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2022 | Book

Conceptual and Contextual Scenario of Disaster Risk Reduction and Cyclonic Resilience Read chapter Read first chapter

Cyclonic Disasters and Resilience

An Empirical Study on South Asian Coastal Regions

Authors: Dr. Ashutosh Mohanty, Dr. Anupama Dubey, Prof. R. B. Singh

Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore

Book Series : Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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About this book

The Bay of Bengal is prone to tropical cyclones and storm surges as a result of its location, and many of the mostly poor people living along the coastal regions of South Asia lose their lives almost every year. These disasters have been particularly devastating and have caused serious damage. During the past five decades, the low-lying coastal and offshore islands have experienced a tragic history of 50 severe cyclones and storm surges, with more than one million victims dead or missing. People accepted and waited for the next disaster as they had no alternatives. Members of the poor families who survived the disasters experienced hard times recovering from damage and the loss of their loved ones. After disasters, epidemic diseases arise in the affected areas. Many of the people in distress are also deprived of public services. Providing all sorts of assistance and emergency health preparedness are most essential to overcome such a situation. The causes of these huge casualties have been mainly: (1) the high population density of costal settlements, (2) inadequate cyclone shelters in the disaster risk areas, (3) lack of awareness of the disaster risk by the vulnerable population, (4) deterministic attitudes of people who accept disasters as “fate”, (5) houses that are weakly constructed and (6) underdeveloped central awareness programmes and weather forecast systems.

This book is based on an empirical study presenting a timeline analysis of major cyclones and their impacts and consequent losses through the super-cyclones in the disaster-prone coastal regions of India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. This study also investigates resilience mechanisms based on early warning systems, technology applications including GIS and remote sensing, best practices, success stories and case studies that can be used for effective cyclone management and development of a resilience mechanism among coastal communities.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Conceptual and Contextual Scenario of Disaster Risk Reduction and Cyclonic Resilience
Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the basic terminologies and concepts in connection with cyclones. This chapter entails the causes, types, and impacts of cyclones. Besides, the chapter also describes the status of cyclonic resilience in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and India. In the end, this chapter discusses briefly the policy initiatives to combat the cyclonic disasters in India and various interlinkages among the physical, social, and economic factors. This chapter emphasises the need for an integrated approach that brings together politicians, architects, specialists, and communities to develop effective strategies for mainstreaming climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction into growth planning.
Ashutosh Mohanty, Anupama Dubey, R. B. Singh
Chapter 2. Major Cyclonic Disasters in India
Abstract
To assess the impact of a cyclone, it is pertinent to understand and compare the pre- and post-status of the affected region. This chapter elaborates on the pre- and post-status of different affected regions in India during different cyclonic occurrences. This chapter is an assessment and explanation of Cyclone YAAS (2021), Cyclone Phailin (2013), Cyclone Fani (2019), and Cyclone Amphan (2020). Authors have categorised the explanation broadly into four parts: The first section describes the climatic condition of the region at the time of cyclonic occurrence; the second part explains the pre-warning systems/steps taken by state and local government; the third section describes the impact of cyclonic disasters in terms of damages created; and the last portion of each study entails the coordination of government and local citizens in this connection.
Ashutosh Mohanty, Anupama Dubey, R. B. Singh
Chapter 3. The Application of Early Warning System in India
Abstract
Early warning system is considered as a major tool to reduce the impact of disaster. A successful EWS protects lives and livelihoods, as well as land and infrastructure, and contributes to long-term sustainability. Early warning systems help to reduce economic losses and mitigate the number of injuries or deaths from a disaster, by providing information that allows individuals and communities to protect their lives and property. Early warning information empowers people to take action when a disaster closes to happening. An early warning system is a climate change adaptation measure that utilises integrated communication technologies to assist communities in preparing for potentially dangerous climate-related events. Therefore, third chapter has been drafted citing examples of Orissa state in India, based on the primary sources. This chapter discusses the role of early warning system in Disaster Preparedness, its functioning, implementation, people coordination, structure and functions of central and state government committees, role of social mobilisation in early warning system etc.
Ashutosh Mohanty, Anupama Dubey, R. B. Singh
Chapter 4. Major Cyclonic Disasters in Bangladesh
Abstract
Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries in South Asia to coastal threats such as floods and tsunamis. The country’s geographic position, as well as its tropical and monsoon conditions, have an effect on and make it more vulnerable to weather and flood disasters. Frequency of cyclones and storm surges in coastal Bangladesh, damage and development to property is a constant. However, as time has passed, it’s become easier to predict cyclones due to the nature of the cyclone preparedness programme, and systems that provide public notice and dissemination of alerts to coastal communities have been developed. This chapter entails the Social, Economic and Environmental impacts of major cyclones such as CIDAR, Amphan, Bulbul and Mora in Bangladesh. This chapter also elaborates the Satellite-Based Early Warning System Application, Government Response/initiatives with the Post-math SIDR Scenario in the Government Record given on SIDR, Cyclone Preparedness, Warning Equipment, and logistics, the Signalling System and different other methods such as Operational Methods in Bangladesh to combat the risks and after effects of Cyclones.
Ashutosh Mohanty, Anupama Dubey, R. B. Singh
Chapter 5. The Major Cyclonic Disasters in Sri Lanka
Abstract
This section illustrates the cyclone disaster in the context of Sri Lanka. As a result, the climate of Sri Lanka, the cyclone impacts of Sri Lanka, cyclone preparedness, the existing early warning mechanism, the importance of implementing an effective framework of early warning strategies, and the recommendations for improving the existing cyclone early warning in Sri Lanka will be discussed. This chapter concludes that the Srilankan Disaster Management Act 2005, DRM/UNDP data 2007–08 and SDMA 2019–20 data, and the Sri Lanka cyclone resilience strategies could address the issues of resilient communities and individuals and seek realistic environmental development, collaboration, and coordination between government and non-governmental organisations, mainstream society, metrology departments, metrology organisations, coastal communities, and a global DRR networks. To restore routine, there should be a strong need for collaboration and coordination between the legislature and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and powerful networks. The assistance should be customised to the unique circumstances of each person and should be closely monitored.
Ashutosh Mohanty, Anupama Dubey, R. B. Singh
Chapter 6. Policy and Governance Strategies for Effective Cyclone Risk Management in Odisha, India: A Journey from 1999 Super Cyclone
Abstract
Odisha state in India is considered as one of the most successful states in managing the hydro-disasters in India but, on the other hand, it is also considered as the worst-hit state in India for the same reason. Therefore, there is a need for continuation modifications in strategies to reduce the risks associated with cyclones. This chapter intends to present a chronology of International and National policy interventions to face the challenges and also present a way forward in this connection. Besides the Key Policy initiatives followed in the State of Odisha such as specific policy initiatives in Odisha, The Odisha Relief Code (ORC), State Disaster Management Policy, Enactment of DM Act-2005, Institutional Arrangements in Odisha, Revenue and Disaster Management Department, Special Relief Organization, State Emergency Operation Centre, Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA), State Executive Committee, District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA), Preparedness Measures, Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force (ODRAF), this chapter also explained the National and International policy initiatives such as International Strategies, The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, The Hyogo Framework for Action for a Safer World 2005–2015, International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (ISDR) 2000–2010, International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)-1990–2000, Yokohama Strategy-1984, The Earth Summit-1992, Kyoto Protocol-2005, National Strategy for Disaster Management, Federal Structure of the Constitution, High Powered Committee (HPC), National Committee on Disaster Management (NCDM), The Disaster Management (DM) Act 2005.
Ashutosh Mohanty, Anupama Dubey, R. B. Singh
Chapter 7. Way Forward and Resilience Development for Cyclone in South Asia
Abstract
Increase in the unscientific and unstable consumption habits of human beings is creating serious implications on disaster risk and vulnerability. There is an immense need to change this attitude and develop judicious and efficient ways of managing and conserving our natural resources. ‘Resilience’ is the key to adaptive development advantages and this is possible by integrating disaster risk mitigation into the policy making and regulations. Capacity building is another essential step to accomplish the goals of disaster risk reduction. Though technological developments provide significant scope and opportunities, indigenous and traditional skills and technologies that contribute to a community's environment and disaster resilience in a simpler but effective manner have been practised since ages in various regions of this country. Therefore, the last and seventh chapter of the book discusses the way forward and resilience development for cyclone in South Asia. This chapter describes Emergency Preparedness and Response, Cyclone Preparedness Programme, Cyclone Preparedness Policy Committee (policy concern), Role of Non-Governmental Organisations/International Non-Governmental Organisations and Donor Agencies on advising the best Practices in Disaster, Universal, COVID-19 experiences with catastrophe in South Asia, Importance of investment in infrastructure that improves resilience, adapt indigenous solutions, role of unrestricted social security protection, role of maximisation of regional cooperation, emphasis on development of a resilient and sustainable recovery.
Ashutosh Mohanty, Anupama Dubey, R. B. Singh
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Cyclonic Disasters and Resilience
Authors
Dr. Ashutosh Mohanty
Dr. Anupama Dubey
Prof. R. B. Singh
Copyright Year
2022
Publisher
Springer Nature Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-19-1215-3
Print ISBN
978-981-19-1214-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1215-3

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