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2022 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Digitization and Implications for (International) Business

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Abstract

Digitalization is not new, and we have been moving from analog to digital applications and systems for many decades now. However the pace of change, the explosion of data with its infinite replicability, and the new business models and competitors that are now emerging means we are at a very different juncture, one that will have a profound impact on consumers, businesses, and society at large.
Digital and platform businesses, such as Apple, Facebook, Amazon, and the list goes on are now formidable economic players who can influence the competitive landscape, are gatekeepers in terms of what consumers can and cannot access with some having sufficient clout to potentially influence the outcome of elections.
We are in the midst of real digital disruption. While some of these disruptions can be positive to economies and societies, some may well have an adverse impact and will need a holistic whole of government policy response. The same will hold true of organizations; those that successfully adapt and embrace digitalization and digital technologies may prosper, and those that do not may well disappear.
In this chapter, we explore what digitalization means, what digital technologies are emerging, how they are converging, what impact this may have, and how organizations must respond.

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Footnotes
1
World Economic Forum (2017). Digital transformation initiative telecommunications industry. The five key global industries are: E-commerce (US$3.1 trillion), Automotive (US$2.6 trillion), Logistics (US$2.1 trillion), Electricity (US$1.5 trillion), and Media and Entertainment (US$0.7 trillion).
 
2
Assessing the economic impact of artificial intelligence. ITU Trends. Issue Paper No. 1. September 2018.
 
4
Westerman, G., Bonnet, D., and McAfee, A. (2014). Leading Digital. Harvard Business Review Press. October 2014.
 
6
OECD. (2016). Enabling the next production revolution: the future of manufacturing and services. Interim Report. Meeting of the OECD Council at Ministerial Level, 1–2 June 2016.
 
7
Digital Globalization: The New Era of Global Flows. (2016). McKinsey Global Institute. February 2016.
 
8
Twenty-five years of digitization: Ten insights into how to play it right. (2019). McKinsey Global Institute. May 2019.
 
9
See also: Competition Policy for the digital era. (2019). EU Report.
 
10
Digital Directions: A perspective on the impact of digital technologies (2020). EY Report. April 2020. The report notes that up to 40% of RPA projects fail however.
 
11
Payments 2025 & beyond: Navigating the payments matrix - Charting a course amid evolution and revolution. See: https://​www.​pwc.​com/​gx/​en/​industries/​financial-services/​publications/​financial-services-in-2025/​payments-in-2025.​html
 
13
Digital Disruption: Implications and opportunities for Economies, Society, Policy Makers and Business Leaders. (2020). Vagadia, B. See: https://​www.​springer.​com/​gp/​book/​9783030544935
 
14
PwC. (2017). Sizing the prize: what’s the real value of AI for your business and how can you capitalise? See: https://​www.​pwc.​com/​gx/​en/​issues/​data-and-analytics/​publications/​artificial-intelligence-study.​html
 
15
Immersive Virtual Reality Supporting Content For Evaluating Interface Using Oculus Rift and Leap Motion. Kento Yasui, K., Kawai, R., and Arakawa, T. (2019). International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control. Volume 15, Number 2, April 2019.
 
16
UNCTAD. (2018). Technology and Innovation Report 2018, Harnessing Frontier Technologies for Sustainable Development.
 
18
Winning in digital ecosystems. (2018). Digital McKinsey, January 2018; and Competing in a world without borders. McKinsey Quarterly, July 2017.
 
19
Westerman, G., Bonnet, D., and McAfee, A. (2014). Leading Digital. Harvard Business Review Press. October 2014.
 
20
Alipay is a third-party mobile and online payment platform, established China in February 2004 by Alibaba Group.
 
21
Competing in the age of AI: Iansiti, M and Lakhani, K. Harvard Business Review Press.
 
22
Adopted from by earlier book: Enterprise Governance - Driving Enterprise Performance Through Strategic Alignment. (2014). Vagadia, B. see: https://​www.​springer.​com/​gp/​book/​9783642385889
 
23
Haldane, A. (2015). Labour’s share: speech given at Trades Union Congress, Bank of England, London, 12 November 2015.
 
24
PwC. (2017). Up to 30% of existing UK jobs could be impacted by automation by early 2030s, but this should be offset by job gains elsewhere in economy. PwC Blog, 24 March 2017. See: https://​pwc.​blogs.​com/​press_​room/​2017/​03/​up-to-30-of-existing-uk-jobs-could-be-impacted-byautomation-by-early-2030s-but-this-should-be-offse.​html
 
25
R. and Susskind, D. (2016). The future of the professions: how technology will transform the work of human experts. OUP Oxford; Reprint edition (22 October 2015).
 
26
Take, for example, the recent case where an image classification algorithm on Google classified images of African-American individuals as gorillas. Google apologized for the incident - see: BBC News (1 July 2015).
 
Metadata
Title
Digitization and Implications for (International) Business
Author
Bharat Vagadia
Copyright Year
2022
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06003-8_9

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