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2013 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. Developments in Space Policies, Programmes and Technologies Throughout the World and in Europe

Author : Spyros Pagkratis

Published in: Yearbook on Space Policy 2010/2011

Publisher: Springer Vienna

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Abstract

All major space policy developments worldwide were presented in the previous section of Part I, in an attempt to clarify the principal space faring nations’ strategies in 2010 and 2011. In the section bellow, there will be a brief discussion on developments in technology related areas, including access to space technologies and policies. The aim of this section is to clarify how the strategies already presented above interact with and influence specific space programmes and related research and development projects.

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previous chapter European Space Activities in the Global Context

next chapter The Establishment of the UK Space Agency

De Selding, Peter B. “Arianespace Needs aid to avoid loss in 2010.” 4 Jan. 2011. Space News 4 Jan. 2011 http://www.spacenews.com/civil/110104-arianespace-needs-aid.html

“Garver: New NASA Direction Opens Door to Cooperation.” Space News 14 June 2010: 13.

“NASA Seeks Affordable Heavy-lift Rocket Ideas.” Space News 5 July 2010: 8.

“NASA Authorization Bill Passes Senate.” Space News 9 Aug. 2010: 3.

Space.com Staff. “NASA Funds Test Flights for Private Experimental Rockets.” 31 Aug. 2010. Space.com 5 Aug. 2012 http://www.space.com/9042-nasa-funds-test-flights-private-experimental-rockets.html

Werner, Debra. “Suborbital Spaceflight Gets a Boost from NASA, Congress.” 18 Oct. 2010 Space News 5 Aug. 2012 http://spacenews.com/venture_space/101018-suborbital-spaceflight-boost-nasa-congress.html

“NASA Grants Aim To Foster Manned Suborbital Flights.” Space News 6 Sept. 2011: 8.

Based on Euroconsult estimates.

“Russia to Break Ground In 2011 for Spaceport.” Space News 30 Aug. 2010: 3.

“Deal Permits Year-round Launches from Japan.” Space News 9 Aug. 2010: 9.

“Japan’s H2A Rocket Lofts Quasi-Zenith Sat.” Space News 20 Sept. 2011: 8.

“Long March 2D Rocket Lofts Chinese Research Satellite.” Space News, 21 June 2010: 9.

“China Launches 5th Satellite in 7 Weeks”. Space News 27 Sept. 2011: 3.

“China Great Wall Shakes Off Satellite’s Botched Launch”. Space News 27 Sept. 2011: 8.

PSLV. Indian Space Research Organization http://www.isro.org/Launchvehicles/PSLV/pslv.aspx

GSLV MARK III. Indian Space Research Organisation http://www.isro.org/Launchvehicles/GSLVMARKIII/mark3.aspx; and Bergin, Chris. “FAILURE: Indian GSLV fails during launch with GSAT-5P satellite.” 25 Dec. 2010. NASAspaceflight.com 25 Dec. 2010

http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2010/12/indian-gslv-launch-with-gsat-5p-satellite/

“South Korean Rocket Fails For the Second Time.” Space News 14 June 2010: 3.

“ESA – Human Spaceflight and Exploration – Astronauts – Graduation of Europe’s new astronauts.” 22 Nov. 2010. European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaHS/SEMRFLIRPGG_astronauts_0.html

“ESA – MagISStra – About the MagISStra mission.” 20 May 2011. European Space Agency 18 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/magisstra/SEM7E6QOHEG_0.html

“ESA – DAMA mission– A DAMA for Roberto.” European Space Agency 18 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/DAMA_mission/SEM4UE4SZLG_0.html

“ESA – ATV – ATV-2: Johannes Kepler.” 2 Mar. 2011. European Space Agency 18 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/ATV/SEM8HX6K56G_0.html

Beskow, C. “ATV-2 is no more… | Edoardo Amaldi#more-3188#more-3188.” 22 June 2011. European Space Agency 18 Aug. 2011 http://blogs.esa.int/atv/2011/06/22/atv-2-is-no-more%e2%80%a6/#more-3188

“Annual Report 2010 of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group.” International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.globalspaceexploration.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=927d699a-2126-4205-b182-2fc8409eff88&groupId=10812

“NASA – STS-133.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts133/main/index.html

“NASA – STS-134.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts134/main/index.html

ISECG…

“H-II Transfer Vehicle “KOUNOTORI2” (HTV2).” 24 Aug. 2011 http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/rockets/htv/index_e.html

“Starsem headlines.” Starsem: The Soyuz Company 24 Aug. 2011 http://www.starsem.com/news/headlines.html

“Spaceflight Now: Tracking Station: Launch Log.” 1 Aug. 2011 http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/launchlog.html

“ESA – Mars500” European Space Agency European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Mars500/

“ESA Portal – Exploring Rio Tinto Eurobotically.” 2 May 2011. European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMT1DZGRMG_index_0.html

“NASA – Desert Research and Technology Studies (RATS)” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/analogs/desertrats/index.html.

“The Mars Society: Mars Desert Research Station.” The Mars Society 24 Aug 2011 http://www.mdrs2011.com/

ISECG…

“ESA Portal – Next step for ESA’s first Moon lander.” 16 Sep. 2010. European Space Agency 19 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMUV2KOXDG_index_0.html

“NASA – Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO).” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/main/index.html

“NASA – ARTEMIS Mission Site.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/artemis/

“China announces success of Chang’e-2 lunar probe mission.” 8 Nov. 2010. Xinhua News 25 Aug. 2011 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-11/08/c_13596211.htm

“Google Lunar X PRIZE.” Google Lunar X Prize 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/

“Missions – LADEE – NASA Science.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://science.nasa.gov/missions/ladee/

“Missions – GRAIL – NASA Science.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://science.nasa.gov/missions/grail/

“Missions – ILN – NASA Science” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://science.nasa.gov/missions/iln/

“ESA – Mars Express.” European Space Agency. 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Mars_Express/index.html

“NASA – NASA and ESA’s First Joint Mission To Mars Selects Instruments.” 2 Aug. 2010. NASA 11 Aug. 2011 html://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/aug/HQ_10-181_Joint_Mars_Mission.html

ISECG…

“ESA Expects by July To Restart Work on 2016 Mars Mission.” Space News 30 May 2011: 6.

“Mars Odyssey.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 25 Aug. 2011 http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/

“Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Home.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 25 Aug. 2011 http://marsrover.nasa.gov/home/index.html

“Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 25 Aug. 2011 http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/.

“Mars Science Laboratory.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 25 Aug. 2011 http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/

“MAVEN.” University of Colorado at Boulder, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics 25 Aug. 2011 http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/

Friedman, Louis D. “Timeline for the Phobos Sample Return Mission (Phobos Grunt) – The Planetary Society Blog | The Planetary Society.” 27 Oct. 2010. The Planetary Society 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002738/

“Cassini Solstice Mission.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 25 Aug. 2011 http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/index.cfm

“ESA – Venus Express.” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Venus_Express/

“Venus Climate Orbiter mission of Japan.” JAXA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.stp.isas.jaxa.jp/venus/top_english.html

“VENERA-D: ВЕНЕРА: Изучение продолжается.” 3 Oct. 2011. Roscosmos 25 Aug. 2011 http://venera-d.cosmos.ru/index.php?id=692&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=1288&cHash=f9bfd2c6e7616171412b316d206d73a4

“ESA Science & Technology: BepiColombo.” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=30

“ESA Science & Technology: ESA’s Mercury mapper feels the heat.” 18 Jan. 2011. European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=48254

“MESSENGER: Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging: Mercury Orbit Insertion.” Press kit. NASA http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/525164main_MercuryMOI_PK.pdf

“NASA – Juno.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html

“Proba-2’s Lyra Solar Intensity Measurements Available.” 11 Mar. 2011. ESA 11 Mar. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Proba/SEMN91YTVKG_0.html

“PICARD.” CNES 25 Aug. 2011 http://smsc.cnes.fr/PICARD/

“SDO | Solar Dynamics Observatory.” NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 25 Aug. 2011 http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/

“Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Homepage.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/

“NASA – STEREO.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stereo/main/index.html

Clark, Stephen. “Spaceflight Now | Breaking News | NOAA taps DSCOVR satellite for space weather mission.” 2 Feb. 2011. Spaceflight Now 25 Aug. 2011 http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1102/21dscovr/

“Hinode (Solar-B).” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://solarb.msfc.nasa.gov/

“ACE Mission.” California Institute of Technology 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/ace_mission.html

“RHESSI Homa Page.” NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 25 Aug. 2011 http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/index.html

“ESA – Rosetta.” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Rosetta/

“ESA – Herschel.” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Herschel/

“ESA – Planck.” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Planck/index.html

“Corot.” CNES 25 Aug. 2011 http://smsc.cnes.fr/COROT/

“NASA – EPOXI.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/epoxi/index.html

“NASA – NASA Selects OSIRIS-Rex as Next New Frontiers Mission.” 25 May 2011. NASA 11 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/releases/2011/11-037.html

“JAXA: Identification of origin of particles brought back by Hayabusa.” 16 Nov. 2010. JAXA 11 Aug. 2011 http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/11/20101116_hayabusa_e.html

“Kepler: Home Page.” NASA Ames Research Center 25 Aug. 2011 http://kepler.nasa.gov/

“NASA – NASA’s NEOWISE Completes Scan for Asteroids and Comets.” 1 Feb. 2010. NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/news/wise20110201.html

“NASA Spitzer Space Telescope.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/

“The James Webb Space Telescope.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/

Klamper, Amy. “JWST’s Latest $1.5B Cost Overrun Imperils Other High-priority Projects.” 12 Nov. 2010. Space News 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.spacenews.com/civil/101112-jwst-cost-imperils-priority-projects.html

ISECG…

“ISECG – Homepage.” ISECG 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.globalspaceexploration.org/

“Galileo Validation Satellites Facing Another Launch Delay.” Space News 14 June 2010: 3.

Norris, Guy. “Validating Vinci – Next generation upper-stage rocket development effort nears halfway point.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 28 Mar. 2011: 32.

Klotz, Irene. “Flight-Test Engine – NASA preparing to demonstrate advanced plasma engine on ISS.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 7 Feb. 2011: 56.

Ibid; See also “VF-200.” Ad Astra Rocket Company 16 Nov. 2011 http://www.adastrarocket.com/aarc/VF200

Morring, Frank Jr. “Down To The Wire – J-2X engine ready for testing as funding comes to an end.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 15 Nov. 2010: 49.

Ibid.

Matthews, William. “Experiment Designed To Harness Magnetic Field for Propulsion.” Space News 12 July 2010: 14.

Brinton, Turner. “Nanomissile Being Designed To Launch the Smallest Satellites Affordably.” Space News 9 Aug. 2010: 11.

“2011 U.S. Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts: Vehicles, Technologies, and Spaceports.” Jan. 2011. Federal Aviation Administration 30 Nov. 2011: 20 http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/2011%20devcon%20report.pdf

Ibid.

Perrett, Bradley. “Next Stage – An advanced propulsion technology is readied for new Long Marches.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 10 Jan. 2011: 35.

Ibid.

De Selding, Peter B. “Ka-Sat Enters Services as European Broadband Market Heats Up.” 6 June 2011: 16.

Ibid.

Taverna, Michael A. “Remapping the Earth – New SSTL submetric smallsat concept could change economics for remote-sensing industry.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 7/14 Mar. 2011: 58.

Ibid.

100

“E2v Tapped To Develop Image Sensors for Euclid.” Space News 18 Oct. 2010: 8.

101

“E2v Picked To Develop Image Sensors for Plato.” Space News 25 Oct. 2010: 8.

102

De Selding, Peter B. “Solar Orbiter, Euclid Chosen as ESA’s Next Medium-class Missions.” 5 Oct. 2011. Space News 6 Aug. 2012 http://www.spacenews.com/civil/111005-esa-selects-solar-orbiter-euclid.html

103

Ibid.

104

De Selding, Peter B. “Swedish Space Corp. Touts Success of Prisma Formation-flying Mission.” Space News 6 Sept. 2010: 17.

105

Ibid.

106

“German Satellites Ready For Tandem Mission.” Space News 18 Oct. 2010: 3.

107

Ibid.

108

Brinton, Turner. “STSS Satellites Demonstrate ‘Holy Grail’ of Missile Tracking.” Space News 28 March 2011: 10.

109

Ibid.

110

Moskowitz, Carla. “Johnson Space Center Engineers Test New Lunar Lander Design.” Space News 23 May 2011: 17.

111

Ibid.

112

Taverna, Michael A. “End of an Odyssey – Engineers review options, operators relieved as Intelsat regains control of Zombie Sat.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 3 Jan. 2011: 26.

113

Ibid.

114

Svitak, Amy. “Bigelow Tests Life Support System.” Space News 11 April 2011: 24.

115

Ibid.

116

Chow, Denise. “Boeing Unveils Design for Commercial Crew Capsule.” Space News 26 July 2010: 15.

117

Ibid.

118

Malik, Tariq. “X-37B Wraps Up 7-month Mission Shrouded in Secrecy.” Space News 6 Dec. 2010: 17.

119

Ibid.

120

“USAF’s X-37B Minishuttle Returns to Space on Atlas 5.” Space News 14 Mar. 2011: 8.

121

Ibid.

122

David, Leonard. “NASA Nixes 3-D Camera for Mars Science Laboratory.” Space News 4 Apr. 2011: 15.

123

Ibid.

124

“NASA’s Next Mars Rover Touches Down in Florida.” Space News 27 June 2011: 8.

125

Ibid.

126

“SpaceX’s Second Dragon Powered up for 1st Time.” Space News 27 June 2011: 8.

127

Klotz, Irene. “Shear Magic – SpaceX’s Dragon soars through test flight into record books after last-minute fix.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 13 Dec. 2010: 22.

128

Ibid.

129

Berger, Brian. “NASA Makes It Official: Orion To Be Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle.” Space News 30 May 2011: 5.

130

Ibid.

131

David, Leonard. “Orion Development Continues at New Lockheed Martin Center.” Space News 28 May 2011: 14.

132

Ibid.

133

Harwood, William. “Realtime coverage of Soyuz TMA-01M launch.” 7 Oct. 2010. CBS News – Space 29 Nov. 2011 http://www.cbsnews.com/network/news/space/home/spacenews/files/7f8aa558a8d86128b00b2b8b7c8c6c43-80.html

134

Ibid.

135

David, Leonard. “Virgin Galactic’s Private Spaceship Makes First Solo Glide Flight.” Space News 18 Oct. 2010:12.

136

Ibid.

137

Norris, Guy. “Flying Enterprise – First glide test for SpaceShipTwo begins buildup to powered, suborbital evaluation.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 18 Oct. 2010: 37.

138

“SpaceShipTwo Conducts Third Gliding Flight Test.” Space News 22 Nov. 2010: 3.

139

Norris, Guy. “Flying Start – Low-speed SpaceShipTwo tests pave way for powered evaluation.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 20/27 Dec. 2010: 37.

140

David, Leonard. “Virgin Galactic’s Tourist Spaceship Makes Longest Test Flight.” Space News 2 May 2011: 14.

141

Norris, Guy. “Stable Supersonic – Designers focus on suborbital Lynx airframe, after wind tunnel tests verify stability margin.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 20/27 Sept. 2010: 36.

142

Norris, Guy and Robert Wall. “Speed Trial – Experiments prepared for expanded hypersonic test from Norwegian site.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 25 April/2 May 2011: 74.

143

Taverna, Michael A. “From Dream To Reality – European hypersonic research shifts from drawing board to flight-preparation stage.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 5 July 2010: 40.

144

De Selding, Peter B. “Europe Prepares Two Atmospheric Re-entry Test Vehicles.” Space News 29 Nov. 2010: 7.

145

Taverna, Michael A. “From Dream To Reality…”.

146

Ibid.

147

Francis, Leithen. “Launch Pad – Astrium hopes to base a fleet of spaceplanes at Singapore’s Changi International Airport.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 14 Feb. 2011: 52.

148

Morrison, Murdo. “PARIS: EADS Astrium looking for funds to launch Spaceplane.” 22 June 2011. Flightglobal 30 Nov. 2011 http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-eads-astrium-looking-for-funds-to-launch-spaceplane-358289/

149

Morring, Frank Jr. “Space Spinoffs – ESA pushes high-tech bolts to auto industry.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 20/27 Dec. 2010: 22.

150

“Astrium To Manage Atomic Clock Demo on Station.” Space News 26 July 2010: 9.

151

Ibid.

152

Morring, Frank Jr. “Changing the Games – Canadian robotics may stretch commercial satellite lifetimes.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 21 March 2011: 23.

153

Ibid.

154

Cf. De Selding, Peter B. “Intelsat Signs Up for MDA’s Satellite Refueling Service.” Space News 21 March 2011: 5, and De Selding, Peter B. “Satellite Builders Not Enthusiastic About In-orbit Servicing Project.” Space News 21 March 2011: 5.

155

Morring, Frank Jr. “Space – Gravity Probe B pushed spacecraft technology to the limit – and perhaps a little beyond it.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 9 May 2011: 38.

156

See Cain, Fraser. “Frame Dragging Confirmed.” 22 Oct. 2004. Universe Today 23 Nov. 2011 http://www.universetoday.com/9984/frame-dragging-confirmed/

157

Morring, Frank Jr. “Space – Gravity Probe B …”.

158

“NASA’s Gravity Probe B Confirms Einstein Theories.” Space News 9 May 2011: 8.

159

Morring, Frank Jr. “Space – Gravity Probe B …”.

160

Brinton, Turner. “DARPA Space Telescope Will Track Objects in Geostationary Orbit.” Space News 2 May 2011: 6.

161

Ibid.

162

Norris, Guy. “Orion Options – Planners craft fast-track launch, funding and exploration survival strategy for Orion.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 23 Sept. 2010: 28.

163

Berger, Brian. “NASA Makes It Official: Orion To Be Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle.” Space News 30 May 2011: 5.

164

Norris, Guy. “Orion Options…”.

165

Werner, Debra. “Suborbital Spaceflight Gets a Boost from NASA, Congress.” Space News 18 Oct. 2010: 12.

166

Ibid.

167

Morring, Frank Jr. “The New Space Race – With funding freed, NASA and its partners crank up work on possible shuttle successors.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 25 Apr./2 May 2011: 24.

168

Ibid.

169

Ibid.

Title: Developments in Space Policies, Programmes and Technologies Throughout the World and in Europe
Author: Spyros Pagkratis
Publisher: Springer Vienna
Book: Yearbook on Space Policy 2010/2011
Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-1362-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-7091-1363-9

Copyright Year: 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1363-9_2

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