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2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Diverse Legal Classes and Cultures: Challenges and Opportunities—Danish Report

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Abstract

This chapter takes the multiculturalization of the legal auditoria as a starting point, and starts out with a historical overview from the perspective of the University of Copenhagen. Due to lack of studies in the field, it is to a large degree based on the personal experience of the author in teaching multicultural classes (international and Erasmus students as well as immigrant Muslim students in Denmark and elsewhere) and comparing ‘extraordinary places’ such as Africa, Greenland, and China. At least at the Faculty of Law of the University of Copenhagen (UCPH), internationalization and globalization may have led to a decreased interest in comparative law among ordinary students, while it has at the same time brought new differences into the classroom. Comparative law has been linked to legal culture in (parts of) the Nordic area, and the contextual approach and a need for a more flexible methodology has been emphasized. The growth of students with an immigrant background and an experience with Muslim legal culture(s) is clearly felt at UCPH in the twenty-first century, and it might give rise to new legal and comparative questions and demands, which are at present unmet, as well as to sensitivities, which have been felt in politics and (symbolic) laws. The article suggests that a ‘pop up’ approach to concrete comparative issues, fields and topics may be one amongst other ways to secure future interest in comparative law amongst students.

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Footnotes
2
Tamm (2010), p. 7.
 
3
Ibid., 21.
 
4
Ibid., 23.
 
5
Ibid., 67.
 
6
See Petersen (2004).
 
7
Tamm (2010), p. 105.
 
8
See Petersen (2012).
 
9
I have been a head of one of the smaller centres, CECS (Center for European and Comparative Legal Studies) since 2016. This is one of the smaller centres but with a quite high degree of international members. From 2016 to now they (have) come from Australia, China, the Czech Republic, Germany/Iran, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, Norway, USA.
 
10
Örücü (2003), p. 467.
 
11
Rosen (2003), pp. 494–495.
 
12
See Wallerstein (1999) and Chakrabarty (2008).
 
13
Chesterton (1901); Rosen (2003), p. 508.
 
14
I obtained my doctoral degree in 1991 amongst others by a book called Informal law in women’s workplaces: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, which dealt with legal theory, especially legal pluralism, and was based on an empirical analysis; Petersen (1991).
 
16
See Stewart (1997).
 
17
See Petersen (1995).
 
18
In 1996, while in Greenland, I published a book Home knitted law: Norms and values in gendered rule-making. Socio-legal studies series, Dartmouth. It is described as both sociological and feminist jurisprudence, and it was based on my Danish Dissertation adapted and expanded with new chapters (On women and legal forms; Informal law/and/of love in the European Community; Ecology, Women and law: Erosion and erotics; and Fortuna’s order). The title was inspired by what was then the name of the Greenlandic political system, Home Rule.
 
19
See also Hitoshi Aoki in this volume, Part II, Sect. 4.1, where he mentions that Japanese and Chinese students perceive Western theory on comparative law as “based on a very Eurocentric point of view”.
 
20
I have written about these topics in different works, especially Petersen and Janussen (1998), Petersen and Poppel (1999) and Petersen (2006a, b).
 
21
In her Italian report, Silvia Ferreri in this volume, Part II, discusses similar issues and questions especially in the sections 3 to 4 on “Are comparative law scholars trained to be unbiased toward other legal cultures?” as well as “Resentment expressed by lawyers belonging to some legal systems that are being investigated by scholars from different legal perspectives”.
 
22
Örücü (2003), pp. 482–483.
 
23
Besides drawing on professional experience, this section of the article addresses changes and challenges, which have taken place at the Faculty of Law at the University of Copenhagen in the twenty-first century.
 
24
Petersen (2004).
 
25
Ibid., 239.
 
26
Kim Frost, a colleague with a long institutional memory, has confirmed this.
 
27
Glenn (2000).
 
28
Thanks to Professor Antoni Abat I Ninet for this information.
 
29
The associate professor Alexandra Andhov, who teaches the course, has also announced it on YouTube: https://​www.​youtube.​com/​watch?​v=​elh3Xtol1r8. The course description includes “different corporate governance statutes, national and international guidelines as well as practices in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Denmark as well as Japan, India and China”.
 
30
See Husa (2005). The very title of his review article on Esin Örücüʼs The Enigma of Comparative Law—‘Cosmopolitan, pragmatic and complex comparative law’—indicates the reviewerʼs perception of the book.
 
31
Petersen (2011).
 
32
Petersen (2017a); see also Petersen (2017b) and Petersen and Novaretti (2020).
 
33
See, e.g., Kahn-Freund (1968, 1978); as well as Petersen (1991).
 
34
Husa (2006).
 
35
Husa (2018).
 
36
Husa (2006), p. 1095.
 
37
Ibid., 1098.
 
38
Zweigert and Kötz (1998).
 
39
Husa (2006), p. 1108.
 
40
Ibid., 1106.
 
41
Husa (2018), p. 57.
 
42
Varga in this volume.
 
43
Eriksen (2018); my translation.
 
44
Mehdi (1994).
 
45
See Mehdi (2007), Mehdi et al. (2008), Mehdi and Nielsen (2011) and Mehdi et al. (2012).
 
46
Christoffersen (2006) and Christoffersen et al. (2010a, b).
 
48
DST, Fakta om indvandrere og efterkommere i Danmark, 20.02.2019.
 
49
DST Analyse Indvandrere og efterkommere i de nordiske lande, 26.03.2019. https://​www.​dst.​dk/​Site/​Dst/​Udgivelser/​nyt/​GetAnalyse.​aspx?​cid=​32554.
 
51
Sabba Mirza attended the course on Islamic law taught by Rubya Mehdi and myself in 2008.
 
52
Lov Nr 495 af 12.6.2009 (Dommeres fremtræden i retsmøder). See also Hilal-Harvald (2019), especially 127–128.
 
53
Hilal-Harvald (2019), p. 127 and note 30.
 
54
Cf., as originally written, Petersen (2010).
 
55
I was head of the evaluation committee of this dissertation and responsible for the composition of the written assessment as well as opponent at the oral defense. The dissertation was later published; cf. Mirza (2017).
 
57
The Danish term is ‘uskiftet bo’ (‘undivided possession of an estate’), which does not exist in English law, where an estate has to be divided immediately after the death of the owner.
 
58
A (former) research student, Rasmus Glud Madsen, together with a new research student, Djellza Fetahi, prepared a short survey for pluri-cultural students at the Faculty with questions concerning their background and affiliation, as well as about their interest in knowing more about the legal systems and cultures of their non-Danish cultures of origin. About 106 students answered, 30% having a pluri-cultural background of very diverse nature predominantly non-European. Very few identified themselves as Muslim.
 
59
I have recently dealt with this topic in a forthcoming article, ‘Beyond Gender’? – Strategies for (sociolegal) transformations?
 
60
A Danish journalist based in Berlin, Peter Wivel wrote in April 2019 (before the upcoming EU elections) in one of the most influential Danish newspapers, Politiken, in favour of the Danish EU Commissioner, Margrethe Vestager as head of the EU Commission. In the article he remarked that “The position as head of the Commission is however, in practice reserved for men. Women have to be more than twice as qualified, if not four times as much, if they are to be considered at some point in time.” [“Posten som kommissionsformand er imidlertid i praksis forbeholdt mænd. Kvinder skal være mere end dobbelt så kvalificerede, om ikke firdobbelt, hvis de ad åre skal kunne komme i betragtning.”] This is probably a level of qualification that only Angela Merkel might have. Wivel (2019).
Interestingly enough, after the elections for the European Parliament in the end of May 2019, several high level EU politicians have advocated a stronger female presence at the highest EU level of commissioners, based, amongst others, on an open letter by 70 prominent European leaders. Cf. http://​institutdelors.​eu/​publications/​european-leadership/​?​lang=​en. Accessed 7 June 2019.
 
61
Brandenburg et al. (2019).
 
62
Madsen (2019). The journalist paraphrases a Bob Dylan song, while commenting on the Danish election campaign for national elections for the Danish Parliament on June 5, where the favorite candidate, Mette Frederiksen (born 1977), from the Social Democratic Party, has met a group of high school students in a gymnasium in Jutland. They questioned her on climate issues and responsibilities, which clearly surprised her, and which she was not prepared to answer. See also Sorensen (2019).
 
63
Online search on Bing, May 16, 2019.
 
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Metadata
Title
Diverse Legal Classes and Cultures: Challenges and Opportunities—Danish Report
Author
Hanne Petersen
Copyright Year
2020
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46898-9_8