Skip to main content
Top

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

10. Discovery and Development of Keap1-Nrf2 Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors

Authors : Zhengyu Jiang, Qidong You

Published in: Targeting Protein-Protein Interactions by Small Molecules

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The transcription factor Nrf2 is in charge of the cellular defense system, and enhancing Nrf2 activity has potential usages in various inflammatory diseases. Recently, directly inhibiting Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interactions as a novel Nrf2-modulating strategy has many advantages over using electrophilic Nrf2 activators. The development of Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitors has become a topic of intense research, and potent inhibitors of this target have been identified. This chapter summarizes the progress in the discovery and development of Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors, including the Keap1-Nrf2 regulatory system, screening assay for inhibitor identification, different methods in the development of inhibitors. We also summarized the chemotypes of inhibitors, stated the structure–activity relationship, as well as discussed privileged structures.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Finkel T, Holbrook NJ (2000) Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408(6809):239–247PubMedCrossRef Finkel T, Holbrook NJ (2000) Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408(6809):239–247PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Barnham KJ, Masters CL, Bush AI (2004) Neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative stress. Nat Rev Drug Discov 3(3):205–214PubMedCrossRef Barnham KJ, Masters CL, Bush AI (2004) Neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative stress. Nat Rev Drug Discov 3(3):205–214PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Hu R, Saw CL, Yu R, Kong AN (2010) Regulation of NF-E2-related factor 2 signaling for cancer chemoprevention: antioxidant coupled with antiinflammatory. Antioxid Redox Signal 13(11):1679–1698PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hu R, Saw CL, Yu R, Kong AN (2010) Regulation of NF-E2-related factor 2 signaling for cancer chemoprevention: antioxidant coupled with antiinflammatory. Antioxid Redox Signal 13(11):1679–1698PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Kensler TW, Wakabayashi N, Biswal S (2007) Cell survival responses to environmental stresses via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 47:89–116PubMedCrossRef Kensler TW, Wakabayashi N, Biswal S (2007) Cell survival responses to environmental stresses via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 47:89–116PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Kobayashi M, Yamamoto M (2005) Molecular mechanisms activating the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway of antioxidant gene regulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 7(3–4):385–394PubMedCrossRef Kobayashi M, Yamamoto M (2005) Molecular mechanisms activating the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway of antioxidant gene regulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 7(3–4):385–394PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Stepkowski TM, Kruszewski MK (2011) Molecular cross-talk between the NRF2/KEAP1 signaling pathway, autophagy, and apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 50(9):1186–1195PubMedCrossRef Stepkowski TM, Kruszewski MK (2011) Molecular cross-talk between the NRF2/KEAP1 signaling pathway, autophagy, and apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 50(9):1186–1195PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Taguchi K, Motohashi H, Yamamoto M (2011) Molecular mechanisms of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in stress response and cancer evolution. Genes Cells 16(2):123–140CrossRefPubMed Taguchi K, Motohashi H, Yamamoto M (2011) Molecular mechanisms of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in stress response and cancer evolution. Genes Cells 16(2):123–140CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Eggler AL, Liu G, Pezzuto JM, van Breemen RB, Mesecar AD (2005) Modifying specific cysteines of the electrophile-sensing human Keap1 protein is insufficient to disrupt binding to the Nrf2 domain Neh2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(29):10070–10075PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Eggler AL, Liu G, Pezzuto JM, van Breemen RB, Mesecar AD (2005) Modifying specific cysteines of the electrophile-sensing human Keap1 protein is insufficient to disrupt binding to the Nrf2 domain Neh2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(29):10070–10075PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
11.
go back to reference Hong F, Sekhar KR, Freeman ML, Liebler DC (2005) Specific patterns of electrophile adduction trigger Keap1 ubiquitination and Nrf2 activation. J Biol Chem 280(36):31768–31775PubMedCrossRef Hong F, Sekhar KR, Freeman ML, Liebler DC (2005) Specific patterns of electrophile adduction trigger Keap1 ubiquitination and Nrf2 activation. J Biol Chem 280(36):31768–31775PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Saito R, Suzuki T, Hiramoto K, Asami S, Naganuma E, Suda H, Iso T, Yamamoto H, Morita M, Furusawa Y, Negishi T, Ichinose M, Yamamoto M (2015) Characterizations of three major cysteine sensors of Keap1 in stress response. Mol Cell Biol Saito R, Suzuki T, Hiramoto K, Asami S, Naganuma E, Suda H, Iso T, Yamamoto H, Morita M, Furusawa Y, Negishi T, Ichinose M, Yamamoto M (2015) Characterizations of three major cysteine sensors of Keap1 in stress response. Mol Cell Biol
13.
go back to reference Zhang DD, Hannink M (2003) Distinct cysteine residues in Keap1 are required for Keap1-dependent ubiquitination of Nrf2 and for stabilization of Nrf2 by chemopreventive agents and oxidative stress. Mol Cell Biol 23(22):8137–8151PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhang DD, Hannink M (2003) Distinct cysteine residues in Keap1 are required for Keap1-dependent ubiquitination of Nrf2 and for stabilization of Nrf2 by chemopreventive agents and oxidative stress. Mol Cell Biol 23(22):8137–8151PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Itoh K, Mimura J, Yamamoto M (2010) Discovery of the negative regulator of Nrf2, Keap1: a historical overview. Antioxid Redox Signal 13(11):1665–1678PubMedCrossRef Itoh K, Mimura J, Yamamoto M (2010) Discovery of the negative regulator of Nrf2, Keap1: a historical overview. Antioxid Redox Signal 13(11):1665–1678PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Kansanen E, Kuosmanen SM, Leinonen H, Levonen AL (2013) The Keap1-Nrf2 pathway: mechanisms of activation and dysregulation in cancer. Redox Biol 1:45–49PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kansanen E, Kuosmanen SM, Leinonen H, Levonen AL (2013) The Keap1-Nrf2 pathway: mechanisms of activation and dysregulation in cancer. Redox Biol 1:45–49PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Chartoumpekis DV, Wakabayashi N, Kensler TW (2015) Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in the frontiers of cancer and non-cancer cell metabolism. Biochem Soc Trans 43(4):639–644PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chartoumpekis DV, Wakabayashi N, Kensler TW (2015) Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in the frontiers of cancer and non-cancer cell metabolism. Biochem Soc Trans 43(4):639–644PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Yates MS, Tran QT, Dolan PM, Osburn WO, Shin S, McCulloch CC, Silkworth JB, Taguchi K, Yamamoto M, Williams CR, Liby KT, Sporn MB, Sutter TR, Kensler TW (2009) Genetic versus chemoprotective activation of Nrf2 signaling: overlapping yet distinct gene expression profiles between Keap1 knockout and triterpenoid-treated mice. Carcinogenesis 30(6):1024–1031PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yates MS, Tran QT, Dolan PM, Osburn WO, Shin S, McCulloch CC, Silkworth JB, Taguchi K, Yamamoto M, Williams CR, Liby KT, Sporn MB, Sutter TR, Kensler TW (2009) Genetic versus chemoprotective activation of Nrf2 signaling: overlapping yet distinct gene expression profiles between Keap1 knockout and triterpenoid-treated mice. Carcinogenesis 30(6):1024–1031PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Kitteringham NR, Abdullah A, Walsh J, Randle L, Jenkins RE, Sison R, Goldring CE, Powell H, Sanderson C, Williams S, Higgins L, Yamamoto M, Hayes J, Park BK (2010) Proteomic analysis of Nrf2 deficient transgenic mice reveals cellular defence and lipid metabolism as primary Nrf2-dependent pathways in the liver. J Proteomics 73(8):1612–1631PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kitteringham NR, Abdullah A, Walsh J, Randle L, Jenkins RE, Sison R, Goldring CE, Powell H, Sanderson C, Williams S, Higgins L, Yamamoto M, Hayes J, Park BK (2010) Proteomic analysis of Nrf2 deficient transgenic mice reveals cellular defence and lipid metabolism as primary Nrf2-dependent pathways in the liver. J Proteomics 73(8):1612–1631PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Hirotsu Y, Katsuoka F, Funayama R, Nagashima T, Nishida Y, Nakayama K, Engel JD, Yamamoto M (2012) Nrf2-MafG heterodimers contribute globally to antioxidant and metabolic networks. Nucleic Acids Res 40(20):10228–10239PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hirotsu Y, Katsuoka F, Funayama R, Nagashima T, Nishida Y, Nakayama K, Engel JD, Yamamoto M (2012) Nrf2-MafG heterodimers contribute globally to antioxidant and metabolic networks. Nucleic Acids Res 40(20):10228–10239PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Chorley BN, Campbell MR, Wang X, Karaca M, Sambandan D, Bangura F, Xue P, Pi J, Kleeberger SR, Bell DA (2012) Identification of novel NRF2-regulated genes by ChIP-Seq: influence on retinoid X receptor alpha. Nucleic Acids Res 40(15):7416–7429PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chorley BN, Campbell MR, Wang X, Karaca M, Sambandan D, Bangura F, Xue P, Pi J, Kleeberger SR, Bell DA (2012) Identification of novel NRF2-regulated genes by ChIP-Seq: influence on retinoid X receptor alpha. Nucleic Acids Res 40(15):7416–7429PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Sporn MB, Liby KT (2012) NRF2 and cancer: the good, the bad and the importance of context. Nat Rev Cancer 12(8):564–571PubMedCrossRef Sporn MB, Liby KT (2012) NRF2 and cancer: the good, the bad and the importance of context. Nat Rev Cancer 12(8):564–571PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Lee JH, Khor TO, Shu L, Su ZY, Fuentes F, Kong AN (2013) Dietary phytochemicals and cancer prevention: Nrf2 signaling, epigenetics, and cell death mechanisms in blocking cancer initiation and progression. Pharmacol Ther 137(2):153–171PubMedCrossRef Lee JH, Khor TO, Shu L, Su ZY, Fuentes F, Kong AN (2013) Dietary phytochemicals and cancer prevention: Nrf2 signaling, epigenetics, and cell death mechanisms in blocking cancer initiation and progression. Pharmacol Ther 137(2):153–171PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Menegon S, Columbano A, Giordano S (2016) The dual roles of NRF2 in cancer. Trends Mol Med 22(7):578–593PubMedCrossRef Menegon S, Columbano A, Giordano S (2016) The dual roles of NRF2 in cancer. Trends Mol Med 22(7):578–593PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Ngo HKC, Kim DH, Cha YN, Na HK, Surh YJ (2017) Nrf2 mutagenic activation drives hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res Ngo HKC, Kim DH, Cha YN, Na HK, Surh YJ (2017) Nrf2 mutagenic activation drives hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res
26.
go back to reference Singh A, Venkannagari S, Oh KH, Zhang YQ, Rohde JM, Liu L, Nimmagadda S, Sudini K, Brimacombe KR, Gajghate S, Ma J, Wang A, Xu X, Shahane SA, Xia M, Woo J, Mensah GA, Wang Z, Ferrer M, Gabrielson E, Li Z, Rastinejad F, Shen M, Boxer MB, Biswal S (2016) Small molecule inhibitor of NRF2 selectively intervenes therapeutic resistance in KEAP1-deficient NSCLC tumors. ACS Chem Biol 11(11):3214–3225PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Singh A, Venkannagari S, Oh KH, Zhang YQ, Rohde JM, Liu L, Nimmagadda S, Sudini K, Brimacombe KR, Gajghate S, Ma J, Wang A, Xu X, Shahane SA, Xia M, Woo J, Mensah GA, Wang Z, Ferrer M, Gabrielson E, Li Z, Rastinejad F, Shen M, Boxer MB, Biswal S (2016) Small molecule inhibitor of NRF2 selectively intervenes therapeutic resistance in KEAP1-deficient NSCLC tumors. ACS Chem Biol 11(11):3214–3225PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Zhu J, Wang H, Chen F, Fu J, Xu Y, Hou Y, Kou HH, Zhai C, Nelson MB, Zhang Q, Andersen ME, Pi J (2016) An overview of chemical inhibitors of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway and their potential applications in cancer therapy. Free Radic Biol Med 99:544–556PubMedCrossRef Zhu J, Wang H, Chen F, Fu J, Xu Y, Hou Y, Kou HH, Zhai C, Nelson MB, Zhang Q, Andersen ME, Pi J (2016) An overview of chemical inhibitors of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway and their potential applications in cancer therapy. Free Radic Biol Med 99:544–556PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Choi EJ, Jung BJ, Lee SH, Yoo HS, Shin EA, Ko HJ, Chang S, Kim SY, Jeon SM (2017) A clinical drug library screen identifies clobetasol propionate as an NRF2 inhibitor with potential therapeutic efficacy in KEAP1 mutant lung cancer. Oncogene Choi EJ, Jung BJ, Lee SH, Yoo HS, Shin EA, Ko HJ, Chang S, Kim SY, Jeon SM (2017) A clinical drug library screen identifies clobetasol propionate as an NRF2 inhibitor with potential therapeutic efficacy in KEAP1 mutant lung cancer. Oncogene
29.
go back to reference Bhakkiyalakshmi E, Sireesh D, Rajaguru P, Paulmurugan R, Ramkumar KM (2015) The emerging role of redox-sensitive Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in diabetes. Pharmacol Res 91:104–114PubMedCrossRef Bhakkiyalakshmi E, Sireesh D, Rajaguru P, Paulmurugan R, Ramkumar KM (2015) The emerging role of redox-sensitive Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in diabetes. Pharmacol Res 91:104–114PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Cho HY, Jedlicka AE, Reddy SP, Kensler TW, Yamamoto M, Zhang LY, Kleeberger SR (2002) Role of NRF2 in protection against hyperoxic lung injury in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 26(2):175–182PubMedCrossRef Cho HY, Jedlicka AE, Reddy SP, Kensler TW, Yamamoto M, Zhang LY, Kleeberger SR (2002) Role of NRF2 in protection against hyperoxic lung injury in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 26(2):175–182PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Biswal S, Thimmulappa RK, Harvey CJ (2012) Experimental therapeutics of Nrf2 as a target for prevention of bacterial exacerbations in COPD. Proc Am Thorac Soc 9(2):47–51PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Biswal S, Thimmulappa RK, Harvey CJ (2012) Experimental therapeutics of Nrf2 as a target for prevention of bacterial exacerbations in COPD. Proc Am Thorac Soc 9(2):47–51PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Shelton LM, Lister A, Walsh J, Jenkins RE, Wong MH, Rowe C, Ricci E, Ressel L, Fang Y, Demougin P, Vukojevic V, O’Neill PM, Goldring CE, Kitteringham NR, Park BK, Odermatt A, Copple IM (2015) Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses uncover regulatory roles of Nrf2 in the kidney. Kidney Int 88(6):1261–1273PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Shelton LM, Lister A, Walsh J, Jenkins RE, Wong MH, Rowe C, Ricci E, Ressel L, Fang Y, Demougin P, Vukojevic V, O’Neill PM, Goldring CE, Kitteringham NR, Park BK, Odermatt A, Copple IM (2015) Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses uncover regulatory roles of Nrf2 in the kidney. Kidney Int 88(6):1261–1273PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Copple IM (2012) The Keap1-Nrf2 cell defense pathway—a promising therapeutic target? Adv Pharmacol 63:43–79PubMedCrossRef Copple IM (2012) The Keap1-Nrf2 cell defense pathway—a promising therapeutic target? Adv Pharmacol 63:43–79PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Itoh K, Wakabayashi N, Katoh Y, Ishii T, Igarashi K, Engel JD, Yamamoto M (1999) Keap1 represses nuclear activation of antioxidant responsive elements by Nrf2 through binding to the amino-terminal Neh2 domain. Genes Dev 13(1):76–86PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Itoh K, Wakabayashi N, Katoh Y, Ishii T, Igarashi K, Engel JD, Yamamoto M (1999) Keap1 represses nuclear activation of antioxidant responsive elements by Nrf2 through binding to the amino-terminal Neh2 domain. Genes Dev 13(1):76–86PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Nioi P, Nguyen T, Sherratt PJ, Pickett CB (2005) The carboxy-terminal Neh3 domain of Nrf2 is required for transcriptional activation. Mol Cell Biol 25(24):10895–10906PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Nioi P, Nguyen T, Sherratt PJ, Pickett CB (2005) The carboxy-terminal Neh3 domain of Nrf2 is required for transcriptional activation. Mol Cell Biol 25(24):10895–10906PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Katoh Y, Itoh K, Yoshida E, Miyagishi M, Fukamizu A, Yamamoto M (2001) Two domains of Nrf2 cooperatively bind CBP, a CREB binding protein, and synergistically activate transcription. Genes Cells 6(10):857–868PubMedCrossRef Katoh Y, Itoh K, Yoshida E, Miyagishi M, Fukamizu A, Yamamoto M (2001) Two domains of Nrf2 cooperatively bind CBP, a CREB binding protein, and synergistically activate transcription. Genes Cells 6(10):857–868PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Pintard L, Willis JH, Willems A, Johnson J-LF, Srayko M, Kurz T, Glaser S, Mains PE, Tyers M, Bowerman B (2003) The BTB protein MEL-26 is a substrate-specific adaptor of the CUL-3 ubiquitin-ligase. Nature 425(6955):311–316PubMedCrossRef Pintard L, Willis JH, Willems A, Johnson J-LF, Srayko M, Kurz T, Glaser S, Mains PE, Tyers M, Bowerman B (2003) The BTB protein MEL-26 is a substrate-specific adaptor of the CUL-3 ubiquitin-ligase. Nature 425(6955):311–316PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Xu L, Wei Y, Reboul J, Vaglio P, Shin T-H, Vidal M, Elledge SJ, Harper JW (2003) BTB proteins are substrate-specific adaptors in an SCF-like modular ubiquitin ligase containing CUL-3. Nature 425(6955):316–321PubMedCrossRef Xu L, Wei Y, Reboul J, Vaglio P, Shin T-H, Vidal M, Elledge SJ, Harper JW (2003) BTB proteins are substrate-specific adaptors in an SCF-like modular ubiquitin ligase containing CUL-3. Nature 425(6955):316–321PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Zipper LM, Mulcahy RT (2002) The Keap1 BTB/POZ dimerization function is required to sequester Nrf2 in cytoplasm. J Biol Chem 277(39):36544–36552PubMedCrossRef Zipper LM, Mulcahy RT (2002) The Keap1 BTB/POZ dimerization function is required to sequester Nrf2 in cytoplasm. J Biol Chem 277(39):36544–36552PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Tong KI, Katoh Y, Kusunoki H, Itoh K, Tanaka T, Yamamoto M (2006) Keap1 recruits Neh2 through binding to ETGE and DLG motifs: characterization of the two-site molecular recognition model. Mol Cell Biol 26(8):2887–2900PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tong KI, Katoh Y, Kusunoki H, Itoh K, Tanaka T, Yamamoto M (2006) Keap1 recruits Neh2 through binding to ETGE and DLG motifs: characterization of the two-site molecular recognition model. Mol Cell Biol 26(8):2887–2900PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Tong KI, Padmanabhan B, Kobayashi A, Shang C, Hirotsu Y, Yokoyama S, Yamamoto M (2007) Different electrostatic potentials define ETGE and DLG motifs as hinge and latch in oxidative stress response. Mol Cell Biol 27(21):7511–7521PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tong KI, Padmanabhan B, Kobayashi A, Shang C, Hirotsu Y, Yokoyama S, Yamamoto M (2007) Different electrostatic potentials define ETGE and DLG motifs as hinge and latch in oxidative stress response. Mol Cell Biol 27(21):7511–7521PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
go back to reference McMahon M, Thomas N, Itoh K, Yamamoto M, Hayes JD (2006) Dimerization of substrate adaptors can facilitate cullin-mediated ubiquitylation of proteins by a “Tethering” mechanism. J Biol Chem 281(34):24756PubMedCrossRef McMahon M, Thomas N, Itoh K, Yamamoto M, Hayes JD (2006) Dimerization of substrate adaptors can facilitate cullin-mediated ubiquitylation of proteins by a “Tethering” mechanism. J Biol Chem 281(34):24756PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Ogura T, Tong KI, Mio K, Maruyama Y, Kurokawa H, Sato C, Yamamoto M (2010) Keap1 is a forked-stem dimer structure with two large spheres enclosing the intervening, double glycine repeat, and C-terminal domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(7):2842–2847PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ogura T, Tong KI, Mio K, Maruyama Y, Kurokawa H, Sato C, Yamamoto M (2010) Keap1 is a forked-stem dimer structure with two large spheres enclosing the intervening, double glycine repeat, and C-terminal domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(7):2842–2847PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Baird L, Lleres D, Swift S, Dinkova-Kostova AT (2013) Regulatory flexibility in the Nrf2-mediated stress response is conferred by conformational cycling of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110(38):15259–15264PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Baird L, Lleres D, Swift S, Dinkova-Kostova AT (2013) Regulatory flexibility in the Nrf2-mediated stress response is conferred by conformational cycling of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110(38):15259–15264PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
46.
go back to reference Fukutomi T, Takagi K, Mizushima T, Ohuchi N, Yamamoto M (2014) Kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural characterizations of the association between Nrf2-DLGex degron and Keap1. Mol Cell Biol 34(5):832–846PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fukutomi T, Takagi K, Mizushima T, Ohuchi N, Yamamoto M (2014) Kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural characterizations of the association between Nrf2-DLGex degron and Keap1. Mol Cell Biol 34(5):832–846PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Keskin O, Gursoy A, Ma B, Nussinov R (2008) Principles of protein-protein interactions: what are the preferred ways for proteins to interact? Chem Rev 108(4):1225–1244CrossRefPubMed Keskin O, Gursoy A, Ma B, Nussinov R (2008) Principles of protein-protein interactions: what are the preferred ways for proteins to interact? Chem Rev 108(4):1225–1244CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Chen Y, Inoyama D, Kong ANT, Beamer LJ, Hu L (2011) Kinetic analyses of Keap1-Nrf2 interaction and determination of the minimal Nrf2 peptide sequence required for Keap1 binding using surface plasmon resonance. Chem Biol Drug Des 78(6):1014–1021PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chen Y, Inoyama D, Kong ANT, Beamer LJ, Hu L (2011) Kinetic analyses of Keap1-Nrf2 interaction and determination of the minimal Nrf2 peptide sequence required for Keap1 binding using surface plasmon resonance. Chem Biol Drug Des 78(6):1014–1021PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Nevola L, Giralt E (2015) Modulating protein-protein interactions: the potential of peptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 51(16):3302–3315CrossRef Nevola L, Giralt E (2015) Modulating protein-protein interactions: the potential of peptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 51(16):3302–3315CrossRef
51.
go back to reference London N, Raveh B, Schueler-Furman O (2013) Druggable protein-protein interactions—from hot spots to hot segments. Curr Opin Chem Biol 17(6):952–959CrossRefPubMed London N, Raveh B, Schueler-Furman O (2013) Druggable protein-protein interactions—from hot spots to hot segments. Curr Opin Chem Biol 17(6):952–959CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Lu M-C, Chen Z-Y, Wang Y-L, Jiang Y-L, Yuan Z-W, You Q-D, Jiang Z-Y (2015) Binding thermodynamics and kinetics guided optimization of potent Keap1-Nrf2 peptide inhibitors. RSC Adv 5(105):85983–85987CrossRef Lu M-C, Chen Z-Y, Wang Y-L, Jiang Y-L, Yuan Z-W, You Q-D, Jiang Z-Y (2015) Binding thermodynamics and kinetics guided optimization of potent Keap1-Nrf2 peptide inhibitors. RSC Adv 5(105):85983–85987CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Jiang Z-Y, Xu L-L, Lu M-C, Pan Y, Huang H-Z, Zhang X-J, Sun H-P, You Q-D (2014) Investigation of the intermolecular recognition mechanism between the E3 ubiquitin ligase Keap1 and substrate based on multiple substrates analysis. J Comput-Aided Mol Des 28(12):1233–1245PubMedCrossRef Jiang Z-Y, Xu L-L, Lu M-C, Pan Y, Huang H-Z, Zhang X-J, Sun H-P, You Q-D (2014) Investigation of the intermolecular recognition mechanism between the E3 ubiquitin ligase Keap1 and substrate based on multiple substrates analysis. J Comput-Aided Mol Des 28(12):1233–1245PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Jiang Z-Y, Lu M-C, Xu LL, Yang T-T, Xi M-Y, Xu X-L, Guo X-K, Zhang X-J, You Q-D, Sun H-P (2014) Discovery of potent Keap1–Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitor based on molecular binding determinants analysis. J Med Chem 57(6):2736–2745PubMedCrossRef Jiang Z-Y, Lu M-C, Xu LL, Yang T-T, Xi M-Y, Xu X-L, Guo X-K, Zhang X-J, You Q-D, Sun H-P (2014) Discovery of potent Keap1–Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitor based on molecular binding determinants analysis. J Med Chem 57(6):2736–2745PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Inoyama D, Chen Y, Huang X, Beamer LJ, Kong AN, Hu L (2012) Optimization of fluorescently labeled Nrf2 peptide probes and the development of a fluorescence polarization assay for the discovery of inhibitors of Keap1-Nrf2 interaction. J Biomol Screen 17(4):435–447PubMedCrossRef Inoyama D, Chen Y, Huang X, Beamer LJ, Kong AN, Hu L (2012) Optimization of fluorescently labeled Nrf2 peptide probes and the development of a fluorescence polarization assay for the discovery of inhibitors of Keap1-Nrf2 interaction. J Biomol Screen 17(4):435–447PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Schaap M, Hancock R, Wilderspin A, Wells G (2013) Development of a steady-state FRET-based assay to identify inhibitors of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction. Protein Sci 22(12):1812–1819PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Schaap M, Hancock R, Wilderspin A, Wells G (2013) Development of a steady-state FRET-based assay to identify inhibitors of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction. Protein Sci 22(12):1812–1819PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Nasiri HR, Linge S, Ullmann D (2016) Thermodynamic profiling of inhibitors of Nrf2:Keap1 interactions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 26(2):526–529PubMedCrossRef Nasiri HR, Linge S, Ullmann D (2016) Thermodynamic profiling of inhibitors of Nrf2:Keap1 interactions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 26(2):526–529PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Zhuang C, Narayanapillai S, Zhang W, Sham YY, Xing C (2014) Rapid identification of Keap1-Nrf2 small-molecule inhibitors through structure-based virtual screening and hit-based substructure search. J Med Chem 57(3):1121–1126PubMedCrossRef Zhuang C, Narayanapillai S, Zhang W, Sham YY, Xing C (2014) Rapid identification of Keap1-Nrf2 small-molecule inhibitors through structure-based virtual screening and hit-based substructure search. J Med Chem 57(3):1121–1126PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Hur W, Sun Z, Jiang T, Mason DE, Peters EC, Zhang DD, Luesch H, Schultz PG, Gray NS (2010) A small-molecule inducer of the antioxidant response element. Chem Biol 17(5):537–547PubMedCrossRef Hur W, Sun Z, Jiang T, Mason DE, Peters EC, Zhang DD, Luesch H, Schultz PG, Gray NS (2010) A small-molecule inducer of the antioxidant response element. Chem Biol 17(5):537–547PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Wu KC, McDonald PR, Liu JJ, Chaguturu R, Klaassen CD (2012) Implementation of a high-throughput screen for identifying small molecules to activate the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. PLoS ONE 7(10):e44686PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wu KC, McDonald PR, Liu JJ, Chaguturu R, Klaassen CD (2012) Implementation of a high-throughput screen for identifying small molecules to activate the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. PLoS ONE 7(10):e44686PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Xie W, Pao C, Graham T, Dul E, Lu Q, Sweitzer TD, Ames RS, Li H (2012) Development of a cell-based high throughput luciferase enzyme fragment complementation assay to identify nuclear-factor-e2-related transcription factor 2 activators. Assay Drug Dev Technol 10(6):514–524PubMedCrossRef Xie W, Pao C, Graham T, Dul E, Lu Q, Sweitzer TD, Ames RS, Li H (2012) Development of a cell-based high throughput luciferase enzyme fragment complementation assay to identify nuclear-factor-e2-related transcription factor 2 activators. Assay Drug Dev Technol 10(6):514–524PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Ramkumar KM, Sekar TV, Foygel K, Elango B, Paulmurugan R (2013) Reporter protein complementation imaging assay to screen and study Nrf2 activators in cells and living animals. Anal Chem 85(15):7542–7549PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ramkumar KM, Sekar TV, Foygel K, Elango B, Paulmurugan R (2013) Reporter protein complementation imaging assay to screen and study Nrf2 activators in cells and living animals. Anal Chem 85(15):7542–7549PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Bertrand HC, Schaap M, Baird L, Georgakopoulos ND, Fowkes A, Thiollier C, Kachi H, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Wells G (2015) Design, synthesis, and evaluation of triazole derivatives that induce Nrf2 dependent gene products and inhibit the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction. J Med Chem 58(18):7186–7194PubMedCrossRef Bertrand HC, Schaap M, Baird L, Georgakopoulos ND, Fowkes A, Thiollier C, Kachi H, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Wells G (2015) Design, synthesis, and evaluation of triazole derivatives that induce Nrf2 dependent gene products and inhibit the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction. J Med Chem 58(18):7186–7194PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Kumar V, Kumar S, Hassan M, Wu H, Thimmulappa RK, Kumar A, Sharma SK, Parmar VS, Biswal S, Malhotra SV (2011) Novel chalcone derivatives as potent Nrf2 activators in mice and human lung epithelial cells. J Med Chem 54(12):4147–4159PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kumar V, Kumar S, Hassan M, Wu H, Thimmulappa RK, Kumar A, Sharma SK, Parmar VS, Biswal S, Malhotra SV (2011) Novel chalcone derivatives as potent Nrf2 activators in mice and human lung epithelial cells. J Med Chem 54(12):4147–4159PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Xi MY, Jia JM, Sun HP, Sun ZY, Jiang JW, Wang YJ, Zhang MY, Zhu JF, Xu LL, Jiang ZY, Xue X, Ye M, Yang X, Gao Y, Tao L, Guo XK, Xu XL, Guo QL, Zhang XJ, Hu R, You QD (2013) 3-Aroylmethylene-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazino[2,1-a]isoquinolin-4(11bH)-ones as potent Nrf2/ARE inducers in human cancer cells and AOM-DSS treated mice. J Med Chem 56(20):7925–7938PubMedCrossRef Xi MY, Jia JM, Sun HP, Sun ZY, Jiang JW, Wang YJ, Zhang MY, Zhu JF, Xu LL, Jiang ZY, Xue X, Ye M, Yang X, Gao Y, Tao L, Guo XK, Xu XL, Guo QL, Zhang XJ, Hu R, You QD (2013) 3-Aroylmethylene-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazino[2,1-a]isoquinolin-4(11bH)-ones as potent Nrf2/ARE inducers in human cancer cells and AOM-DSS treated mice. J Med Chem 56(20):7925–7938PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Klebe G (2015) Applying thermodynamic profiling in lead finding and optimization. Nat Rev Drug Discov 14(2):95–110PubMedCrossRef Klebe G (2015) Applying thermodynamic profiling in lead finding and optimization. Nat Rev Drug Discov 14(2):95–110PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Pan AC, Borhani DW, Dror RO, Shaw DE (2013) Molecular determinants of drug-receptor binding kinetics. Drug Discov TodayPubMedCrossRef Pan AC, Borhani DW, Dror RO, Shaw DE (2013) Molecular determinants of drug-receptor binding kinetics. Drug Discov TodayPubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Niesen FH, Berglund H, Vedadi M (2007) The use of differential scanning fluorimetry to detect ligand interactions that promote protein stability. Nat Protoc 2(9):2212–2221PubMedCrossRef Niesen FH, Berglund H, Vedadi M (2007) The use of differential scanning fluorimetry to detect ligand interactions that promote protein stability. Nat Protoc 2(9):2212–2221PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Milroy LG, Grossmann TN, Hennig S, Brunsveld L, Ottmann C (2014) Modulators of protein-protein interactions. Chem Rev 114(9):4695–4748CrossRefPubMed Milroy LG, Grossmann TN, Hennig S, Brunsveld L, Ottmann C (2014) Modulators of protein-protein interactions. Chem Rev 114(9):4695–4748CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Hu L, Magesh S, Chen L, Wang L, Lewis TA, Chen Y, Khodier C, Inoyama D, Beamer LJ, Emge TJ, Shen J, Kerrigan JE, Kong AN, Dandapani S, Palmer M, Schreiber SL, Munoz B (2013) Discovery of a small-molecule inhibitor and cellular probe of Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 23(10):3039–3043PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hu L, Magesh S, Chen L, Wang L, Lewis TA, Chen Y, Khodier C, Inoyama D, Beamer LJ, Emge TJ, Shen J, Kerrigan JE, Kong AN, Dandapani S, Palmer M, Schreiber SL, Munoz B (2013) Discovery of a small-molecule inhibitor and cellular probe of Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 23(10):3039–3043PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Sun H-P, Jiang Z-Y, Zhang M-Y, Lu M-C, Yang T-T, Pan Y, Huang H-Z, Zhang X-J, Q-d You (2014) Novel protein-protein interaction inhibitor of Nrf2-Keap1 discovered by structure-based virtual screening. MedChemComm 5(1):93–98CrossRef Sun H-P, Jiang Z-Y, Zhang M-Y, Lu M-C, Yang T-T, Pan Y, Huang H-Z, Zhang X-J, Q-d You (2014) Novel protein-protein interaction inhibitor of Nrf2-Keap1 discovered by structure-based virtual screening. MedChemComm 5(1):93–98CrossRef
73.
go back to reference Jiang ZY, Xu LL, Lu MC, Chen ZY, Yuan ZW, Xu XL, Guo XK, Zhang XJ, Sun HP, You QD (2015) Structure-activity and structure-property relationship and exploratory in vivo evaluation of the nanomolar Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitor. J Med Chem 58(16):6410–6421PubMedCrossRef Jiang ZY, Xu LL, Lu MC, Chen ZY, Yuan ZW, Xu XL, Guo XK, Zhang XJ, Sun HP, You QD (2015) Structure-activity and structure-property relationship and exploratory in vivo evaluation of the nanomolar Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitor. J Med Chem 58(16):6410–6421PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Kask P, Palo K, Fay N, Brand L, Mets U, Ullmann D, Jungmann J, Pschorr J, Gall K (2000) Two-dimensional fluorescence intensity distribution analysis: theory and applications. Biophys J 78(4):1703–1713PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kask P, Palo K, Fay N, Brand L, Mets U, Ullmann D, Jungmann J, Pschorr J, Gall K (2000) Two-dimensional fluorescence intensity distribution analysis: theory and applications. Biophys J 78(4):1703–1713PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Marcotte D, Zeng W, Hus J-C, McKenzie A, Hession C, Jin P, Bergeron C, Lugovskoy A, Enyedy I, Cuervo H, Wang D, Atmanene C, Roecklin D, Vecchi M, Vivat V, Kraemer J, Winkler D, Hong V, Chao J, Lukashev M, Silvian L (2013) Small molecules inhibit the interaction of Nrf2 and the Keap1 Kelch domain through a non-covalent mechanism. Bioorg Med Chem 21(14):4011–4019CrossRefPubMed Marcotte D, Zeng W, Hus J-C, McKenzie A, Hession C, Jin P, Bergeron C, Lugovskoy A, Enyedy I, Cuervo H, Wang D, Atmanene C, Roecklin D, Vecchi M, Vivat V, Kraemer J, Winkler D, Hong V, Chao J, Lukashev M, Silvian L (2013) Small molecules inhibit the interaction of Nrf2 and the Keap1 Kelch domain through a non-covalent mechanism. Bioorg Med Chem 21(14):4011–4019CrossRefPubMed
76.
go back to reference Neumann L, von Konig K, Ullmann D (2011) HTS reporter displacement assay for fragment screening and fragment evolution toward leads with optimized binding kinetics, binding selectivity, and thermodynamic signature. Methods Enzymol 493:299–320PubMedCrossRef Neumann L, von Konig K, Ullmann D (2011) HTS reporter displacement assay for fragment screening and fragment evolution toward leads with optimized binding kinetics, binding selectivity, and thermodynamic signature. Methods Enzymol 493:299–320PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Tarcsay A, Keseru GM (2015) Is there a link between selectivity and binding thermodynamics profiles? Drug Discov Today 20(1):86–94PubMedCrossRef Tarcsay A, Keseru GM (2015) Is there a link between selectivity and binding thermodynamics profiles? Drug Discov Today 20(1):86–94PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Li W, Zheng S, Higgins M, Morra RP Jr, Mendis AT, Chien CW, Ojima I, Mierke DF, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Honda T (2015) New monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic ethynylcyanodienones as activators of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway and inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Med Chem 58(11):4738–4748PubMedCrossRef Li W, Zheng S, Higgins M, Morra RP Jr, Mendis AT, Chien CW, Ojima I, Mierke DF, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Honda T (2015) New monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic ethynylcyanodienones as activators of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway and inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Med Chem 58(11):4738–4748PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Munday R, Zhang Y, Paonessa JD, Munday CM, Wilkins AL, Babu J (2010) Synthesis, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationships of dithiolethiones as inducers of cytoprotective phase 2 enzymes. J Med Chem 53(12):4761–4767PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Munday R, Zhang Y, Paonessa JD, Munday CM, Wilkins AL, Babu J (2010) Synthesis, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationships of dithiolethiones as inducers of cytoprotective phase 2 enzymes. J Med Chem 53(12):4761–4767PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Zheng S, Laxmi YR S, David E, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Shiavoni KH, Ren Y, Zheng Y, Trevino I, Bumeister R, Ojima I (2012) Synthesis, chemical reactivity as michael acceptors, and biological potency of monocyclic cyanoenones, novel and highly potent anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective agents. J Med Chem Zheng S, Laxmi YR S, David E, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Shiavoni KH, Ren Y, Zheng Y, Trevino I, Bumeister R, Ojima I (2012) Synthesis, chemical reactivity as michael acceptors, and biological potency of monocyclic cyanoenones, novel and highly potent anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective agents. J Med Chem
81.
go back to reference Nikam A, Ollivier A, Rivard M, Wilson JL, Mebarki K, Martens T, Dubois-Rande JL, Motterlini R, Foresti R (2016) Diverse Nrf2 activators coordinated to cobalt carbonyls induce heme oxygenase-1 and release carbon monoxide in vitro and in vivo. J Med Chem Nikam A, Ollivier A, Rivard M, Wilson JL, Mebarki K, Martens T, Dubois-Rande JL, Motterlini R, Foresti R (2016) Diverse Nrf2 activators coordinated to cobalt carbonyls induce heme oxygenase-1 and release carbon monoxide in vitro and in vivo. J Med Chem
82.
go back to reference Chang KM, Chen HH, Wang TC, Chen IL, Chen YT, Yang SC, Chen YL, Chang HH, Huang CH, Chang JY, Shih C, Kuo CC, Tzeng CC (2015) Novel oxime-bearing coumarin derivatives act as potent Nrf2/ARE activators in vitro and in mouse model. Eur J Med Chem 106:60–74PubMedCrossRef Chang KM, Chen HH, Wang TC, Chen IL, Chen YT, Yang SC, Chen YL, Chang HH, Huang CH, Chang JY, Shih C, Kuo CC, Tzeng CC (2015) Novel oxime-bearing coumarin derivatives act as potent Nrf2/ARE activators in vitro and in mouse model. Eur J Med Chem 106:60–74PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference M-y Xi, Z-y Sun, H-p Sun, J-m Jia, Z-y Jiang, Tao L, Ye M, Yang X, Y-j Wang, Xue X, J-j Huang, Gao Y, X-k Guo, S-l Zhang, Y-r Yang, Guo Q-l HuR, Q-d You (2013) Synthesis and bioevaluation of a series of α-pyrone derivatives as potent activators of Nrf2/ARE pathway (part I). Eur J Med Chem 66:364–371CrossRef M-y Xi, Z-y Sun, H-p Sun, J-m Jia, Z-y Jiang, Tao L, Ye M, Yang X, Y-j Wang, Xue X, J-j Huang, Gao Y, X-k Guo, S-l Zhang, Y-r Yang, Guo Q-l HuR, Q-d You (2013) Synthesis and bioevaluation of a series of α-pyrone derivatives as potent activators of Nrf2/ARE pathway (part I). Eur J Med Chem 66:364–371CrossRef
84.
go back to reference Zhuang C, Miao Z, Sheng C, Zhang W (2014) Updated research and applications of small molecule inhibitors of Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction: a review. Curr Med Chem 21(16):1861–1870PubMedCrossRef Zhuang C, Miao Z, Sheng C, Zhang W (2014) Updated research and applications of small molecule inhibitors of Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction: a review. Curr Med Chem 21(16):1861–1870PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Hancock R, Bertrand HC, Tsujita T, Naz S, El-Bakry A, Laoruchupong J, Hayes JD, Wells G (2012) Peptide inhibitors of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction. Free Radic Biol Med 52(2):444–451PubMedCrossRef Hancock R, Bertrand HC, Tsujita T, Naz S, El-Bakry A, Laoruchupong J, Hayes JD, Wells G (2012) Peptide inhibitors of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction. Free Radic Biol Med 52(2):444–451PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Hancock R, Schaap M, Pfister H, Wells G (2013) Peptide inhibitors of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction with improved binding and cellular activity. Org Biomol Chem 11(21):3553–3557PubMedCrossRef Hancock R, Schaap M, Pfister H, Wells G (2013) Peptide inhibitors of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction with improved binding and cellular activity. Org Biomol Chem 11(21):3553–3557PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Steel R, Cowan J, Payerne E, O’Connell MA, Searcey M (2012) Anti-inflammatory effect of a cell-penetrating peptide targeting the Nrf2/Keap1 interaction. ACS Med Chem Lett 3(5):407–410PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Steel R, Cowan J, Payerne E, O’Connell MA, Searcey M (2012) Anti-inflammatory effect of a cell-penetrating peptide targeting the Nrf2/Keap1 interaction. ACS Med Chem Lett 3(5):407–410PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Tu J, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Dai Y, Li N, Yang F, Zhang Q, Brann DW, Wang R (2015) Cell-permeable peptide targeting the Nrf2-Keap1 interaction: a potential novel therapy for global cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci 35(44):14727–14739PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tu J, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Dai Y, Li N, Yang F, Zhang Q, Brann DW, Wang R (2015) Cell-permeable peptide targeting the Nrf2-Keap1 interaction: a potential novel therapy for global cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci 35(44):14727–14739PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Lu M-C, Yuan Z-W, Jiang Y-L, Chen Z-Y, You Q-D, Jiang Z-Y (2016) A systematic molecular dynamics approach to the study of peptide Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitors and its application to p62 peptides. Mol BioSyst 12(4):1378–1387PubMedCrossRef Lu M-C, Yuan Z-W, Jiang Y-L, Chen Z-Y, You Q-D, Jiang Z-Y (2016) A systematic molecular dynamics approach to the study of peptide Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitors and its application to p62 peptides. Mol BioSyst 12(4):1378–1387PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Nair CM, Vijayan M, Venkatachalapathi YV, Balaram P (1979) X-Ray crystal structure of pivaloyl-D-Pro-L-Pro-L-Ala-N-methylamide; observation of a consecutive [small beta]-turn conformation. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 24:1183–1184CrossRef Nair CM, Vijayan M, Venkatachalapathi YV, Balaram P (1979) X-Ray crystal structure of pivaloyl-D-Pro-L-Pro-L-Ala-N-methylamide; observation of a consecutive [small beta]-turn conformation. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 24:1183–1184CrossRef
91.
go back to reference Bean JW, Kopple KD, Peishoff CE (1992) Conformational analysis of cyclic hexapeptides containing the D-Pro-L-Pro sequence to fix.beta.-turn positions. J Am Chem Soc 114(13):5328–5334CrossRef Bean JW, Kopple KD, Peishoff CE (1992) Conformational analysis of cyclic hexapeptides containing the D-Pro-L-Pro sequence to fix.beta.-turn positions. J Am Chem Soc 114(13):5328–5334CrossRef
92.
go back to reference Robinson JA (2008) Beta-hairpin peptidomimetics: design, structures and biological activities. Acc Chem Res 41(10):1278–1288PubMedCrossRef Robinson JA (2008) Beta-hairpin peptidomimetics: design, structures and biological activities. Acc Chem Res 41(10):1278–1288PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Horer S, Reinert D, Ostmann K, Hoevels Y, Nar H (2013) Crystal-contact engineering to obtain a crystal form of the Kelch domain of human Keap1 suitable for ligand-soaking experiments. Acta Crystallogr Sect F: Struct Biol Cryst Commun 69(Pt 6):592–596CrossRef Horer S, Reinert D, Ostmann K, Hoevels Y, Nar H (2013) Crystal-contact engineering to obtain a crystal form of the Kelch domain of human Keap1 suitable for ligand-soaking experiments. Acta Crystallogr Sect F: Struct Biol Cryst Commun 69(Pt 6):592–596CrossRef
94.
go back to reference Zhao J, Redell JB, Moore AN, Dash PK (2011) A novel strategy to activate cytoprotective genes in the injured brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 407(3):501–506PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhao J, Redell JB, Moore AN, Dash PK (2011) A novel strategy to activate cytoprotective genes in the injured brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 407(3):501–506PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Sidhu SS, Fairbrother WJ, Deshayes K (2003) Exploring protein-protein interactions with phage display. ChemBioChem 4(1):14–25PubMedCrossRef Sidhu SS, Fairbrother WJ, Deshayes K (2003) Exploring protein-protein interactions with phage display. ChemBioChem 4(1):14–25PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Guntas G, Lewis SM, Mulvaney KM, Cloer EW, Tripathy A, Lane TR, Major MB, Kuhlman B (2016) Engineering a genetically encoded competitive inhibitor of the KEAP1-NRF2 interaction via structure-based design and phage display. Protein Eng Des Sel 29(1):1–9PubMed Guntas G, Lewis SM, Mulvaney KM, Cloer EW, Tripathy A, Lane TR, Major MB, Kuhlman B (2016) Engineering a genetically encoded competitive inhibitor of the KEAP1-NRF2 interaction via structure-based design and phage display. Protein Eng Des Sel 29(1):1–9PubMed
97.
go back to reference Richardson BG, Jain AD, Speltz TE, Moore TW (2015) Non-electrophilic modulators of the canonical Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 25(11):2261–2268PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Richardson BG, Jain AD, Speltz TE, Moore TW (2015) Non-electrophilic modulators of the canonical Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 25(11):2261–2268PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Wells G (2015) Peptide and small molecule inhibitors of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction. Biochem Soc Trans 43(4):674–679PubMedCrossRef Wells G (2015) Peptide and small molecule inhibitors of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction. Biochem Soc Trans 43(4):674–679PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Li X, Zhang D, Hannink M, Beamer LJ (2004) Crystal structure of the Kelch domain of human Keap1. J Biol Chem 279(52):54750–54758PubMedCrossRef Li X, Zhang D, Hannink M, Beamer LJ (2004) Crystal structure of the Kelch domain of human Keap1. J Biol Chem 279(52):54750–54758PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Beamer LJ, Li X, Bottoms CA, Hannink M (2005) Conserved solvent and side-chain interactions in the 1.35 Angstrom structure of the Kelch domain of Keap1. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 61 (Pt 10):1335–1342CrossRefPubMed Beamer LJ, Li X, Bottoms CA, Hannink M (2005) Conserved solvent and side-chain interactions in the 1.35 Angstrom structure of the Kelch domain of Keap1. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 61 (Pt 10):1335–1342CrossRefPubMed
101.
go back to reference Padmanabhan B, Tong KI, Ohta T, Nakamura Y, Scharlock M, Ohtsuji M, Kang M-I, Kobayashi A, Yokoyama S, Yamamoto M (2006) Structural basis for defects of Keap1 activity provoked by its point mutations in lung cancer. Mol Cell 21(5):689–700PubMedCrossRef Padmanabhan B, Tong KI, Ohta T, Nakamura Y, Scharlock M, Ohtsuji M, Kang M-I, Kobayashi A, Yokoyama S, Yamamoto M (2006) Structural basis for defects of Keap1 activity provoked by its point mutations in lung cancer. Mol Cell 21(5):689–700PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Cleasby A, Yon J, Day PJ, Richardson C, Tickle IJ, Williams PA, Callahan JF, Carr R, Concha N, Kerns JK, Qi H, Sweitzer T, Ward P, Davies TG (2014) Structure of the BTB domain of Keap1 and its interaction with the triterpenoid antagonist CDDO. PLoS ONE 9(6):e98896PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cleasby A, Yon J, Day PJ, Richardson C, Tickle IJ, Williams PA, Callahan JF, Carr R, Concha N, Kerns JK, Qi H, Sweitzer T, Ward P, Davies TG (2014) Structure of the BTB domain of Keap1 and its interaction with the triterpenoid antagonist CDDO. PLoS ONE 9(6):e98896PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Lo S-C, Li X, Henzl MT, Beamer LJ, Hannink M (2006) Structure of the Keap1:Nrf2 interface provides mechanistic insight into Nrf2 signaling. EMBO J 25(15):3605–3617PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lo S-C, Li X, Henzl MT, Beamer LJ, Hannink M (2006) Structure of the Keap1:Nrf2 interface provides mechanistic insight into Nrf2 signaling. EMBO J 25(15):3605–3617PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Komatsu M, Kurokawa H, Waguri S, Taguchi K, Kobayashi A, Ichimura Y, Sou YS, Ueno I, Sakamoto A, Tong KI, Kim M, Nishito Y, Iemura S, Natsume T, Ueno T, Kominami E, Motohashi H, Tanaka K, Yamamoto M (2010) The selective autophagy substrate p62 activates the stress responsive transcription factor Nrf2 through inactivation of Keap1. Nat Cell Biol 12(3):213–223PubMedCrossRef Komatsu M, Kurokawa H, Waguri S, Taguchi K, Kobayashi A, Ichimura Y, Sou YS, Ueno I, Sakamoto A, Tong KI, Kim M, Nishito Y, Iemura S, Natsume T, Ueno T, Kominami E, Motohashi H, Tanaka K, Yamamoto M (2010) The selective autophagy substrate p62 activates the stress responsive transcription factor Nrf2 through inactivation of Keap1. Nat Cell Biol 12(3):213–223PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Ichimura Y, Waguri S, Sou YS, Kageyama S, Hasegawa J, Ishimura R, Saito T, Yang Y, Kouno T, Fukutomi T, Hoshii T, Hirao A, Takagi K, Mizushima T, Motohashi H, Lee MS, Yoshimori T, Tanaka K, Yamamoto M, Komatsu M (2013) Phosphorylation of p62 activates the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway during selective autophagy. Mol Cell 51(5):618–631PubMedCrossRef Ichimura Y, Waguri S, Sou YS, Kageyama S, Hasegawa J, Ishimura R, Saito T, Yang Y, Kouno T, Fukutomi T, Hoshii T, Hirao A, Takagi K, Mizushima T, Motohashi H, Lee MS, Yoshimori T, Tanaka K, Yamamoto M, Komatsu M (2013) Phosphorylation of p62 activates the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway during selective autophagy. Mol Cell 51(5):618–631PubMedCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Satoh M, Saburi H, Tanaka T, Matsuura Y, Naitow H, Shimozono R, Yamamoto N, Inoue H, Nakamura N, Yoshizawa Y, Aoki T, Tanimura R, Kunishima N (2015) Multiple binding modes of a small molecule to human Keap1 revealed by X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulation. FEBS Open Bio 5:557–570PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Satoh M, Saburi H, Tanaka T, Matsuura Y, Naitow H, Shimozono R, Yamamoto N, Inoue H, Nakamura N, Yoshizawa Y, Aoki T, Tanimura R, Kunishima N (2015) Multiple binding modes of a small molecule to human Keap1 revealed by X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulation. FEBS Open Bio 5:557–570PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Winkel AF, Engel CK, Margerie D, Kannt A, Szillat H, Glombik H, Kallus C, Ruf S, Gussregen S, Riedel J, Herling AW, von Knethen A, Weigert A, Brune B, Schmoll D (2015) Characterization of RA839, a noncovalent small molecule binder to Keap1 and selective activator of Nrf2 signaling. J Biol Chem 290(47):28446–28455PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Winkel AF, Engel CK, Margerie D, Kannt A, Szillat H, Glombik H, Kallus C, Ruf S, Gussregen S, Riedel J, Herling AW, von Knethen A, Weigert A, Brune B, Schmoll D (2015) Characterization of RA839, a noncovalent small molecule binder to Keap1 and selective activator of Nrf2 signaling. J Biol Chem 290(47):28446–28455PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Jain AD, Potteti H, Richardson BG, Kingsley L, Luciano JP, Ryuzoji AF, Lee H, Krunic A, Mesecar AD, Reddy SP, Moore TW (2015) Probing the structural requirements of non-electrophilic naphthalene-based Nrf2 activators. Eur J Med Chem 103:252–268PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jain AD, Potteti H, Richardson BG, Kingsley L, Luciano JP, Ryuzoji AF, Lee H, Krunic A, Mesecar AD, Reddy SP, Moore TW (2015) Probing the structural requirements of non-electrophilic naphthalene-based Nrf2 activators. Eur J Med Chem 103:252–268PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
109.
go back to reference Jnoff E, Albrecht C, Barker JJ, Barker O, Beaumont E, Bromidge S, Brookfield F, Brooks M, Bubert C, Ceska T, Corden V, Dawson G, Duclos S, Fryatt T, Genicot C, Jigorel E, Kwong J, Maghames R, Mushi I, Pike R, Sands ZA, Smith MA, Stimson CC, Courade JP (2014) Binding mode and structure-activity relationships around direct inhibitors of the Nrf2-Keap1 complex. ChemMedChem 9(4):699–705PubMedCrossRef Jnoff E, Albrecht C, Barker JJ, Barker O, Beaumont E, Bromidge S, Brookfield F, Brooks M, Bubert C, Ceska T, Corden V, Dawson G, Duclos S, Fryatt T, Genicot C, Jigorel E, Kwong J, Maghames R, Mushi I, Pike R, Sands ZA, Smith MA, Stimson CC, Courade JP (2014) Binding mode and structure-activity relationships around direct inhibitors of the Nrf2-Keap1 complex. ChemMedChem 9(4):699–705PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Davies TG, Wixted WE, Coyle JE, Griffiths-Jones C, Hearn K, McMenamin R, Norton D, Rich SJ, Richardson C, Saxty G, Willems HMG, Woolford AJA, Cottom JE, Kou J-P, Yonchuk JG, Feldser HG, Sanchez Y, Foley JP, Bolognese BJ, Logan G, Podolin PL, Yan H, Callahan JF, Heightman TD, Kerns JK (2016) Monoacidic inhibitors of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (KEAP1:NRF2) protein-protein interaction with high cell potency identified by fragment-based discovery. J Med Chem 59(8):3991–4006PubMedCrossRef Davies TG, Wixted WE, Coyle JE, Griffiths-Jones C, Hearn K, McMenamin R, Norton D, Rich SJ, Richardson C, Saxty G, Willems HMG, Woolford AJA, Cottom JE, Kou J-P, Yonchuk JG, Feldser HG, Sanchez Y, Foley JP, Bolognese BJ, Logan G, Podolin PL, Yan H, Callahan JF, Heightman TD, Kerns JK (2016) Monoacidic inhibitors of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (KEAP1:NRF2) protein-protein interaction with high cell potency identified by fragment-based discovery. J Med Chem 59(8):3991–4006PubMedCrossRef
111.
go back to reference Maggiora G, Vogt M, Stumpfe D, Bajorath J (2014) Molecular similarity in medicinal chemistry. J Med Chem 57(8):3186–3204PubMedCrossRef Maggiora G, Vogt M, Stumpfe D, Bajorath J (2014) Molecular similarity in medicinal chemistry. J Med Chem 57(8):3186–3204PubMedCrossRef
112.
go back to reference Xu L-L, Zhu J-F, Xu X-L, Zhu J, Li L, Xi M-Y, Jiang Z-Y, Zhang M-Y, Liu F, M-c Lu, Bao Q-C, Li Q, Zhang C, Wei J-L, Zhang X-J, Zhang L-S, You Q-D, Sun H-P (2015) Discovery and modification of in vivo active Nrf2 activators with 1,2,4-Oxadiazole core: hits identification and structure-activity relationship study. J Med Chem 58(14):5419–5436PubMedCrossRef Xu L-L, Zhu J-F, Xu X-L, Zhu J, Li L, Xi M-Y, Jiang Z-Y, Zhang M-Y, Liu F, M-c Lu, Bao Q-C, Li Q, Zhang C, Wei J-L, Zhang X-J, Zhang L-S, You Q-D, Sun H-P (2015) Discovery and modification of in vivo active Nrf2 activators with 1,2,4-Oxadiazole core: hits identification and structure-activity relationship study. J Med Chem 58(14):5419–5436PubMedCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Shimozono R, Asaoka Y, Yoshizawa Y, Aoki T, Noda H, Yamada M, Kaino M, Mochizuki H (2013) Nrf2 activators attenuate the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related fibrosis in a dietary rat model. Mol Pharmacol 84(1):62–70PubMedCrossRef Shimozono R, Asaoka Y, Yoshizawa Y, Aoki T, Noda H, Yamada M, Kaino M, Mochizuki H (2013) Nrf2 activators attenuate the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related fibrosis in a dietary rat model. Mol Pharmacol 84(1):62–70PubMedCrossRef
114.
go back to reference Jiang Z-Y, Chu H-X, Xi M-Y, Yang T-T, Jia J-M, Huang J-J, Guo X-K, Zhang X-J, You Q-D, Sun H-P (2013) Insight into the intermolecular recognition mechanism between Keap1 and IKKβ combining homology modelling, protein-protein docking, molecular dynamics simulations and virtual alanine mutation. PLoS ONE 8(9):e75076PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jiang Z-Y, Chu H-X, Xi M-Y, Yang T-T, Jia J-M, Huang J-J, Guo X-K, Zhang X-J, You Q-D, Sun H-P (2013) Insight into the intermolecular recognition mechanism between Keap1 and IKKβ combining homology modelling, protein-protein docking, molecular dynamics simulations and virtual alanine mutation. PLoS ONE 8(9):e75076PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Lee DF, Kuo HP, Liu M, Chou CK, Xia W, Du Y, Shen J, Chen CT, Huo L, Hsu MC, Li CW, Ding Q, Liao TL, Lai CC, Lin AC, Chang YH, Tsai SF, Li LY, Hung MC (2009) KEAP1 E3 ligase-mediated downregulation of NF-kappaB signaling by targeting IKKbeta. Mol Cell 36(1):131–140PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lee DF, Kuo HP, Liu M, Chou CK, Xia W, Du Y, Shen J, Chen CT, Huo L, Hsu MC, Li CW, Ding Q, Liao TL, Lai CC, Lin AC, Chang YH, Tsai SF, Li LY, Hung MC (2009) KEAP1 E3 ligase-mediated downregulation of NF-kappaB signaling by targeting IKKbeta. Mol Cell 36(1):131–140PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
116.
go back to reference Lo SC, Hannink M (2006) PGAM5, a Bcl-XL-interacting protein, is a novel substrate for the redox-regulated Keap1-dependent ubiquitin ligase complex. J Biol Chem 281(49):37893–37903PubMedCrossRef Lo SC, Hannink M (2006) PGAM5, a Bcl-XL-interacting protein, is a novel substrate for the redox-regulated Keap1-dependent ubiquitin ligase complex. J Biol Chem 281(49):37893–37903PubMedCrossRef
117.
go back to reference Niture SK, Jaiswal AK (2011) INrf2 (Keap1) targets Bcl-2 degradation and controls cellular apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 18(3):439–451PubMedCrossRef Niture SK, Jaiswal AK (2011) INrf2 (Keap1) targets Bcl-2 degradation and controls cellular apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 18(3):439–451PubMedCrossRef
118.
119.
go back to reference Clements CM, McNally RS, Conti BJ, Mak TW, Ting JP (2006) DJ-1, a cancer- and Parkinson’s disease-associated protein, stabilizes the antioxidant transcriptional master regulator Nrf2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(41):15091–15096PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Clements CM, McNally RS, Conti BJ, Mak TW, Ting JP (2006) DJ-1, a cancer- and Parkinson’s disease-associated protein, stabilizes the antioxidant transcriptional master regulator Nrf2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(41):15091–15096PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
120.
go back to reference Bitar MS, Liu C, Ziaei A, Chen Y, Schmedt T, Jurkunas UV (2012) Decline in DJ-1 and decreased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53(9):5806–5813PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bitar MS, Liu C, Ziaei A, Chen Y, Schmedt T, Jurkunas UV (2012) Decline in DJ-1 and decreased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53(9):5806–5813PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
121.
go back to reference Yu M, Li H, Liu Q, Liu F, Tang L, Li C, Yuan Y, Zhan Y, Xu W, Li W, Chen H, Ge C, Wang J, Yang X (2011) Nuclear factor p65 interacts with Keap1 to repress the Nrf2-ARE pathway. Cell Signal 23(5):883–892PubMedCrossRef Yu M, Li H, Liu Q, Liu F, Tang L, Li C, Yuan Y, Zhan Y, Xu W, Li W, Chen H, Ge C, Wang J, Yang X (2011) Nuclear factor p65 interacts with Keap1 to repress the Nrf2-ARE pathway. Cell Signal 23(5):883–892PubMedCrossRef
122.
go back to reference Yasuda D, Nakajima M, Yuasa A, Obata R, Takahashi K, Ohe T, Ichimura Y, Komatsu M, Yamamoto M, Imamura R, Kojima H, Okabe T, Nagano T, Mashino T (2016) Synthesis of Keap1-phosphorylated p62 and Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitors and their inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 26(24):5956–5959PubMedCrossRef Yasuda D, Nakajima M, Yuasa A, Obata R, Takahashi K, Ohe T, Ichimura Y, Komatsu M, Yamamoto M, Imamura R, Kojima H, Okabe T, Nagano T, Mashino T (2016) Synthesis of Keap1-phosphorylated p62 and Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitors and their inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 26(24):5956–5959PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Discovery and Development of Keap1-Nrf2 Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors
Authors
Zhengyu Jiang
Qidong You
Copyright Year
2018
Publisher
Springer Singapore
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0773-7_10