Skip to main content
Top

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Deep Learning in Smart Applications: Approaches and Challenges

Authors : M. Sowmiya, B. Banu Rekha, R. Kanthavel

Published in: Challenges and Solutions for Sustainable Smart City Development

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The mission of the smart city is to improve the infrastructure and services to resourcefully manage the growing urbanization, maintain a sustainable environment, and improve the economic and living standards of their citizens. Various growing fields of artificial intelligence are expected to perceptively support the sustainable development of smart cities. People living standards are improved by incorporating the technology in their daily activities to provide the growth of smart cities. This study reviews the theoretical perspective of how deep learning can be applied to the development of smart applications. A comprehensive insight has been brought into the deep learning algorithms involved in applications like waste management and the healthcare domain. Specifically, this paper discusses the significance of deep architectures to classify the waste images into recyclable or not. Additionally, the development of the smart imaging sector to diagnose diabetic retinopathy pathology has been addressed. This paper reviews the freely available datasets, extensively used pre-processing steps, and analyzing the performance of DL algorithms for the aforementioned applications. We also discuss future research directions where the DL techniques can play a significant part to realize the concept of intelligent applications.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference D. Luckey, H. Fritz, D. Legatiuk, K. Dragos, K. Smarsly, Artificial intelligence techniques for smart city applications, in 18th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, vol. 98 (Springer, 2020), pp. 3–15 D. Luckey, H. Fritz, D. Legatiuk, K. Dragos, K. Smarsly, Artificial intelligence techniques for smart city applications, in 18th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, vol. 98 (Springer, 2020), pp. 3–15
2.
go back to reference D.H. Keum, S.-K. Kim, J. Koo, G.H. Lee, C. Jeon, J.W. Mok, B.H. Mun, K.J. Lee, E. Kamrani, C.-K. Joo, S. Shin, J.Y. Sim, D. Myung, S.H. Yun, Z. Bao, S.K. Hahn, Wireless smart contact lens for diabetic diagnosis and therapy. Applied sciences and engineering. Sci. Adv. 6(17), eaba3252 (2020)CrossRef D.H. Keum, S.-K. Kim, J. Koo, G.H. Lee, C. Jeon, J.W. Mok, B.H. Mun, K.J. Lee, E. Kamrani, C.-K. Joo, S. Shin, J.Y. Sim, D. Myung, S.H. Yun, Z. Bao, S.K. Hahn, Wireless smart contact lens for diabetic diagnosis and therapy. Applied sciences and engineering. Sci. Adv. 6(17), eaba3252 (2020)CrossRef
3.
go back to reference B. Sosale, S.R. Aravind, H. Murthy, S. Narayana, U. Sharma, S.G.V. Gowda, M. Naveenam, Simple, mobile based artificial intelligence algorithm in the detection of diabetic retinopathy (SMART) study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care 8(1), e000892 (2020)CrossRef B. Sosale, S.R. Aravind, H. Murthy, S. Narayana, U. Sharma, S.G.V. Gowda, M. Naveenam, Simple, mobile based artificial intelligence algorithm in the detection of diabetic retinopathy (SMART) study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care 8(1), e000892 (2020)CrossRef
4.
go back to reference A.H. Chowdhury, N. Mohammad, R.U. Haque, T. Hossain, Developing 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) strategy for waste management in the urban areas of bangladesh: socioeconomic and climate adoption mitigation option. J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. Food Technol. 8(5), 09–18 (2014). IOSR A.H. Chowdhury, N. Mohammad, R.U. Haque, T. Hossain, Developing 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) strategy for waste management in the urban areas of bangladesh: socioeconomic and climate adoption mitigation option. J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. Food Technol. 8(5), 09–18 (2014). IOSR
5.
go back to reference M. Jaganmohan, Waste management in India—statistics & facts. Energy Environ. Serv. (2020) M. Jaganmohan, Waste management in India—statistics & facts. Energy Environ. Serv. (2020)
6.
go back to reference D. Gyawali, A. Regmi, A. Shakya, A. Gautam, S. Shrestha, Comparative analysis of multiple deep CNN models for waste. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. arXiv (2020) D. Gyawali, A. Regmi, A. Shakya, A. Gautam, S. Shrestha, Comparative analysis of multiple deep CNN models for waste. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. arXiv (2020)
7.
go back to reference L. Sharan, R. Rosenholtz, E. Adelson, Material perception: what can you see in a brief glance? J. Vis. 9(784), (2009) L. Sharan, R. Rosenholtz, E. Adelson, Material perception: what can you see in a brief glance? J. Vis. 9(784), (2009)
8.
go back to reference S. Bell, P. Upchurch, N. Snavely, K. Bala, Material recognition in the wild with the materials in context database, in IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2015, pp. 3479–3487 S. Bell, P. Upchurch, N. Snavely, K. Bala, Material recognition in the wild with the materials in context database, in IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2015, pp. 3479–3487
9.
go back to reference G.E. Sakr, M. Mokbel, A. Darwich, M.N. Khneisser, A. Hadi, Comparing deep learning and support vector machines for autonomous waste sorting, in IEEE International Multidisciplinary Conference on Engineering Technology (IMCET), Beirut, 2016, pp. 207–212 G.E. Sakr, M. Mokbel, A. Darwich, M.N. Khneisser, A. Hadi, Comparing deep learning and support vector machines for autonomous waste sorting, in IEEE International Multidisciplinary Conference on Engineering Technology (IMCET), Beirut, 2016, pp. 207–212
10.
go back to reference O. Awe, R. Mengistu, V. Sreedhar, Smart trash net: waste localization and classification. arXiv (2017) O. Awe, R. Mengistu, V. Sreedhar, Smart trash net: waste localization and classification. arXiv (2017)
11.
go back to reference P. Nowakowski, T. Pamuła, Application of deep learning object classifier to improve e-waste collection planning. Waste Manag. 109, 1–9 (2020). ElsevierCrossRef P. Nowakowski, T. Pamuła, Application of deep learning object classifier to improve e-waste collection planning. Waste Manag. 109, 1–9 (2020). ElsevierCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Y. Chu, C. Huang, X. Xie, B. Tan, S. Kamal, X. Xiong, Multilayer hybrid deep-learning method for waste classification and recycling. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2018, 5060857 (2018). HindawiCrossRef Y. Chu, C. Huang, X. Xie, B. Tan, S. Kamal, X. Xiong, Multilayer hybrid deep-learning method for waste classification and recycling. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2018, 5060857 (2018). HindawiCrossRef
13.
go back to reference A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, G.E. Hinton, ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Commun. ACM 60(6), (2017). ACM Digital Library A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, G.E. Hinton, ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Commun. ACM 60(6), (2017). ACM Digital Library
14.
go back to reference U. Ozkaya, L. Seyfi, Fine-tuning models comparisons on garbage classification for recyclability. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. arXiv (2018) U. Ozkaya, L. Seyfi, Fine-tuning models comparisons on garbage classification for recyclability. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. arXiv (2018)
15.
go back to reference V. Ruiz, A. Sanchez, J.F. Vélez, B. Raducanu, Automatic image-based waste classification, from bioinspired systems and biomedical applications to machine learning. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11487 (Springer, 2019) V. Ruiz, A. Sanchez, J.F. Vélez, B. Raducanu, Automatic image-based waste classification, from bioinspired systems and biomedical applications to machine learning. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11487 (Springer, 2019)
16.
go back to reference C. Bircanoglu, M. Atay, F. Beşer, O. Genç, M.A. Kızrak, RecycleNet: intelligent waste sorting using deep neural networks, in International Symposium on Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications (INISTA), IEEE, 2018, pp. 1–7 C. Bircanoglu, M. Atay, F. Beşer, O. Genç, M.A. Kızrak, RecycleNet: intelligent waste sorting using deep neural networks, in International Symposium on Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications (INISTA), IEEE, 2018, pp. 1–7
17.
go back to reference G. Mittal, K.B. Yagnik, M. Garg, N.C. Krishnan, SpotGarbage: smartphone app to detect garbage using deep learning, in 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, 2016, pp. 940–945 G. Mittal, K.B. Yagnik, M. Garg, N.C. Krishnan, SpotGarbage: smartphone app to detect garbage using deep learning, in 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, 2016, pp. 940–945
18.
go back to reference R.A. Aral, Ş.R. Keskin, M. Kaya, M. Haciomeroglu, Classification of TrashNet dataset based on deep learning models, in IEEE International Conference on Big Data, USA, 2018, pp. 2058–2062 R.A. Aral, Ş.R. Keskin, M. Kaya, M. Haciomeroglu, Classification of TrashNet dataset based on deep learning models, in IEEE International Conference on Big Data, USA, 2018, pp. 2058–2062
19.
go back to reference J. Sousa, A. Rebelo, J.S. Cardoso, Automation of waste sorting with deep learning, in 2019 XV Workshop de Visao Computacional (WVC), Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil, 2019, pp. 43–48 J. Sousa, A. Rebelo, J.S. Cardoso, Automation of waste sorting with deep learning, in 2019 XV Workshop de Visao Computacional (WVC), Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil, 2019, pp. 43–48
20.
go back to reference C. Shorten, T.M. Khoshgoftaar, A survey on image data augmentation for deep learning. J. Big Data 6, 60 (2019). SpringerCrossRef C. Shorten, T.M. Khoshgoftaar, A survey on image data augmentation for deep learning. J. Big Data 6, 60 (2019). SpringerCrossRef
21.
go back to reference X. Xu, X. Qi, X. Diao, Reach on waste classification and identification by transfer learning and lightweight neural network, Preprints (2020) X. Xu, X. Qi, X. Diao, Reach on waste classification and identification by transfer learning and lightweight neural network, Preprints (2020)
22.
go back to reference K. Ahmad, K. Khan, A. Al-Fuqaha, Intelligent fusion of deep features for improved waste classification. IEEE Access 8, 96495–96504 (2020)CrossRef K. Ahmad, K. Khan, A. Al-Fuqaha, Intelligent fusion of deep features for improved waste classification. IEEE Access 8, 96495–96504 (2020)CrossRef
23.
go back to reference H. Erdal, I. Karahanoglu, Bagging ensemble models for bank profitability: an empirical research on Turkish development and investment banks. Appl. Soft Comput. 49, 861–867 (2016). ElsevierCrossRef H. Erdal, I. Karahanoglu, Bagging ensemble models for bank profitability: an empirical research on Turkish development and investment banks. Appl. Soft Comput. 49, 861–867 (2016). ElsevierCrossRef
24.
go back to reference M. Badara, M. Harisa, A. Fatima, Application of deep learning for retinal image analysis: a review. Comput. Sci. Rev. 35, 100203 (2020). ElsevierMathSciNetCrossRef M. Badara, M. Harisa, A. Fatima, Application of deep learning for retinal image analysis: a review. Comput. Sci. Rev. 35, 100203 (2020). ElsevierMathSciNetCrossRef
25.
go back to reference L. Seoud, T. Hurtut, J. Chelbi, F. Cheriet, J.M.P. Langlois, Red lesion detection using dynamic shape features for diabetic retinopathy screening. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 35(4), 1116–1126 (2016)CrossRef L. Seoud, T. Hurtut, J. Chelbi, F. Cheriet, J.M.P. Langlois, Red lesion detection using dynamic shape features for diabetic retinopathy screening. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 35(4), 1116–1126 (2016)CrossRef
26.
go back to reference M.D. Abràmoff, M.K. Garvin, M. Sonka, Retinal imaging and image analysis. IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng. 3, 169–208 (2010)CrossRef M.D. Abràmoff, M.K. Garvin, M. Sonka, Retinal imaging and image analysis. IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng. 3, 169–208 (2010)CrossRef
27.
go back to reference G. Indumathi, V. Sathananthavathi, Microaneurysms detection for early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy using shape and steerable Gaussian features, in Telemedicine Technologies, Big Data, Deep Learning, Robotics, Mobile and Remote Applications for Global Healthcare, 2019, pp. 57–69 G. Indumathi, V. Sathananthavathi, Microaneurysms detection for early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy using shape and steerable Gaussian features, in Telemedicine Technologies, Big Data, Deep Learning, Robotics, Mobile and Remote Applications for Global Healthcare, 2019, pp. 57–69
28.
go back to reference J. Shan, L. Li, A deep learning method for microaneurysm detection in fundus images, in 2016 IEEE First International Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies (CHASE), Washington, 2016, pp. 357–358 J. Shan, L. Li, A deep learning method for microaneurysm detection in fundus images, in 2016 IEEE First International Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies (CHASE), Washington, 2016, pp. 357–358
29.
go back to reference M. Haloi, Improved Microaneurysm Detection Using Deep Neural Networks, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cornell University, Ithaca, 2016) M. Haloi, Improved Microaneurysm Detection Using Deep Neural Networks, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cornell University, Ithaca, 2016)
30.
go back to reference P. Khojasteh, B. Aliahmad, D.K. Kumar, Fundus images analysis using deep features for detection of exudates, hemorrhages and microaneurysms. BMC Ophthalmol. 18(1), 288 (2018)CrossRef P. Khojasteh, B. Aliahmad, D.K. Kumar, Fundus images analysis using deep features for detection of exudates, hemorrhages and microaneurysms. BMC Ophthalmol. 18(1), 288 (2018)CrossRef
31.
go back to reference X. Sui, Y. Jiang, Y. Ding, Y. Peng, W. Jiao, B. Zhao, Y. Zheng, Human grading of diabetic retinopathy improves deep learning based automatic segmentation of microaneurysms from fundus image. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 61(7), 2037 (2020) X. Sui, Y. Jiang, Y. Ding, Y. Peng, W. Jiao, B. Zhao, Y. Zheng, Human grading of diabetic retinopathy improves deep learning based automatic segmentation of microaneurysms from fundus image. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 61(7), 2037 (2020)
32.
go back to reference R.S. Biyani, B.M. Patre, Algorithms for red lesion detection in Diabetic Retinopathy: a review. Biomed. Pharmacother. 107, 681–688 (2018)CrossRef R.S. Biyani, B.M. Patre, Algorithms for red lesion detection in Diabetic Retinopathy: a review. Biomed. Pharmacother. 107, 681–688 (2018)CrossRef
33.
go back to reference A. Benzamin, C. Chakraborty, Detection of Hard Exudates in Retinal Fundus Images Using Deep Learning, Image and Video Processing (Cornell University, Ithaca, 2018) A. Benzamin, C. Chakraborty, Detection of Hard Exudates in Retinal Fundus Images Using Deep Learning, Image and Video Processing (Cornell University, Ithaca, 2018)
34.
go back to reference N. Theera-Umpon, I. Poonkasem, S. Auephanwiriyakul, et al., Hard exudate detection in retinal fundus images using supervised learning. Neural Comput. & Appl. 32, 13079–13096 (2020)CrossRef N. Theera-Umpon, I. Poonkasem, S. Auephanwiriyakul, et al., Hard exudate detection in retinal fundus images using supervised learning. Neural Comput. & Appl. 32, 13079–13096 (2020)CrossRef
35.
go back to reference S. Wana, Y. Lianga, Y. Zhang, Deep convolutional neural networks for diabetic retinopathy detection by image classification. Comput. Electr. Eng. 72, 274–282 (2018). ElsevierCrossRef S. Wana, Y. Lianga, Y. Zhang, Deep convolutional neural networks for diabetic retinopathy detection by image classification. Comput. Electr. Eng. 72, 274–282 (2018). ElsevierCrossRef
36.
go back to reference H. Pratt, F. Coenen, D.M. Broadbent, S.P. Harding, Y. Zheng, Convolutional neural networks for diabetic retinopathy. Proc. Comput. Sci. 90, 200–205 (2016). ElsevierCrossRef H. Pratt, F. Coenen, D.M. Broadbent, S.P. Harding, Y. Zheng, Convolutional neural networks for diabetic retinopathy. Proc. Comput. Sci. 90, 200–205 (2016). ElsevierCrossRef
37.
go back to reference M.T. Hagos, S. Kant, Transfer Learning Based Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy from Small Dataset, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cornell University, Ithaca, 2019) M.T. Hagos, S. Kant, Transfer Learning Based Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy from Small Dataset, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cornell University, Ithaca, 2019)
38.
go back to reference R. Sarki, S. Michalska, K. Ahmed, H. Wang, Y. Zhang, Convolutional neural networks for mild diabetic retinopathy detection: an experimental study. bioRxiv (2019) R. Sarki, S. Michalska, K. Ahmed, H. Wang, Y. Zhang, Convolutional neural networks for mild diabetic retinopathy detection: an experimental study. bioRxiv (2019)
39.
go back to reference B. Tymchenko, P. Marchenko, D. Spodarets, Deep Learning Approach to Diabetic Retinopathy Detection, Machine Learning (Cornell University, Ithaca, 2020) B. Tymchenko, P. Marchenko, D. Spodarets, Deep Learning Approach to Diabetic Retinopathy Detection, Machine Learning (Cornell University, Ithaca, 2020)
40.
go back to reference S. Qummar et al., A deep learning ensemble approach for diabetic retinopathy detection. IEEE Access 7, 150530–150539 (2019)CrossRef S. Qummar et al., A deep learning ensemble approach for diabetic retinopathy detection. IEEE Access 7, 150530–150539 (2019)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Deep Learning in Smart Applications: Approaches and Challenges
Authors
M. Sowmiya
B. Banu Rekha
R. Kanthavel
Copyright Year
2021
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70183-3_3

Premium Partner