpoint Theory: Where Are We Now? Hypatia, 25(4), 778–796. Intemann, K. 2010. 25 Years of Feminist Empiricism and Standpoint Theory: Where Are We Now? Hypatia, 25(4), 778–796.
go back to reference Jacoby, R. 1981. Dialectic of Defeat: Contours of Western Marxism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jacoby, R. 1981. Dialectic of Defeat: Contours of Western Marxism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Jaggar, A. M. 1983. Feminist Politics and Human Nature. Rowman & Littlefield. Jaggar, A. M. 1983. Feminist Politics and Human Nature. Rowman & Littlefield.
go back to reference Jaggar, A. M. 1997. Love and Knowledge: Emotion in Feminist Epistemology. In D. Tietjens Meyers (Ed.) Feminist Social Thought: A Reader (pp. 385–405). New York: Routledge. Jaggar, A. M. 1997. Love and Knowledge: Emotion in Feminist Epistemology. In D. Tietjens Meyers (Ed.) Feminist Social Thought: A Reader (pp. 385–405). New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Janack, M. 2002. Dilemmas of Objectivity. Social Epistemology, 16(3), 267–281. Janack, M. 2002. Dilemmas of Objectivity. Social Epistemology, 16(3), 267–281.
go back to reference Jay, M. 1973. The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950. Boston: Little, Brown. Jay, M. 1973. The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950. Boston: Little, Brown.
go back to reference Jay, M. 2016. Reason After Its Eclipse: On Late Critical Theory. Madison: University of Wisconsin Pres. Jay, M. 2016. Reason After Its Eclipse: On Late Critical Theory. Madison: University of Wisconsin Pres.
go back to reference Kincaid, H., Dupré, J., & Wylie, A. 2007. Value-Free Science? Ideals and Illusions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kincaid, H., Dupré, J., & Wylie, A. 2007. Value-Free Science? Ideals and Illusions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Kołakowski, L. 1977. The Persistence of the Sein-Sollen Dilemma. Man and World 10 (2): 194–233. Kołakowski, L. 1977. The Persistence of the Sein-Sollen Dilemma. Man and World 10 (2): 194–233.
go back to reference Kołakowski, L. 1978a. Main Currents of Marxism, Vol. 1: The Founders. New York: Oxford University Press. Kołakowski, L. 1978a. Main Currents of Marxism, Vol. 1: The Founders. New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Kołakowski, L. 1978b. Main Currents of Marxism, Vol. 3: The Breakdown. New York: Oxford University Press. Kołakowski, L. 1978b. Main Currents of Marxism, Vol. 3: The Breakdown. New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Kuhn, T. S. 1977. Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice. Arguing about Science (pp. 74–86). Kuhn, T. S. 1977. Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice. Arguing about Science (pp. 74–86).
go back to reference Laudan, L. 1990. Science and Relativism: Some Key Controversies in the Philosophy of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Laudan, L. 1990. Science and Relativism: Some Key Controversies in the Philosophy of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
go back to reference Lenin, V. I. 1968. In J. E. Connor (Ed.), Lenin on Politics and Revolution: Selected Writings. New York: Pegasus. Lenin, V. I. 1968. In J. E. Connor (Ed.), Lenin on Politics and Revolution: Selected Writings. New York: Pegasus.
go back to reference Longino, H. E. 1990. Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry. Princeton University Press. Longino, H. E. 1990. Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry. Princeton University Press.
go back to reference Longino, H. E. 1993. Feminist Standpoint Theory and the Problems of Knowledge. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 19(1), 201–212. Longino, H. E. 1993. Feminist Standpoint Theory and the Problems of Knowledge. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 19(1), 201–212.
go back to reference Longino, H. E. 1994. In Search of Feminist Epistemology. The Monist, 77(4), 472–485. Longino, H. E. 1994. In Search of Feminist Epistemology. The Monist, 77(4), 472–485.
go back to reference Longino, H. E. 1996. Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Values in Science: Rethinking the Dichotomy. In L. H. Nelson & J. Nelson (Eds.), Feminism, Science, and the Philosophy of Science (pp. 39–58). Synthese Library: Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, Vol 256. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Longino, H. E. 1996. Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Values in Science: Rethinking the Dichotomy. In L. H. Nelson & J. Nelson (Eds.), Feminism, Science, and the Philosophy of Science (pp. 39–58). Synthese Library: Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, Vol 256. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
go back to reference Lorde, A. 1984. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches. Freedom, CA: The Crossing Press. Lorde, A. 1984. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches. Freedom, CA: The Crossing Press.
go back to reference Lukács, G. 1971. History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics. Translated by Rodney Livingstone. London: Merlin Press. Lukács, G. 1971. History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics. Translated by Rodney Livingstone. London: Merlin Press.
go back to reference Mann, M. 1970. The Social Cohesion of Liberal Democracy. American Sociological Review, 35(3), 423–439. Mann, M. 1970. The Social Cohesion of Liberal Democracy. American Sociological Review, 35(3), 423–439.
go back to reference Mann, M. 1973. Consciousness and Action among the Western Working Class. London: Macmillan. Mann, M. 1973. Consciousness and Action among the Western Working Class. London: Macmillan.
go back to reference Medina, J. 2013. The Epistemology of Resistance: Gender and Racial Oppression, Epistemic Injustice, and the Social Imagination. Oxford University Press. Medina, J. 2013. The Epistemology of Resistance: Gender and Racial Oppression, Epistemic Injustice, and the Social Imagination. Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Merton, R. K. 1973. The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. University of Chicago Press. Merton, R. K. 1973. The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. University of Chicago Press.
go back to reference Moore, B.. 1978. Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience. White Plains, NY: ME Sharpe/Pantheon. Moore, B.. 1978. Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience. White Plains, NY: ME Sharpe/Pantheon.
go back to reference Moore, S. W. 1980. Marx on the Choice between Socialism and Communism. Cambrigde, MA: Harvard University Press. Moore, S. W. 1980. Marx on the Choice between Socialism and Communism. Cambrigde, MA: Harvard University Press.
go back to reference Nagel, T. 1986. The View from Nowhere. New York: oxford university press. Nagel, T. 1986. The View from Nowhere. New York: oxford university press.
go back to reference Nanda, M. 2003. Modern Science as the Standpoint of the Oppressed. In C. L. Pinnick, N. Koertge, & R. F. Almeder (Eds.) Scrutinizing Feminist Epistemology (pp. 156–82). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Nanda, M. 2003. Modern Science as the Standpoint of the Oppressed. In C. L. Pinnick, N. Koertge, & R. F. Almeder (Eds.) Scrutinizing Feminist Epistemology (pp. 156–82). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
go back to reference Narayan, U. 1988. Working Together across Difference: Some Considerations on Emotions and Political Practice. Hypatia, 3(2), 31–47. Narayan, U. 1988. Working Together across Difference: Some Considerations on Emotions and Political Practice. Hypatia, 3(2), 31–47.
go back to reference Narayan, U. 2004. The Project of Feminist Epistemology: Perspectives from a Nonwestern Feminist. In S. Harding (Ed.), The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies (pp. 213–224). New York: Routledge. Narayan, U. 2004. The Project of Feminist Epistemology: Perspectives from a Nonwestern Feminist. In S. Harding (Ed.), The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies (pp. 213–224). New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Nelson, L. H. 2003. Who Knows: From Quine to Feminist Empiricism. In L. H. Nelson & J. Nelson (Eds.), Feminist Interpretations of Quine (pp. 59–93). University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. Nelson, L. H. 2003. Who Knows: From Quine to Feminist Empiricism. In L. H. Nelson & J. Nelson (Eds.), Feminist Interpretations of Quine (pp. 59–93). University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
go back to reference Nussbaum, M. C. 1994. Feminists and Philosophy. The New York Review of Books, October (pp. 59–62). Nussbaum, M. C. 1994. Feminists and Philosophy. The New York Review of Books, October (pp. 59–62).
go back to reference Okruhlik, K. 1994. Gender and the Biological Sciences. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 24(sup1), 21–42. Okruhlik, K. 1994. Gender and the Biological Sciences. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 24(sup1), 21–42.
go back to reference Parkin, F. 1979. Marxism and Class Theory. A Bourgeois Critique. London: Tavistock Publications. Parkin, F. 1979. Marxism and Class Theory. A Bourgeois Critique. London: Tavistock Publications.
go back to reference Phipps, A. 2020. Me, Not You: The Trouble with Mainstream Feminism. Manchester University Press. Phipps, A. 2020. Me, Not You: The Trouble with Mainstream Feminism. Manchester University Press.
go back to reference Popper, K. R. 1963. Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. London: Routledge and K. Paul. Popper, K. R. 1963. Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. London: Routledge and K. Paul.
go back to reference Popper, K. R. 1970. Reason or Revolution? Archives Europeennes de Sociologie. European Journal of Sociology. Europaisches Archiv Fur Soziologie 11(2), 252–262 Popper, K. R. 1970. Reason or Revolution? Archives Europeennes de Sociologie. European Journal of Sociology. Europaisches Archiv Fur Soziologie 11(2), 252–262
go back to reference Portis, E. B. 1986. Max Weber and Political Commitment: Science, Politics, and Personality. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Portis, E. B. 1986. Max Weber and Political Commitment: Science, Politics, and Personality. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
go back to reference Reed, I. 2011. Interpretation and Social Knowledge: On the Use of Theory in the Human Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Reed, I. 2011. Interpretation and Social Knowledge: On the Use of Theory in the Human Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
go back to reference Rolin, K. 2006. The Bias Paradox in Feminist Standpoint Epistemology. Episteme: A Journal of Social Epistemology, 3(1), 125–136. Rolin, K. 2006. The Bias Paradox in Feminist Standpoint Epistemology. Episteme: A Journal of Social Epistemology, 3(1), 125–136.
go back to reference Roush, S. 2007. Constructive Empiricism and the Role of Social Values in Science. In H. Kincaid, J. Dupré, & A. Wylie (Eds.), Value-Free Science? Ideals and Illusions (pp. 164–187). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Roush, S. 2007. Constructive Empiricism and the Role of Social Values in Science. In H. Kincaid, J. Dupré, & A. Wylie (Eds.), Value-Free Science? Ideals and Illusions (pp. 164–187). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Sells, L. 1993. Feminist Epistemology: Rethinking the Dualisms of Atomic Knowledge. Hypatia, 8(3), 202–210. Sells, L. 1993. Feminist Epistemology: Rethinking the Dualisms of Atomic Knowledge. Hypatia, 8(3), 202–210.
go back to reference Smith, D. E. 1987. The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Smith, D. E. 1987. The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
go back to reference Smith, D. E. 1997. Comment on Hekman’s‘ Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 22(2), 392–398. Smith, D. E. 1997. Comment on Hekman’s‘ Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 22(2), 392–398.
go back to reference Sober, E. 2007. Evidence and Value Freedom. In H. Kincaid, J. Dupré, & A. Wylie (Eds.) Value-Free Science? Ideals and Illusions (pp. 109–119). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sober, E. 2007. Evidence and Value Freedom. In H. Kincaid, J. Dupré, & A. Wylie (Eds.) Value-Free Science? Ideals and Illusions (pp. 109–119). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Spelman, E. V. 1987. Inessential Woman: Problems of Exclusion in Feminist Thought. Boston: Beacon Press. Spelman, E. V. 1987. Inessential Woman: Problems of Exclusion in Feminist Thought. Boston: Beacon Press.
go back to reference Steinmetz, G. 2005a. Introduction. Positivism and Its Others in the Social Sciences. In G. Steinmetz (Ed.) The Politics of Method in the Human Sciences: Positivism and Its Epistemological Others (pp. 1–56). Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Steinmetz, G. 2005a. Introduction. Positivism and Its Others in the Social Sciences. In G. Steinmetz (Ed.) The Politics of Method in the Human Sciences: Positivism and Its Epistemological Others (pp. 1–56). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
go back to reference Steinmetz, G. 2005b. Scientific Authority and the Transition to Post-Fordism: The Plausibility of Positivism in US Sociology since 1945. In G. Steinmetz (Ed.) The Politics of Method in the Human Sciences: Positivism and Its Epistemological Others (pp. 275–323). Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Steinmetz, G. 2005b. Scientific Authority and the Transition to Post-Fordism: The Plausibility of Positivism in US Sociology since 1945. In G. Steinmetz (Ed.) The Politics of Method in the Human Sciences: Positivism and Its Epistemological Others (pp. 275–323). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
go back to reference Steinmetz, G. (Ed.). 2005c. The Politics of Method in the Human Sciences: Positivism and Its Epistemological Others. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Steinmetz, G. (Ed.). 2005c. The Politics of Method in the Human Sciences: Positivism and Its Epistemological Others. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
go back to reference Tanesini, A. 2019. Standpoint Then and Now. In M. Fricker, P. J. Graham, D. Henderson, & N. J. L. L. Pedersen (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Social Epistemology (pp. 335–343). London: Routledge. Tanesini, A. 2019. Standpoint Then and Now. In M. Fricker, P. J. Graham, D. Henderson, & N. J. L. L. Pedersen (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Social Epistemology (pp. 335–343). London: Routledge.
go back to reference van den Berg, A. 1980. Critical Theory: Is There Still Hope? The American Journal of Sociology, 86(3), 449–478. van den Berg, A. 1980. Critical Theory: Is There Still Hope? The American Journal of Sociology, 86(3), 449–478.
go back to reference van den Berg, A. 1984. Marx and Marxism: The Hegelian Core. In A. P. Jain & A. J. Matejko (Eds.), Marx and Marxism (pp. 279–299). New York: Praeger. van den Berg, A. 1984. Marx and Marxism: The Hegelian Core. In A. P. Jain & A. J. Matejko (Eds.), Marx and Marxism (pp. 279–299). New York: Praeger.
go back to reference van den Berg, A. 1990. Habermas and Modernity: A Critique of the Theory of Communicative Action. Current Perspectives in Social Theory, 10, 161–193. van den Berg, A. 1990. Habermas and Modernity: A Critique of the Theory of Communicative Action. Current Perspectives in Social Theory, 10, 161–193.
go back to reference van den Berg, A. 1996. Liberalism without Reason? Contemporary Sociology, 25(1), 19–25. van den Berg, A. 1996. Liberalism without Reason? Contemporary Sociology, 25(1), 19–25.
go back to reference van den Berg, A. 2003. The Immanent Utopia: From Marxism on the State to the State of Marxism. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. van den Berg, A. 2003. The Immanent Utopia: From Marxism on the State to the State of Marxism. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
go back to reference van den Berg, A. 2004. The Immanent Utopia: From Marxism on the State to the State of Marxism. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. van den Berg, A. 2004. The Immanent Utopia: From Marxism on the State to the State of Marxism. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
go back to reference van den Berg, A. 2006. Book Review: George Steinmetz, Ed. The Politics of Method in the Human Sciences: Positivism and Its Epistemological Others. Canadian Journal of Sociology–On Line. van den Berg, A. 2006. Book Review: George Steinmetz, Ed. The Politics of Method in the Human Sciences: Positivism and Its Epistemological Others. Canadian Journal of Sociology–On Line.
go back to reference van den Berg, A. 2014. Public Sociology, Professional Sociology and Democracy. In A. Hanemaayer & C. J. Schneider (Eds.), Public Sociology and Ethics: Premise, Profession, Pedagogy (pp. 53–73). 2. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. van den Berg, A. 2014. Public Sociology, Professional Sociology and Democracy. In A. Hanemaayer & C. J. Schneider (Eds.), Public Sociology and Ethics: Premise, Profession, Pedagogy (pp. 53–73). 2. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
go back to reference van den Berg, A., Plante, C., Raïq H., Proulx C., & Faustmann, S. 2017. Combating Poverty: Quebec’s Pursuit of a Distinctive Welfare State. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. van den Berg, A., Plante, C., Raïq H., Proulx C., & Faustmann, S. 2017. Combating Poverty: Quebec’s Pursuit of a Distinctive Welfare State. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
go back to reference Weber, M. 1949. In E. Shils & H. A. Finch (Eds.), The Methodology of the Social Sciences. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press. Weber, M. 1949. In E. Shils & H. A. Finch (Eds.), The Methodology of the Social Sciences. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press.
go back to reference Williams, A. 1993. Diversity and Agreement in Feminist Ethnography. Sociology, 27(4), 575–589. Williams, A. 1993. Diversity and Agreement in Feminist Ethnography. Sociology, 27(4), 575–589.
go back to reference Wylie, A. 2003. Why Standpoint Matters. In R. Figuera & S. Harding (Eds.), Science and Other Cultures: Issues in Philosophies of Science and Technology (pp. 26–48). London: Routledge. Wylie, A. 2003. Why Standpoint Matters. In R. Figuera & S. Harding (Eds.), Science and Other Cultures: Issues in Philosophies of Science and Technology (pp. 26–48). London: Routledge.
go back to reference Wylie, A. 2012a. Feminist Philosophy of Science: Standpoint Matters. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, 86(2), 47–76. Wylie, A. 2012a. Feminist Philosophy of Science: Standpoint Matters. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, 86(2), 47–76.
go back to reference Wylie, A. 2012b. The Feminism Question in Science: What Does It Mean to ‘Do Social Science as a Feminist’? - SAGE Research Methods. In S. N. Hesse-Biber (Ed.), Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis (2nd ed., pp. 544–556). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Wylie, A. 2012b. The Feminism Question in Science: What Does It Mean to ‘Do Social Science as a Feminist’? - SAGE Research Methods. In S. N. Hesse-Biber (Ed.), Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis (2nd ed., pp. 544–556). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
go back to reference Zuberi, T., & Bonilla-Silva, E. 2008. White Logic, White Methods: Racism and Methodology. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Zuberi, T., & Bonilla-Silva, E. 2008. White Logic, White Methods: Racism and Methodology. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Metadata
Title
Cutting Off the Branch on Which We Are Sitting? On Postpositivism, Value Neutrality, and the “Bias Paradox”
Authors
Axel van den Berg
Tay Jeong
Publication date
26-07-2022
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Society / Issue 6/2022
Print ISSN: 0147-2011
Electronic ISSN: 1936-4725
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-022-00750-8

Other articles of this Issue 6/2022

Society 6/2022 Go to the issue