Skip to main content
Top

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Emotion-Aware Teaching Robot: Learning to Adjust to User’s Emotional State

Authors : Frosina Stojanovska, Martina Toshevska, Vesna Kirandziska, Nevena Ackovska

Published in: ICT Innovations 2018. Engineering and Life Sciences

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Robots today are taking more and more complex roles thus they are getting smarter and more human-like. One complex function, specific to social robots, is the role of robots in human-robot interaction. They are helpful in the process of social human-robot interaction while performing a specific task like teaching, assisting, entertaining, etc. The ability to recognize emotions has a significant role for social robots. A robot that can understand emotions could be able to interact according to that emotion. In this paper, we propose a model for robotic behavior adapting to the user’s emotions. The humanoid robot Nao is used in the role of emotion-aware teacher for teaching math. Its main purpose is to teach and entertain the user while adapting its behavior to the user’s emotional state derived from the facial expression. The robot uses reinforcement learning to learn which action to perform in a specific emotional state. It employs the Q-learning algorithm, maximizing the next action’s award - a value that depends on the current emotional state of the user. An experimental study with a selected group of subjects is conducted to assess the proposed behavior. We evaluated the robot’s ability to recognize emotions and the subjects’ experience of interacting with the robot.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Ahmad, M.I., Mubin, O., Shahid, S., Orlando, J.: Emotion and memory model for a robotic tutor in a learning environment. In: Proceedings of the ISCA workshop on Speech and Language Technology in Education, Stockholm, pp. 26–32 (2017) Ahmad, M.I., Mubin, O., Shahid, S., Orlando, J.: Emotion and memory model for a robotic tutor in a learning environment. In: Proceedings of the ISCA workshop on Speech and Language Technology in Education, Stockholm, pp. 26–32 (2017)
3.
go back to reference Anil, J., Suresh, L.P.: Literature survey on face and face expression recognition. In: International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies, pp. 1–6 (2016) Anil, J., Suresh, L.P.: Literature survey on face and face expression recognition. In: International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies, pp. 1–6 (2016)
4.
go back to reference Arriaga, O., Valdenegro-Toro, M., Plöger, P.: Real-time convolutional neural networks for emotion and gender classification. arXiv:1710.07557 (2017) Arriaga, O., Valdenegro-Toro, M., Plöger, P.: Real-time convolutional neural networks for emotion and gender classification. arXiv:​1710.​07557 (2017)
5.
go back to reference Boboc, R.G., Horaţiu, M., Talabă, D.: An educational humanoid laboratory tour guide robot. Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci. 141, 424–430 (2014)CrossRef Boboc, R.G., Horaţiu, M., Talabă, D.: An educational humanoid laboratory tour guide robot. Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci. 141, 424–430 (2014)CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Bozinovski, S.: A self-learning system using secondary reinforcement. In: Cybernetics and Systems Research Proceedings of the 6th European Meeting on Cybernetics and Systems Research, pp. 397–402 (1982) Bozinovski, S.: A self-learning system using secondary reinforcement. In: Cybernetics and Systems Research Proceedings of the 6th European Meeting on Cybernetics and Systems Research, pp. 397–402 (1982)
7.
go back to reference van Breemen, A., Yan, X., Meerbeek, B.: iCat: an animated user-interface robot with personality. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, pp. 143–144. ACM (2005) van Breemen, A., Yan, X., Meerbeek, B.: iCat: an animated user-interface robot with personality. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, pp. 143–144. ACM (2005)
8.
go back to reference Broadbent, E.: Interactions with robots: the truths we reveal about ourselves. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 68, 627–652 (2017)CrossRef Broadbent, E.: Interactions with robots: the truths we reveal about ourselves. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 68, 627–652 (2017)CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Callejas-Cuervo, M., Martínez-Tejada, L.A., Alarcón-Aldana, A.C.: Emotion recognition techniques using physiological signals and video games-systematic review. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería 26(46), 19–28 (2017)CrossRef Callejas-Cuervo, M., Martínez-Tejada, L.A., Alarcón-Aldana, A.C.: Emotion recognition techniques using physiological signals and video games-systematic review. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería 26(46), 19–28 (2017)CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Canales, L., Martínez-Barco, P.: Emotion detection from text: a survey. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the 5th Information Systems Research Working Days (JISIC), pp. 37–43 (2014) Canales, L., Martínez-Barco, P.: Emotion detection from text: a survey. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the 5th Information Systems Research Working Days (JISIC), pp. 37–43 (2014)
11.
go back to reference Chen, A., et al.: Developing a robotic tutor to teach math skills to children (2017) Chen, A., et al.: Developing a robotic tutor to teach math skills to children (2017)
12.
go back to reference Dautenhahn, K.: Kaspar-a minimally expressive humanoid robot for human-robot interaction research. App. Bionics Biomech. 6(3–4), 369–397 (2009)CrossRef Dautenhahn, K.: Kaspar-a minimally expressive humanoid robot for human-robot interaction research. App. Bionics Biomech. 6(3–4), 369–397 (2009)CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Davison, D., Schindler, L., Reidsma, D.: Physical extracurricular activities in educational child-robot interaction. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.02736 (2016) Davison, D., Schindler, L., Reidsma, D.: Physical extracurricular activities in educational child-robot interaction. arXiv preprint arXiv:​1606.​02736 (2016)
14.
go back to reference El Ayadi, M., Kamel, M.S., Karray, F.: Survey on speech emotion recognition: features, classification schemes, and databases. Pattern Recognit. 44(3), 572–587 (2011)CrossRef El Ayadi, M., Kamel, M.S., Karray, F.: Survey on speech emotion recognition: features, classification schemes, and databases. Pattern Recognit. 44(3), 572–587 (2011)CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Fong, T., Nourbakhsh, I., Dautenhahn, K.: A survey of socially interactive robots. Robot. Auton. Syst. 42(3–4), 143–166 (2003)CrossRef Fong, T., Nourbakhsh, I., Dautenhahn, K.: A survey of socially interactive robots. Robot. Auton. Syst. 42(3–4), 143–166 (2003)CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Fridin, M., Angel, H., Azery, S.: Acceptance, interaction, and authority of educational robots. In: IEEE Workshop on advanced robotics and its social impacts, California, USA (2011) Fridin, M., Angel, H., Azery, S.: Acceptance, interaction, and authority of educational robots. In: IEEE Workshop on advanced robotics and its social impacts, California, USA (2011)
18.
go back to reference Gockley, R., et al.: Designing robots for long-term social interaction. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 1338–1343. IEEE (2005) Gockley, R., et al.: Designing robots for long-term social interaction. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 1338–1343. IEEE (2005)
19.
go back to reference Goodrich, M.A., Schultz, A.C.: Human-robot interaction: a survey. Found. Trends HRI 1(3), 203–275 (2007)MATH Goodrich, M.A., Schultz, A.C.: Human-robot interaction: a survey. Found. Trends HRI 1(3), 203–275 (2007)MATH
20.
go back to reference Hegel, F., et al.: Understanding social robots. In: 2nd International Conferences on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions, pp. 169–174. IEEE (2009) Hegel, F., et al.: Understanding social robots. In: 2nd International Conferences on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions, pp. 169–174. IEEE (2009)
21.
go back to reference Huijnen, C.A., Lexis, M.A., de Witte, L.P.: Matching robot kaspar to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) therapy and educational goals. Int. J. Soc. Robot. 8(4), 445–455 (2016)CrossRef Huijnen, C.A., Lexis, M.A., de Witte, L.P.: Matching robot kaspar to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) therapy and educational goals. Int. J. Soc. Robot. 8(4), 445–455 (2016)CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Ishiguro, H.: Robovie: an interactive humanoid robot. Ind. Robot: Int. J. 28(6), 498–504 (2001)CrossRef Ishiguro, H.: Robovie: an interactive humanoid robot. Ind. Robot: Int. J. 28(6), 498–504 (2001)CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Jeon, J., et al.: A real-time facial expression recognizer using deep neural network. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication, p. 94. ACM (2016) Jeon, J., et al.: A real-time facial expression recognizer using deep neural network. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication, p. 94. ACM (2016)
24.
go back to reference Kanda, T., Sato, R., Saiwaki, N., Ishiguro, H.: A two-month field trial in an elementary school for long-term human-robot interaction. IEEE Trans. Robot. 23(5), 962–971 (2007)CrossRef Kanda, T., Sato, R., Saiwaki, N., Ishiguro, H.: A two-month field trial in an elementary school for long-term human-robot interaction. IEEE Trans. Robot. 23(5), 962–971 (2007)CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Kirandziska, V., Ackovska, N.: Human-robot interaction based on human emotions extracted from speech. In: TELFOR, pp. 1381–1384. IEEE (2012) Kirandziska, V., Ackovska, N.: Human-robot interaction based on human emotions extracted from speech. In: TELFOR, pp. 1381–1384. IEEE (2012)
26.
go back to reference Kirandziska, V., Ackovska, N.: A concept for building more humanlike social robots and their ethical consequence (best paper award). In: International Conferences ICT Society and Human Beings, pp. 19–37 (2014) Kirandziska, V., Ackovska, N.: A concept for building more humanlike social robots and their ethical consequence (best paper award). In: International Conferences ICT Society and Human Beings, pp. 19–37 (2014)
27.
go back to reference Kleinsmith, A., Bianchi-Berthouze, N.: Affective body expression perception and recognition: a survey. IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 4(1), 15–33 (2013)CrossRef Kleinsmith, A., Bianchi-Berthouze, N.: Affective body expression perception and recognition: a survey. IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 4(1), 15–33 (2013)CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Kory Westlund, J., et al.: Tega: a social robot. In: The Eleventh ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human Robot Interaction, pp. 561–561 (2016) Kory Westlund, J., et al.: Tega: a social robot. In: The Eleventh ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human Robot Interaction, pp. 561–561 (2016)
29.
go back to reference Kozima, H., Michalowski, M.P., Nakagawa, C.: Keepon: a playful robot for research, therapy, and entertainment. Int. J. Soc. Robot. 1(1), 3–18 (2009)CrossRef Kozima, H., Michalowski, M.P., Nakagawa, C.: Keepon: a playful robot for research, therapy, and entertainment. Int. J. Soc. Robot. 1(1), 3–18 (2009)CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. Int. J. Soc. Robot. 6(3), 329–341 (2014)CrossRef Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. Int. J. Soc. Robot. 6(3), 329–341 (2014)CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Mavani, V., Raman, S., Miyapuram, K.P.: Facial expression recognition using visual saliency and deep learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.08016 (2017) Mavani, V., Raman, S., Miyapuram, K.P.: Facial expression recognition using visual saliency and deep learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:​1708.​08016 (2017)
33.
go back to reference Mnih, V.: Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning. Nature 518(7540), 529 (2015)CrossRef Mnih, V.: Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning. Nature 518(7540), 529 (2015)CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Paiva, A., Leite, I., Ribeiro, T.: Emotion modeling for social robots. The Oxford handbook of affective computing pp. 296–308 (2014) Paiva, A., Leite, I., Ribeiro, T.: Emotion modeling for social robots. The Oxford handbook of affective computing pp. 296–308 (2014)
35.
go back to reference Pekrun, R.: Emotions and Learning. International Academy of Education/International Bureau of Education (2014) Pekrun, R.: Emotions and Learning. International Academy of Education/International Bureau of Education (2014)
36.
go back to reference Pot, E., Monceaux, J., Gelin, R., Maisonnier, B.: Choregraphe: a graphical tool for humanoid robot programming. In: Robot and Human Interactive Communication, The 18th IEEE International Symposium on, pp. 46–51. IEEE (2009) Pot, E., Monceaux, J., Gelin, R., Maisonnier, B.: Choregraphe: a graphical tool for humanoid robot programming. In: Robot and Human Interactive Communication, The 18th IEEE International Symposium on, pp. 46–51. IEEE (2009)
37.
go back to reference Preckel, K., Kanske, P., Singer, T.: On the interaction of social affect and cognition: empathy, compassion and theory of mind. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 19, 1–6 (2018)CrossRef Preckel, K., Kanske, P., Singer, T.: On the interaction of social affect and cognition: empathy, compassion and theory of mind. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 19, 1–6 (2018)CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Sabelli, A.M., Kanda, T., Hagita, N.: A conversational robot in an elderly care center: an ethnographic study. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on HRI, pp. 37–44. ACM (2011) Sabelli, A.M., Kanda, T., Hagita, N.: A conversational robot in an elderly care center: an ethnographic study. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on HRI, pp. 37–44. ACM (2011)
39.
go back to reference Shamsuddin, S., et al.: Humanoid robot NAO interacting with autistic children of moderately impaired intelligence to augment communication skills. Procedia Eng. 41, 1533–1538 (2012)CrossRef Shamsuddin, S., et al.: Humanoid robot NAO interacting with autistic children of moderately impaired intelligence to augment communication skills. Procedia Eng. 41, 1533–1538 (2012)CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Shen, J., Rudovic, O., Cheng, S., Pantic, M.: Sentiment apprehension in human-robot interaction with NAO. In: International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, pp. 867–872. IEEE (2015) Shen, J., Rudovic, O., Cheng, S., Pantic, M.: Sentiment apprehension in human-robot interaction with NAO. In: International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, pp. 867–872. IEEE (2015)
41.
go back to reference Sutton, R.S., Barto, A.G.: Reinforcement learning: An introduction, vol. 1. MIT press, Cambridge (1998) Sutton, R.S., Barto, A.G.: Reinforcement learning: An introduction, vol. 1. MIT press, Cambridge (1998)
42.
go back to reference Tanevska, A., Ackovska, N., Kirandziska, V.: Assistive robotics as therapy for autistic children. In: 13th International Conference for Electronics, Telecommunications, Automation and Informatics (2016) Tanevska, A., Ackovska, N., Kirandziska, V.: Assistive robotics as therapy for autistic children. In: 13th International Conference for Electronics, Telecommunications, Automation and Informatics (2016)
43.
go back to reference Tanevska, A., Ackovska, N., Kirandziska, V.: Robot-assisted therapy: considering the social and ethical aspects when working with autistic children. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Human-Friendly Robotics, Genova, Italy, pp. 57–60 (2016) Tanevska, A., Ackovska, N., Kirandziska, V.: Robot-assisted therapy: considering the social and ethical aspects when working with autistic children. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Human-Friendly Robotics, Genova, Italy, pp. 57–60 (2016)
44.
go back to reference Tielman, M., Neerincx, M., Meyer, J.J., Looije, R.: Adaptive emotional expression in robot-child interaction. In: Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on HRI, pp. 407–414. ACM (2014) Tielman, M., Neerincx, M., Meyer, J.J., Looije, R.: Adaptive emotional expression in robot-child interaction. In: Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on HRI, pp. 407–414. ACM (2014)
45.
go back to reference Tyng, C.M., Amin, H.U., Saad, M.N., Malik, A.S.: The influences of emotion on learning and memory. Front. Psychol. 8, 1454 (2017)CrossRef Tyng, C.M., Amin, H.U., Saad, M.N., Malik, A.S.: The influences of emotion on learning and memory. Front. Psychol. 8, 1454 (2017)CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Van Hasselt, H., Guez, A., Silver, D.: Deep reinforcement learning with double q-learning. In: AAAI, vol. 16, pp. 2094–2100 (2016) Van Hasselt, H., Guez, A., Silver, D.: Deep reinforcement learning with double q-learning. In: AAAI, vol. 16, pp. 2094–2100 (2016)
47.
go back to reference Veloso, M.M., Rybski, P.E., Lenser, S., Chernova, S., Vail, D.: CMRoboBits: Creating an intelligent AIBO robot. AI Mag. 27(1), 67 (2006) Veloso, M.M., Rybski, P.E., Lenser, S., Chernova, S., Vail, D.: CMRoboBits: Creating an intelligent AIBO robot. AI Mag. 27(1), 67 (2006)
48.
go back to reference Wada, K., Shibata, T.: Robot therapy in a care house-its sociopsychological and physiological effects on the residents. In: Robotics and Automation, Proceedings of the International Conference on, pp. 3966–3971. IEEE (2006) Wada, K., Shibata, T.: Robot therapy in a care house-its sociopsychological and physiological effects on the residents. In: Robotics and Automation, Proceedings of the International Conference on, pp. 3966–3971. IEEE (2006)
49.
go back to reference Wada, K., Shibata, T.: Living with seal robots-its sociopsychological and physiological influences on the elderly at a care house. IEEE Trans. Robot. 23(5), 972–980 (2007)CrossRef Wada, K., Shibata, T.: Living with seal robots-its sociopsychological and physiological influences on the elderly at a care house. IEEE Trans. Robot. 23(5), 972–980 (2007)CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Watkins, C.J., Dayan, P.: Q-learning. Mach. Learn. 8(3–4), 279–292 (1992)MATH Watkins, C.J., Dayan, P.: Q-learning. Mach. Learn. 8(3–4), 279–292 (1992)MATH
Metadata
Title
Emotion-Aware Teaching Robot: Learning to Adjust to User’s Emotional State
Authors
Frosina Stojanovska
Martina Toshevska
Vesna Kirandziska
Nevena Ackovska
Copyright Year
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00825-3_6

Premium Partner