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2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

11. Demonstrate Performance, Learn from Failure

Authors : Kim Sorvig, J. William Thompson

Published in: Sustainable Landscape Construction

Publisher: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics

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Abstract

It is easy to forget how young contemporary green building is. Many green methods are as old as vernacular construction, dating back millennia. But the current movement is often dated to the first Earth Day, in 1970, and to experimentation in response to the 1973 “oil crisis.” Formation of the AIA’s Committee on the Environment in 1989, and the launch of LEED in 1998, are other benchmarks. Depending on which of these dates is used, the movement is no more than forty-four years old, and in the United States, attempts to set standards began only twenty years ago. The pattern is typical: as a young discipline or industry grows, competing definitions of success, failure, and quality come to the fore, gradually resolving into agreed standards. Almost every type of product or service has its own certification and set of standards, sometimes more than one.

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Footnotes
1
Hinckley Allen Construction Newsletter, 31 Mar 2015. Hinckley Allen is a construction law firm with CT, RI, NH, NY, and PA offices. Peter J. Martin and Jared Cohane, “Fear and Loathing: The Specter of Perpetual Liability When Working for Municipal Owners,” www.​hinckleyallen.​com/​publications/​fear-and-loathing-the-specter-of-perpetual-liability-when-working-for-municipal-owners/​. Laws ex-empting the state from the statute of limitations are called “nullum tempus” statutes and vary by state. Design and construction professionals should determine whether their state has such a law. For a state-by-state review, see https://​web.​archive.​org/​web/​20140108165345/http://​web.​uslaw.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​2013/​08/​Nullum_​Tempus_​Compendium_​of_​Law.​pdf.
 
2
“The History of the Good Housekeeping Seal,” www.​goodhousekeeping​.​com/​institute/​about-the-institute/​a16509/​good-housekeeping-seal-history/​, with additional information from the Wikipedia entry on GH.
 
4
Cited in Stephanie Vierra, “Green Building Standards and Certification Systems,” updated 9 Dec 2016, WBDG, www.​wbdg.​org/​resources/​green-building-standards-and-certification-systems. WBDG is the Whole Building Design Guide (www.​wbdg.​org), a useful program of the National Institute of Building Sciences in Washington DC (www.​nibs.​org).
 
5
Studies of constructability (on video as well as in print) are available from the Construction Industry Institute, Austin TX, 512-232-2000, or http://​construction-institute.​org/​.
 
6
See Alex Wilson, “Green Builder Programs Proliferating,” EBN 4, no. 1 (1995): 6–7.
 
7
Release history: LEED 1.0, essentially a pilot, was released in 1998. An “expert charrette” (in which I took part) significantly revised the system for release as LEED 2.0 in March 2000. A further up-date, LEED 2.1, is primarily about streamlining the documentation process to overcome criticism that the bureaucratic effort was too ponderous. The USGBC planned to revise the system every three years. LEED 3.0 was expected in 2003 but was delayed until 2007. Like Microsoft, USGBC inserted LEED 2009 between v3 and v4. LEED v4 was released in 2013; applications under LEED 2009 were accepted through 2016, with LEED v4 taking over in 2017.
 
8
Go to www.​usgbc.​org, website of the US Green Building Council, select Resources, and then search for checklists. Sandra Mendler and William Odell, The HOK Guidebook to Sustainable Design (New York: Wiley, 2000) discusses early LEED and is an excellent general reference.
 
9
ASHRAE = American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials.
 
10
See www.​usgbc.​org/​articles/​usgbc-statistics. Actual certification is now by GBCI, the Green Building Certification Institute, spun off from USGBC. The Certified Professional has split into LEED Green Associate and LEED Advanced Professional, and can be earned in one of five specialties. See https://​new.​usgbc.​org/​credentials.
 
11
Nadav Malin, “Green Globes Emerges to Challenge LEED,” EBN 14, no. 3 (Mar 2005), online at www.​buildinggreen.​com/​.
 
12
Candace Pearson and Paula Melton, “ANSI to Pilot Greenwash-Busting Eco-Label Pro-gram,” EBN, Apr 2014, 18. Underwriters Laboratories was a nonprofit from its founding in 1894 through 2011, after which it became for-profit under the name UL (according to Wikipedia; the entry on UL has a useful long list of “similar organizations” for anyone deeply interested). UL Environment has offered green certification of low-emissions products (GreenGuard) and multiple-criterion sustainability (EcoLogo) since about 2011.
 
13
Jason Grant, “Greenwash Action: Defending Real Sustainability Standards,” Earth Island Journal, Winter 2015, www.​earthisland.​org/​journal/​index.​php/​eij/​article/​greenwash_​action/​.
 
14
Bernard R. Fortunato III et al., “Identification of Safety Risks for High-Performance Sustainable Construction Projects,” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 138, no. 4 (Apr 2012): 499–508.
 
15
Shari Shapiro, “LEED Lawsuit Gets Dismissed, but Energy Efficiency Fight Goes On,” GreenBiz.​com, 19 Aug 2011, www.​greenbiz.​com/​blog/​2011/​08/​19/​leed-lawsuit-gets-dismissed-energy-efficiency-fight-goes.
 
16
Shari Shapiro, “Decision in BIA v. Washington Does Not Clarify When Energy Efficient Codes Are Preempted by Federal Law,” Green Building Law (blog), 13 Jul 2012, www.​greenbuildinglaw​blog.​com/​articles/​litigation/​.
 
17
Details on these programs are not included for several reasons. SITES is part of the LEED behemoth and is the most widespread in the United States, at least. The text of ASHRAE, a large proportion of which is not relevant to landscapes, is only available by paying $128. The Living Challenge programs are hidden many layers deep (download basics from https://​living-future.​org/​lcc/​basics/​), suggesting a need for a Living Web-site Challenge.
 
19
Truth in advertising: Although I consulted on both the early landscape criteria in LEED and later on SITES, this book’s earlier editions were among the titles considered insufficiently academic to include.
 
20
John de Graaf and David K. Batker, What’s the Economy For, Anyway? Why It’s Time to Stop Chasing Growth and Start Pursuing Happiness (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2011). In addition to being the source concerning RFK’s comments, this is a book of immense importance in trying to understand why the current world economy works so blindly against sustainability—and happiness.
 
21
“HOBO Data Loggers: Not Just for Researchers Anymore,” EBN, Nov 2012, 7. HO-BO is a brand of the Onset Computer Corporation.
 
22
Panelists were Tom Ryan, FASLA, Principal, Ryan Associates; Steven Apfelbaum, Principal Ecologist, Ap-plied Ecological Services; Duke Bitsko, Director of Interdisciplinary Design, Chester Engineers; and Robert Pine, FASLA, Pine & Swallow Environmental. Each gave me a generous interview for this book. My summarizing and interpreting of their thoughts should not be blamed on them, however.
 
23
The four articles, all in 2016 issues of LAM, were “Life and Limb: Four Principals Talk About Risk Management” (Oct, p. 86); “The Right Path” (Nov, p. 48); “The Right Ingredients: Why Biofiltration Sometimes Fails” (Nov, p. 44); and “Weather-Smithing” (ASLA Professional Award, Research; Sep, p. 126).
 
24
Cain Burdeau, Associated Press, “Engineering Society Under Fire,” Santa Fe New Mexican, 26 Mar 2008. Online under a slightly different title at http://​newsok.​com/​article/​3220872.
 
25
See note 15 above.
 
26
Available online at http://​theaiatrust.​com/​filecabinet/​Sustainability-risks-2013.​pdf. The report is a white paper from insurer Victor O. Schinnerer & Company but not freely available from the company’s website. It was written by Kristin Ballobin, 2008 Milton F. Lunch Research Fellow. Please, oh please, let Milton’s middle name be “Free”!
 
27
S. T. Lovell and D. M. Johnston, “Designing Landscapes for Performance Based on Emerging Principles in Landscape Ecology,” Ecology and Society 14, no. 1 (2009): 44, www.​ecologyandsociet​y.​org/​vol14/​iss1/​art44/​.
 
Metadata
Title
Demonstrate Performance, Learn from Failure
Authors
Kim Sorvig
J. William Thompson
Copyright Year
2018
Publisher
Island Press/Center for Resource Economics
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-811-4_12