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2021 | Book

Existing, New and Emerging Technologies for Disaster Resilience Read chapter Read first chapter

Emerging Technologies for Disaster Resilience

Practical Cases and Theories

Editors: Dr. Mihoko Sakurai, Prof. Rajib Shaw

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Book Series : Disaster Risk Reduction

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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About this book

Technological advances have helped to enhance disaster resilience through better risk reduction, response, mitigation, rehabilitation and reconstruction. In former times, it was local and traditional knowledge that was mainly relied upon for disaster risk reduction. Much of this local knowledge is still valid in today’s world, even though possibly in different forms and contexts, and local knowledge remains a shared part of life within the communities. In contrast, with the advent of science and technology, scientists and engineers have become owners of advanced technologies, which have contributed significantly to reducing disaster risks across the globe.

This book analyses emerging technologies and their effects in enhancing disaster resilience. It also evaluates the gaps, challenges, capacities required and the way forward for future disaster management. A wide variety of technologies are addressed, focusing specifically on new technologies such as cyber physical systems, geotechnology, drone, and virtual reality (VR)/ augmented reality (AR). Other sets of emerging advanced technologies including an early warning system and a decision support system are also reported on. Moreover, the book provides a variety of discussions regarding information management, communication, and community resilience at the time of a disaster. This book’s coverage of different aspects of new technologies makes it a valuable resource for students, researchers, academics, policymakers, and development practitioners.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter

Application of Emerging Technologies in Disaster Resilience

Frontmatter
Chapter1. Existing, New and Emerging Technologies for Disaster Resilience
Abstract
Technologies have evolved over years in terms of their contents, usage, target groups and innovations. Over the last 30 years, different technologies at different phases of the disaster have been evolved, used and evaluated. We argue here that the technology includes both product and process and emphasizes the importance of the definition of (Kameda, Disaster management: global challenges and local solutions, University Press, Chennai, India, 2009). Technology needs an enabling environment, which needs governance support with techno-legal provision. There exist global and national mechanisms for enhancing governance. However, the key need is at the local level, where additional initiatives/efforts are required for technology-based decision-making, and as well as local ecosystem to promote technology and innovation in DRR. Innovation in technology development needs youth involvement, where multi-stakeholders, multi-disciplinary youth groups can interact, co-design and make co-delivery of the new innovations.
Mihoko Sakurai, Rajib Shaw
Chapter 2. Developing the eXtended Tangible User Interface as an Experimental Platform for Geo CPS
Abstract
Geotechnology, including GIS, remote sensing, and GNSS, is finding many applications in disaster risk reduction. Information flows in conventional systems tend to be one-way, however, from the physical world to cyber world, and their effectiveness often depends on professional training while support for participation is weak. This chapter overviews the history of the concept of the tangible user interface (TUI), which intuitively bridges GIS content in the cyber world onto a “tangible table,” a mock-up of the physical world for intuitive communication. After examining the common features of TUIs, we extend the concepts to recent applications in cyber-physical systems (CPSs) in the geographic dimension. We show how a Geo CPS platform (a CPS spatialized in the geographic world) with eXtended TUI (XTUI) can enhance the integration of information within cyber, physical and social spaces as well as the interactions among them in the application context. The system architecture and functions of Geo CPS with XTUI are constructed to reflect intuitive interactions of sensing, process and actuation (iSPA). Finally, we present a community trial at the Urban Living Lab in Yokohama City and discuss the potential for the Geo CPS platform with XTUI for disaster risk reduction.
Wanglin Yan, Yoshifumi Murakami, Akinobu Yasuda, Terukazu Makihara, Ryutaro Fujimoto, Shun Nakayama
Chapter 3. Innovation in Earthquake Early Warning System: A Case Study of EQ Guard
Abstract
Global frequency of disasters is following an upward trend. While the frequency of significant earthquake linked disasters is much less compared to hydrometeorological disasters, the causalities attributed to earthquakes considerably surpass those attributed to any other disasters. This makes earthquakes a low-frequency but high-impact hazard. Further, unlike other natural hazard warning mechanism, earthquake warning has a window of a few seconds to a minute, hence catching us mostly unaware and leading to more injuries and causalities. With the advancement in the field of earthquake research, and science and technology, many countries including Japan, Turkey, Mexico, and USA boast of having an earthquake warning system. Although it is not possible to reliably predict earthquakes, but the existing technologies create a window for decisive action by analyzing the P-wave, which provides advance information of the estimated seismic intensities and arrival time of strong tremors prior to their actual arrival. Ranging from a few seconds to a minute in hand, such a warning allows to take necessary safety measures including individual safety, evacuation, shutting down of critical/hazardous processes to mitigate impacts, stopping elevators, trains, initiating response, etc. This study discusses the innovation and advancement in earthquake early warning (EEW) systems in Japan. It explores the functioning of the existing product, namely, Earthquake Guard (EQG-III) developed by Challenge Co. Ltd., Japan which is being used for earthquake early warning.
Ambika Dabral, Kazuo Sasaki, Yamaimaiti Nizhamudong, Ranit Chatterjee, Rajib Shaw
Chapter 4. Drones for Disaster Risk Reduction and Crisis Response
Abstract
This chapter aims to introduce how drones are employed for disaster prevention, disaster mitigation and crisis response, especially in Japan. The following threefolds are to be introduced; (1) needs of drones/UAVs for disaster risk reduction (DRR), (2) cases of drones/UAVs in Japan and (3) application technologies of drones for DRR. First, needs and sequential flow of drones/UAVs usage for immediate response, rescue and recovery after disaster are described. Processes and actions conducted to the devastated area, local administration and crisis response team are also explained. Second, drone DRR researches in Japan are to be introduced. Third, technologies operated for DRR with drones/UAVs are shown. Photogrammetry and SfM are essential techniques to build 3D model in the devastated areas. Finally, the authors would like to describe organizational activities/collaborations and preparedness for crisis responses as well as human resource education in Japan.
Tomoyuki Furutani, Masaki Minami
Chapter 5. VR/AR and Its Application to Disaster Risk Reduction
Abstract
Evacuation drills are commonly conducted as traditional disaster education to reduce damage from natural disasters. However, participants are not always interested in or committed to such pieces of training. Many researchers are studying earthquakes and flood simulations, but there is a challenge for ordinary people to understand them, especially for young students entirely. Elementary and junior high schools and local governments host disaster preparedness seminars, using hazard maps and photos of past disaster areas to educate about potential risks. To understand the risk, participants select a house or school from the hazard map, read the depth of the floods, and using a numerical value, imagine the disaster scenario. These tasks are challenging to complete, especially for young students. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies are beneficial for solving these issues.
Tomoki Itamiya

Communication and Community Toward Disaster Resilience

Frontmatter
Chapter 6. Communication Structure, Protocol and Data Model Toward Resilient Cities in Japan
Abstract
This chapter proposes a wider view of disaster risk reduction in local communities through structured communication and information exchange. Smart city planning shows that resilience toward disasters equates with confidence in efficient responses. Information collection, sharing and delivery are, therefore, the keys in local communities to providing effective disaster management operations and relief to citizens. Community members clearly demonstrate expectations in the organization of information and communication that would increase resilience. Multiple stakeholders such as local municipalities and communities, state and prefectural government, private industries, NPOs and civil volunteers should all be involved in disaster response. Required information at each organizational level varies in terms of information granularity and contents. Moreover, there is no prior understanding of who owns what information, a fact which hinders collecting and sharing it effectively in the event of a disaster. A standardized data model that can be shared by related organizations on an everyday basis is mandatory. In addition, a common structure must be in place for information delivery from a local municipality to its citizens. This chapter asks what the information needed in a disaster consists of and how we can structure it across different organizations and devise a communication protocol between local municipalities and their citizens.
Mihoko Sakurai
Chapter 7. A Conceptual Framework for Designing an Effective Community Resilience Management System
Abstract
This chapter presents a conceptual framework for designing community resilience management system (CRMS). We review and discuss the current frameworks on community resilience from different disciplines. We then deep dive into the data, information systems, and communication technology networks in community resilience, which are important elements of community resilience but often neglected by the current community resilience frameworks. Following this, we conceptualize the CRMS with the data, infrastructure, rules and regulations, and stakeholders as interrelated key elements in improving community resilience that should be holistically viewed and improved. We explain how the CRMS should operate, inheriting concepts from operations management and systems analysis and design, and present the design requirements for CRMS. An implementation scenario of the CRMS in a temporary community of a large event during health pandemic is illustrated.
Amjad Fayoumi, Juliana Sutanto, Andreas Mauthe
Chapter 8. Social Media Technologies and Disaster Management
Abstract
The social–technological developments of the past decade have changed how we communicate during disasters. Given the wide reach of social media, when a disaster occurs in the digital era, people check social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook immediately to explore and to share disaster-related information. These help us to understand the extent of the serious damage it would cause, where and whether to evacuate, and what kind of support victims might need. Although social media has just recently emerged as a social–technological tool, past research has shown that it is human nature to share information during disasters. This chapter provides an overview of how the characteristics of social media platforms influence our information-sharing behavior during disasters. In addition, it focuses on not only the advantages but also the potential threat of using social technology based on recent empirical research. While social media makes it possible to share information more rapidly, widely, and easily than ever before, their technological characteristics could benefit us only if we share reliable information; however, social problems could be caused if false information is spread. By reviewing the psychological aspects behind false information spreading through social media, anticipated challenges in using social technology during disasters will be discussed.
Yuko Tanaka
Chapter 9. Use of IT for Situation Awareness for Disaster Risk Reduction
Abstract
Situation awareness is one of the key issues for first responders and relief agencies. Communication is important to raise situation awareness and share common pictures between relevant stakeholders. This chapter describes IT roles to increase situation awareness for disaster risk reduction. We look at situation awareness in each phase of the disaster management cycle. For instance, the first responders need to know what has happened and where they should have priority to go and rescue victims. During and before a disaster, people in the disaster area need to know what situations are to decide whether and how to evacuate. A command control office needs to know the size of disaster to locate resources to deal with rescue as well as with damages. Shelters need to be set up accordingly and local government may well need to manage those shelters in terms of providing goods and foods keeping track of the number of victims in the shelters as well as the statistics of the people vulnerable in disaster such as people with disabilities, elderly, children, and pregnant women. In the recovery phase, one may well need to keep informing people outside the disaster area about the recovery process so that they can share the disaster recovery together with the victims to keep providing helps. We look into how those requirements of situation awareness could be supported by the use of IT and ICT.
Yuko Murayama
Chapter 10. Emergency Communication and Use of ICT in Disaster Management
Abstract
The resilience of communication is of utmost importance at the time of any disaster. Unfortunately, disaster can occur at any time without any prior warning. The recent escalation in the number of natural and/or human-made disasters has ravaged millions of lives and caused billions of dollars in property damage without any discrimination between the developing and the developed countries. Minimizing the effect of such disasters becomes the primary objective. The impact can be mitigated by maintaining a consistent flow of information among locals affected by the disaster. The disaster management organizations are responsible for maintaining situational awareness to assess the damages and needs. Such insights become difficult to source when the communication systems fail, as often seen, in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. The catastrophic collapse of conventional network infrastructure and the failure in establishing real-time emergency communication paradigms restrict disaster salvage (/rescue) efforts, thereby increasing casualty count in a post-disaster scenario. Every region, from any spectrum of development, faces such challenges in the wake of a disaster. These issues beg for the creation of resilient and swiftly deployable communication infrastructure. Furthermore, such an infrastructure should address the data management issues to stave off congestion, optimize bandwidth utilization, and maximize throughput in the network. Here, we survey state of the art in emergency communication technologies for disaster management. Then, we present how these solutions can be applied to create a rapidly deployable network infrastructure for moving toward disaster resilience, further augmented by Information and Communication Technology (ICT). In this scope, we further discuss such infrastructures keeping in mind the deployment conditions like deployment feasibility, infrastructural scalability, and information management capabilities. Consequently, we discuss SurakshIT, a new network infrastructure, which incorporates hybrid communication technologies and protocol stacks to create a resilient framework for emergency communication while providing multiple application interfaces.
Tamal Mondal, Swaraj Pramanik, Prithviraj Pramanik, Kashi Nath Datta, Partha Sarathi Paul, Sujoy Saha, Subrata Nandi

Technologies for Decision Support

Frontmatter
Chapter 11. Experimental Command and Control Center for Crisis and Disaster Management: A Living-Lab Approach
Abstract
The living-lab is a planned research infrastructure that includes user involvement and the co-design process. This article presents an overview of the innovative experimental control room for crisis management that adopts this living-lab approach in all research co-creation activities. The aims of this paper are threefold: (1) To study possible control room research methods, focus areas, and technologies that can be tailored to the living-lab approach; (2) To illustrate and share experience on the possibilities to tailor an experimental command and control center as a living-lab. (3) To explore the features to fulfill to maximize the benefit of the living-lab for all intended audiences. By using three cases, this paper is able to show the relevance and applicability of the living-lab approach.
Jaziar Radianti
Chapter 12. Real-Time Mapping System of Shelter Conditions for Safe Evacuation
Abstract
This chapter introduces a newly developed real-time mapping system for shelter conditions. Local governments in Japan maintain data useful for an evacuation, such as the location of shelters, a list of open shelters, and the shelter capacity. Such data are available on several websites for local residents; however, they are not integrated and are difficult to use during an emergency. We believe that it will be helpful for the purpose of a mass evacuation to integrate and provide such data in a map form on the smartphones of local residents. In this chapter, we describe the concept and design of a real-time mapping system of the shelter conditions. Further, we present a case study of the prototype system for Kamaishi City in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. We conclude that the system will be helpful for local residents to accurately understand the state of the evacuation shelters and reduce the risks of a natural disaster.
Makoto Kitsuya, Jun Sasaki
Chapter 13. Decision Support System and New Technologies
Abstract
This chapter highlights the application of emerging technologies to a decision support system. When a disaster occurs, many agencies and companies start to conduct disaster response for rescue, evacuation, relief supplies, shelter, and so on. For effective disaster response, it is very important to build common situational awareness of the disaster among various organizations. SIP4D (Shared Information Platform for Disaster Management), which we developed, is an interagency cooperative information-sharing system. This system was utilized at every disaster countermeasure headquarters (government and prefectures) in recent disasters in Japan and its effectiveness was well recognized. As a result, “ISUT: Information Support Team” was put into operation from 2019 lead by the Cabinet Office, and SIP4D will continue to be used as a basic distribution network of information for resilience to natural disasters. To expedite yet more effective and dynamic decision support in disaster response, we will pursue technological innovation by evolving SIP4D into CPS4D—Cyber-Physical System for Disaster Resilience—which blends real space and virtual space at an advanced level and leads disaster response through information. A future decision support system will require automatically analyzing disaster dynamics. We must actively continue applying technologies to actual disasters and improving the system by taking in various forms of evidence from the institutions and organizations that are actually engaged in disaster response.
Yuichiro Usuda
Metadata
Title
Emerging Technologies for Disaster Resilience
Editors
Dr. Mihoko Sakurai
Prof. Rajib Shaw
Copyright Year
2021
Publisher
Springer Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-16-0360-0
Print ISBN
978-981-16-0359-4
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0360-0