5. Day-Ahead Market Scheduling Considering Electric Vehicles

This chapter studies the problem of the market clearing with high presence of electric vehicles. In particular, it is presented an optimization model describing the day-ahead market, where energy and reserve capacity is scheduled, and the real-time operation, where the reserve capacity is deployed to counteract the deviations in the demand and renewable power with respect to the predictions made the day ahead of delivery. It is considered that electric vehicles can provide reserve services when connected considering the capacity of the battery and the final state requirement. The uncertainty of the demand, the intermittent renewable power, and the use of the electric vehicle batteries is modeled through a set of scenarios. Therefore, the model is formulated as a mixed-integer two-stage stochastic programming problem. Illustrative examples explain in a simple way the proposed formulations, while a realistic case study based on the power system of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura in Spain provides a deep numerical analysis.