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Introduction: The New Environmental Crisis Read chapter Read first chapter

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Disaster Studies at 50: Time to Wear Bifocals?

Author : Ben Wisner

Published in: Disaster Research and the Second Environmental Crisis

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Other writers have cataloged the many contributions to understanding and practice that disaster studies have produced over the years, many of them, and the earliest, coming from sociology. The Disaster Research Center at the University of Delaware was founded in 1963 by, and is still inhabited by sociologists, but has embraced an interdisciplinary approach over time, including core and affiliated faculty from English, history, political science, civil engineering, and environmental policy). My thoughts in this essay are not confined to the DRC’s corpus of work, but ‘disaster studies’ more broadly defined below. This said, the roots of disaster studies in sociology are deep, the classic Ur-source being an unpublished PhD study of the 1917 explosion in Halifax, Nova Scotia. This disaster continues to be a source of continuing research that provide lessons for our time. My own essay will mention some of these contributions, and they are truly something to celebrate; however, the central theme I will emphasize is what has been missed and could be added to the research agenda over the next decade or so. I employ an optical metaphor that has as much to do with philosophy of science (‘vision’ and Mao’s famous question, ‘Where do ideas come from?’) as it does with optics, optometry and the detailed application of methods at micro and macro scale. The lens is a remarkable human invention. Glass shaped and polished in one way opened up the microscopic world. Treated in another, the lens gave us the telescope. I will argue that politics – the creation, use and maintenance of power to influence other people and to control space and resources – has been a largely missing raw material, like glass, from which disaster studies could shape lenses for its own tools of inquiry. Consideration of power has not been totally missing. Yet lenses fashioned from an understanding of power have not been used sufficiently in a number of critical areas of research.

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previous chapter Launching the DRC: Historical Context and Future Directions
next chapter The Silence Before the Storm: Advocacy Groups’ Current Perceptions of Future Climate Vulnerability
Footnotes
1
I define disaster studies (DS) as a broad interdisciplinary attempt to understand the causes and consequences of events that cause sufficient harm and loss that assistance is required from people and/ or institutions unaffected, whatever size of the group and area affected (a few households in a neighborhood, in the case of urban arson fire to multiple countries in a region of the world in the case of the Zika virus epidemic). DS is not a single, unified epistemic community, rather a series of partly overlapping and intermittently interacting ones that include research and training nodes within established disciplines: sociology, geography, anthropology, political ecology, political science, economics, development studies, epidemiology and public health. In its outreach, advocacy and policy advisory role, DS comes closer to being a univocal community of practice, as witness global consensus-building and lesson learning efforts such as the Sphere Project (http://​www.​sphereproject.​org/​) and the Tsunami Evaluation Coalition (http://​www.​alnap.​org/​TEC). In this essay I focus on English language literature from these overlapping disciplines. DS has taken different trajectories in other parts of the world, especially Spanish speaking Latin America, where a similarly wide range of disciplinary professionals have interacted with officials of their countries’ government civil protection institutions (see http://​www.​la-red.​org/​ and for core publications by Andrew Maskrey, Gustavo Wilches-Chaux, Allan Lavell and many others http://​www.​la-red.​org/​public/​).
 
2
Exceptions include Bates and Peacock (1987), Nigg and Tierney (1993), Bolin and Stanford (1998), Enarson (2001), Enarson and Fordham (2001), and Grineski et al. (2007).
 
3
The distinction between capacity and capability is critical. In the context of disaster risk, the former refers to a repertoire of behaviours available to individuals for reducing loss and damage and for rapid recovery (Wisner et al. 2004). Capability is more than a behavioural repertoire, referring more broadly to expression of intellectual, social and emotional potentials that combine to allow a person to define and to strive toward goals including, but not limited to, reduction of loss and damage (Wisner 2016, drawing upon Nussbaum 2011; Sen 2005).
 
4
See Frontline (http://​www.​gndr.​org/​programmes/​frontline-programme.​html), a methodology designed to capture these perceptions/ priorities and to work with them together with partners at various scales.
 
5
The devil is in the detail, and the way that social protection and other top-down policies are implemented has a good deal to do with whether dependency is a side effect. See, for example Shepherd et al. (2011).
 
6
While most of the world has adopted the UN’s term, ‘disaster risk reduction’, the US continues to use FEMA’s earlier term, ‘mitigation’. This has two unfortunate consequences. Firstly, ‘mitigation’ is more difficult to translate into other languages. Secondly, subsequent development of the pair of terms, ‘climate change adaptation’ and ‘climate change mitigation’ adds further potential for confusion.
 
7
The precautionary principle as defined by UNESCO and the EU: ‘When human activities may lead to morally unacceptable harm that is scientifically plausible but uncertain, actions shall be taken to avoid or diminish that harm. Morally unacceptable harm refers to harm to humans or the environment that is (1) threatening to human life or health, or (2) serious and effectively irreversible, or (3) inequitable to present or future generations, or (4) imposed without adequate consideration of the human rights of those affected. The judgement of plausibility should be grounded in scientific analysis. Analysis should be ongoing so that chosen actions are subject to review. Uncertainty may apply to, but need not be limited to, causality or the bounds of the possible harm. Actions are interventions that are undertaken before harm occurs that seek to avoid or diminish the harm. Actions should be chosen that are proportional to the seriousness of the potential harm, with consideration of their positive and negative consequences, and with an assessment of the moral implications of both action and inaction. The choice of action should be the result of a participatory process’ (EU 2016).
 
8
The Sendai Framework of Action to Reduce Disaster Risk, agreed by 193 countries in 2015, is scheduled to run until 2030 (UNISDR 2015a), hence the figure of 15 years.
 
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Metadata
Title
Disaster Studies at 50: Time to Wear Bifocals?
Author
Ben Wisner
Copyright Year
2019
Book
Disaster Research and the Second Environmental Crisis

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-04689-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-04691-0

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04691-0_3