1 Introduction
2 Related work
2.1 Prior work of detecting wormhole attacks
2.2 IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks
3 Proposed system
4 Simulation and results
Identified as affected | Identified as unaffected | |
---|---|---|
Affected nodes | True positive (TP) | False positive (FP) |
Unaffected nodes | False negative (FN) | True negative (TN) |
4.1 Experiment 1
Map size | 500×500 |
Number of benign node | 50 |
Communication ranges of benign nodes | 100 |
Weight of rain fade | 1.0 |
Length of wormhole tunnel | 300 |
MAC address | Coordinates | |
---|---|---|
Root node 1 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:1 | (10,100) |
Node 2 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:2 | (350,320) |
Node 3 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:3 | (439,99) |
Node 4 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:4 | (33,139) |
Node 5 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:5 | (418,384) |
Node 6 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:6 | (467,302) |
Node 7 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:7 | (382,41) |
Node 8 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:8 | (280,323) |
Node 9 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:9 | (427,71) |
Node 10 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:10 | (17,117) |
Node 11 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:11 | (354,123) |
Node 12 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:12 | (478,281) |
Node 13 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:13 | (208,174) |
Node 14 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:14 | (280,115) |
Node 15 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:15 | (278,72) |
Node 16 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:16 | (169,274) |
Node 17 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:17 | (144,376) |
Node 18 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:18 | (402,138) |
Node 19 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:19 | (75,457) |
Node 20 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:20 | (315,420) |
Node 21 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:21 | (79,158) |
Node 22 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:22 | (14,13) |
Node 23 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:23 | (183,170) |
Node 24 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:24 | (456,268) |
Node 25 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:25 | (26,384) |
Node 26 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:26 | (24,199) |
Node 27 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:27 | (162,72) |
Node 28 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:28 | (94,40) |
Node 29 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:29 | (22,225) |
Node 30 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:30 | (440,178) |
Node 31 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:31 | (296,161) |
Node 32 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:32 | (222,214) |
Node 33 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:33 | (114,326) |
Node 34 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:34 | (247,275) |
Node 35 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:35 | (230,260) |
Node 36 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:36 | (65,181) |
Node 37 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:37 | (61,284) |
Node 38 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:38 | (448,267) |
Node 39 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:39 | (296,323) |
Node 40 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:40 | (237,401) |
Node 41 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:41 | (475,99) |
Node 42 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:42 | (23,207) |
Node 43 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:43 | (309,112) |
Node 44 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:44 | (106,50) |
Node 45 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:45 | (255,405) |
Node 46 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:46 | (195,61) |
Node 47 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:47 | (249,81) |
Node 48 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:48 | (324,323) |
Node 49 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:49 | (271,393) |
Node 50 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:50 | (489,356) |
Malicious node 51 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:51 | (69,216) |
Malicious node 52 | Mac addr:11:11:11:11:11:52 | (345,99) |
TP | 9 |
FN | 0 |
TN | 41 |
FP | 0 |
Accuracy | 100% |
Precision | 100% |
Recall | 100% |
4.2 Experiment 2
Map size | 200 m×200 m, 300 m×300 m, 500 m×500 m, 800 m×800 m, 1000 m×1000 m |
Number of benign node | 100 |
Communication ranges of benign nodes | 100 m |
Weight of rain fade | 1.0 |
Length of wormhole tunnel | 300 m |
Map size | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
200×200 | 300×300 | 500×500 | 800×800 | 1000×1000 | |
Accuracy (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Precision (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Recall (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
4.3 Experiment 3
Map size | 500 m×500 m |
Number of benign nodes | 10, 30, 50, 100, 200 |
Communication range of benign nodes | 100 m |
Weight of rain fade | 1.0 |
Length of wormhole tunnel | 300 m |
Number of benign nodes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 30 | 50 | 100 | 200 | |
Accuracy (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Precision (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Recall (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
4.4 Experiment 4
Map size | 500 m×500 m |
Number of benign node | 100 |
Communication ranges of benign nodes (m) | 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 |
Weight of rain fade | 1.0 |
Length of wormhole tunnel | 300 m |
Communication range of benign nodes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 30 | 50 | 100 | 200 | |
Accuracy (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Precision (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Recall (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
4.5 Experiment 5
Map size | 500 m×500 m |
Number of benign node | 100 |
Communication range of benign nodes | 100 m |
Weight of rain fade | 1.0 |
Distance of wormhole tunnel (m) | 150, 200, 300, 400, 500 |
Distance of wormhole tunnel | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
150 m | 200 m | 300 m | 400 m | 500 m | |
Accuracy (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Precision (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Recall (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Map size | 500 m×500 m |
Number of benign node | 100 |
Communication range of benign nodes | 100 m |
Weight of rain fade | 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0 |
Distance of wormhole tunnel | 300 m |
Map size | 500 m×500 m |
Weight of rain fade | 1.0 |
Communication range of benign nodes | 100 m |
Number of benign nodes | 10, 30, 50, 100, 200 |
Distance of wormhole tunnel | 300 m |