Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation
Published in: Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation 3/2017

01-09-2017

Defect Detection via Instrumented Impact in Thick-Sectioned Laminate Composites

Authors: Shane Esola, Ivan Bartoli, Suzanne E. Horner, James Q. Zheng, Antonios Kontsos

Published in: Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation | Issue 3/2017

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The application of impact-based nondestructive inspection to thick-sectioned laminate composite parts, although widely reported, is still hampered by a number of challenges. In this article, microphone-recorded impact response variations are associated with delaminations within a variety of test specimens, building in complexity from metal to composite simulant and finally toward the application of the method to hard armor protective inserts. Defective and defect-free states are verified a priori by both operator quality inspections and X-ray computed tomography. Potential delamination-discriminating metrics are determined by signal processing of vibroacoustic data. Prior reported “tap test” metrics that focus on impact force-time histories are shown to be insufficient for thick-sections laminates. The empirical results reported herein, additionally supported by simulations, suggest that large defects may be detectible via a frequency content analysis. Method limitations, potential confounds, and the extension to the case of smaller defects is discussed.
previous article Experimental Simultaneous Measurement of Ultrasonic Properties and Thickness for Defect Detection in Curved Polymer Samples
next article Computational Time Reversal for NDT Applications Using Experimental Data

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
Literature
1.
Spain, R., Schubring, N., Diamond, M.: An electronic ear for certifying reliability. Mater. Eval. Am. Soc. Nondestruct. Test. 22(3), 113–117 (1964)
2.
Nagy, K., Dousis, D.A., Finch, R.D.: Detection of flaws in railroad wheels using acoustic signatures. J. Eng. Ind. 100(4), 459–465 (1978)CrossRef
3.
Cawley, P.: Non-destructive testing of mass produced components by natural frequency measurements. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B: J. Eng. Manuf. 199(3), 161–168 (1985)CrossRef
4.
Cawley, P., Woolfrey, A.M., Adams, R.D.: Natural frequency measurements for production quality control of fibre composites. Composites 16(1), 23–27 (1985)CrossRef
5.
Carino, N.J.: The impact-echo method: an overview. In: Proceedings of the 2001 Structures Congress & Exposition (2001)
6.
Cheng, C., Sansalone, M.: The impact-echo response of concrete plates containing delaminations: numerical, experimental and field studies. Mater. Struct. 26(5), 274–285 (1993)CrossRef
7.
ASTM International: Standard Test Method for Measuring the P-Wave Speed and the Thickness of Concrete Plates Using the Impact-Echo Method. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, PA (2015)
8.
Oh, T., et al.: Improved interpretation of vibration responses from concrete delamination defects using air-coupled impact resonance tests. J. Eng. Mech. 139(3), 315–324 (2012)CrossRef
9.
Zhu, J., Popovics, J.S.: Imaging concrete structures using air-coupled impact-echo. J. Eng. Mech. 133(6), 628–640 (2007)CrossRef
10.
ASTM International: Standard Practice for Evaluating the Condition of Concrete Plates Using the Impulse-Response Method. West Conshohocken, PA (2010)
11.
Nazarian, S., Reddy, S., Baker, M.: Determination of voids under rigid pavements using impulse response method. In: Von Quintas, H.L., Bush, A.J., III, Baladi, G.Y. (eds.) Nondestructive Testing of Pavements and Backcalculation of Moduli, ASTM STP 1198, vol. 2. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia (1994)
12.
Raju, P.K., Vaidya, U.K.: Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of composites using the acoustic impact technique (AIT). In: Mitchell, M.R., Buck, O. (eds.) Cyclic Deformation, Fracture, and Nondestructive Evaluation of Advanced Materials, ASTM STP 1184, vol. 2, pp. 376–391. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia (1994)
13.
Schroeer, R.: The acoustic impact technique. Non-Destruct. Test. 3(3), 194–196 (1970)CrossRef
14.
ASTM International: Standard Guide for Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy for Defect Detection in Both Metallic and Non-metallic Parts. West Conshohocken, PA (2013)
15.
Jüngert, A., Große, C., Krüger, M.: Local acoustic resonance spectroscopy (LARS) for glass fiber-reinforced polymer applications. J. Nondestruct. Eval. 33(1), 23–33 (2014)
16.
Lange, Y.V.: Acoustical spectral nondestructive-testing method. Sov. J. Nondestruct. Test. USSR 14(3), 193–199 (1978)
17.
Avitabile, P.: Experimental modal analysis. J. Sound Vib. 35, 20–31 (2001)
18.
Chopra, A.K.: Dynamics of Structures, vol. 3. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1995)MATH
19.
Luo, H., Hanagud, S.: Delamination modes in composite plates. J. Aerosp. Eng. 9(4), 106–113 (1996)CrossRef
20.
Pardoen, G.C.: Effect of delamination on the natural frequencies of composite laminates. J. Compos. Mater. 23(12), 1200–1215 (1989)CrossRef
21.
Pérez, M.A., Gil, L., Oller, S.: Impact damage identification in composite laminates using vibration testing. Compos. Struct. 108, 267–276 (2014)CrossRef
22.
Cawley, P.: Low frequency NDT techniques for the detection of disbands and delaminations. Br. J. Non-Destruct. Test. 32(9), 454–461 (1990)
23.
Cawley, P., Adams, R.D.: The mechanics of the coin-tap method of non-destructive testing. J. Sound Vib. 122(2), 299–316 (1988)CrossRef
24.
Hsu, D.K., Barnard, D.J., Peters, J.J., Dayal, V.: Physical basis of tap test as a quantitative imaging tool for composite structures on aircraft. In: Thompson, D.O., Chimenti, D.E. (eds.) Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Symposium on Qualitative Nondestructive Evaluation. AIP Conference Proceedings, Montréal, Canada, 25–30 July, vol. 19, pp. 1857–1864. American Institute of Physics (2000)
25.
Hsu, D.K., Barnard, D.J., Peters, J.J., Hudelson, N.A.: Non-Destructive Inspections and the Display of Inspection Results. US Patent 6,327,921 B1, 11 Dec 2011. Iowa State University, Ames, IA
26.
Peters, J.J., Barnard, D.J., Hudelson, N.A., Simpson, T.S., Hsu, D.K.: A prototype tap test imaging system: initial field test results. In: Thompson, D.O., Chimenti, D.E. (eds.) Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Symposium on Qualitative Nondestructive Evaluation. AIP Conference Proceedings, Montréal, Canada, 25–30 July, vol. 19, pp. 2053–2060. American Institute of Physics (2000)
27.
Georgeson, G., Lea, S., Hansen, J.: Electronic tap hammer for composite damage assessment. In: Rempt, R.D., Broz, A.L. (eds.) Nondestructive Evaluation of Aging Aircraft, Airports, and Aerospace Hardware. Proceedings of SPIE 2945, 3 Dec, Scottsdale, AZ, vol. 2945, pp. 328–338. SPIE (1996)
28.
Georgeson, G.E.: Damage Detection Device and Method. The Boeing Company, Seattle, WA (2004)
29.
Mitsuhashi, K., et al.: Method and Apparatus for Impact-Type Inspection of Structures. Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., Tokyo (1991)
30.
Pfund, B.: Portable test hammer apparatus. US Patent 5,686,652, 11 Nov 1997
31.
Ibrahim, M.E.: Nondestructive evaluation of thick-section composites and sandwich structures: a review. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 64, 36–48 (2014)CrossRef
32.
Cawley, P., Adams, R.D.: Sensitivity of the coin-tap method of nondestructive testing. Mater. Eval. 47, 558–563 (1989)
33.
Carino, N.J.: Impact echo: the fundamentals. In: International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE), Berlin, Germany (2015)
34.
Fastl, H., Zwicker, E.: Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models. Springer, Berlin (2007)CrossRef
35.
Wightman, F.L., Green, D.M.: The perception of pitch: the pitch of a sound wave is closely related to its frequency or periodicity–but the exact nature of that relation remains a mystery. Am. Sci. 62(2), 208–215 (1974)
36.
Andreisek, G., et al.: The virtual tap test— a training system for wind turbine rotor blade inspectors. In: Proceedings of the 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (2016)
37.
Giordano, B.L., Rocchesso, D., McAdams, S.: Integration of acoustical information in the perception of impacted sound sources: the role of information accuracy and exploitability. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 36(2), 462 (2010)CrossRef
38.
Haynes, N., et al.: Automated non-destructive evaluation system for hard armor protective inserts of body armor. In: Personal Armour Systems Symposium. International Personal Armour Committee (IPAC), Brussels, Belgium (2008)
39.
Roberson, C., et al.: Update on practical non destructive testing methods for in-service QA of ceramic body armor plates. In: Personal Armour Systems Symposium. International Personal Armour Committee (IPAC), Leeds, UK
40.
Meitzler, T.J., et al.: Crack detection in armor plates using ultrasonic techniques. Mater. Eval. Am. Soc. Nondestruct. Test. 66, 555–559 (2008)
41.
Godínez-Azcuaga, V.F., Finlayson, R.D.: Acoustic techniques for the inspection of ballistic protective inserts in personnel armor. SAMPE 39, 8–19 (2003)
42.
Godínez-Azcuaga, V.F., Ozevin, D., Finlayson, R.D.: Automated Damage Assessment System for Protective Inserts Using Low Frequency Ultrasonics. US Army RDECOM-NSRDEC; Physical Acoustics Corporation, Natick, Massachusetts (2006)
43.
Rayleigh, L.: The Theory of Sound. Unabridged, Second Revised, vol. I & II. Dover, New York (1945)
44.
Johnson, K.L.: Mechanics, Contact, Printing, Ninth, 2003. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1985)
45.
Cawley, P., Adams, R.: Sensitivity of the coin-tap method of nondestructive testing. Mater. Eval. 47(5), 558–563 (1989)
46.
Cawley, P.: A high frequency coin-tap method of non-destructive testing. Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 5(1), 1–11 (1991)CrossRef
47.
Cawley, P., Theodorakopoulos, C.: The membrane resonance method of non-destructive testing. J. Sound Vib. 130(2), 299–311 (1989)
48.
Mackie, R., Vardy, A.: Applying the coin-tap test to adhesives in civil engineering: a numerical study. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 10(3), 215–220 (1990)CrossRef
49.
Oh, T., Popovics, J.S., Sim, S.-H.: Analysis of vibration for regions above rectangular delamination defects in solids. J. Sound Vib. 332(7), 1766–1776 (2013)CrossRef
50.
Solodov, I., Bai, J., Busse, G.: Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy of defects: case study of flat-bottomed holes. J. Appl. Phys. 113(22), 223512 (2013)
51.
Esola, S., et al.: Parametric study using modal analysis of a bi-material plate with defects. In: 41st Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. AIP, Boise, Idaho (2014)
Metadata
Title
Defect Detection via Instrumented Impact in Thick-Sectioned Laminate Composites
Authors
Shane Esola
Ivan Bartoli
Suzanne E. Horner
James Q. Zheng
Antonios Kontsos
Publication date
01-09-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation / Issue 3/2017
Print ISSN: 0195-9298
Electronic ISSN: 1573-4862
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-017-0422-8

Other articles of this Issue 3/2017

Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation 3/2017 Go to the issue

OriginalPaper

Feasibility and Reliability of Grain Noise Suppression in Monitoring of Highly Scattering Materials

OriginalPaper

Automatic Identification of Rock-Forming Minerals in Granite Using Laboratory Scale Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging and Artificial Neural Networks

OriginalPaper

Automatic Windowing for Highly Dynamic Industrial X-ray Image Based on Short-Term Energy of Gray Histogram

OriginalPaper

Effect of Defect Size on Subsurface Defect Detectability and Defect Depth Estimation for Concrete Structures by Infrared Thermography

OriginalPaper

Validation of Model Order Assumption and Noise Reduction Method for the Impact Resonance Testing of Asphalt Concrete

OriginalPaper

Threat Objects Detection in X-ray Images Using an Active Vision Approach

Premium Partners

    Image Credits