Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Natural Computing 2/2015

01-06-2015

Empirical modeling using genetic programming: a survey of issues and approaches

Authors: Vipul K. Dabhi, Sanjay Chaudhary

Published in: Natural Computing | Issue 2/2015

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Empirical modeling, which is a process of developing a mathematical model of a system from experimental data, has attracted many researchers due to its wide applicability. Finding both the structure and appropriate numeric coefficients of the model is a real challenge. Genetic programming (GP) has been applied by many practitioners to solve this problem. However, there are a number of issues which require careful attention while applying GP to empirical modeling problems. We begin with highlighting the importance of these issues including: computational efforts in evolving a model, premature convergence, generalization ability of an evolved model, building hierarchical models, and constant creation techniques. We survey and classify different approaches used by GP researchers to deal with the mentioned issues. We present different performance measures which are useful to report the results of analysis of GP runs. We hope this work would help the reader by facilitating to understand key concepts and practical issues of GP and steering in selection of an appropriate approach to solve a particular issue effectively.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Altenberg L (1994) The evolution of evolvability in genetic programming. In: Kinnear Jr. KE (eds) Advances in genetic programming. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 47–74 Altenberg L (1994) The evolution of evolvability in genetic programming. In: Kinnear Jr. KE (eds) Advances in genetic programming. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 47–74
go back to reference Angeline PJ, Pollack J (1993) Evolutionary module acquisition. In: Fogel D, Atmar W (eds) Proceedings of the second annual conference on evolutionary programming, La Jolla, CA, pp 154–163 Angeline PJ, Pollack J (1993) Evolutionary module acquisition. In: Fogel D, Atmar W (eds) Proceedings of the second annual conference on evolutionary programming, La Jolla, CA, pp 154–163
go back to reference Babovic V, Keijzer M (2000) Genetic programming as a model induction engine. J Hydroinform 2(1):35–60 Babovic V, Keijzer M (2000) Genetic programming as a model induction engine. J Hydroinform 2(1):35–60
go back to reference Barr RS, Golden BL, Kelly JP, Resende MG, Stewart Jr. WR (1995) Designing and reporting on computational experiments with heuristic methods. J Heuristics 1(1):9–32CrossRefMATH Barr RS, Golden BL, Kelly JP, Resende MG, Stewart Jr. WR (1995) Designing and reporting on computational experiments with heuristic methods. J Heuristics 1(1):9–32CrossRefMATH
go back to reference Beadle L, Johnson C (2008) Semantically driven crossover in genetic programming. In: Evolutionary computation, 2008. CEC 2008. IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence, pp 111–116 Beadle L, Johnson C (2008) Semantically driven crossover in genetic programming. In: Evolutionary computation, 2008. CEC 2008. IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence, pp 111–116
go back to reference Bentley PJ, Wakefield JP (1996) An analysis of multiobjective optimization within genetic algorithms. Technical Report ENGPJB96 96:1–14 Bentley PJ, Wakefield JP (1996) An analysis of multiobjective optimization within genetic algorithms. Technical Report ENGPJB96 96:1–14
go back to reference Burke E, Gustafson S, Kendall G (2004) Diversity in genetic programming: an analysis of measures and correlation with fitness. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 8(1):47–62CrossRef Burke E, Gustafson S, Kendall G (2004) Diversity in genetic programming: an analysis of measures and correlation with fitness. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 8(1):47–62CrossRef
go back to reference Cantu-Paz E (2000) Efficient and accurate parallel genetic algorithms, vol. 1. Springer, Norwell, MA Cantu-Paz E (2000) Efficient and accurate parallel genetic algorithms, vol. 1. Springer, Norwell, MA
go back to reference Coello CAC (1998) A comprehensive survey of evolutionary-based multiobjective optimization techniques. Knowl Inf Syst 1(3):269–308CrossRef Coello CAC (1998) A comprehensive survey of evolutionary-based multiobjective optimization techniques. Knowl Inf Syst 1(3):269–308CrossRef
go back to reference Costelloe D, Ryan C (2009) On improving generalisation in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 12th European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP ’09, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 61–72 Costelloe D, Ryan C (2009) On improving generalisation in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 12th European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP ’09, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 61–72
go back to reference Crawford-Marks R, Spector L (2002) Size control via size fair genetic operators in the pushgp genetic programming system. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO ’02, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, pp 733–739 Crawford-Marks R, Spector L (2002) Size control via size fair genetic operators in the pushgp genetic programming system. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO ’02, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, pp 733–739
go back to reference Deb K, Agrawal S, Pratap A, Meyarivan T (2000) A fast elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimisation: Nsga-ii. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on parallel problem solving from nature, PPSN VI, Springer-Verlag, London, pp 849–858 Deb K, Agrawal S, Pratap A, Meyarivan T (2000) A fast elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimisation: Nsga-ii. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on parallel problem solving from nature, PPSN VI, Springer-Verlag, London, pp 849–858
go back to reference de Jong ED, Watson RA, Pollack JB (2001) Reducing bloat and promoting diversity using multi-objective methods. Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2001), pp 11–18 de Jong ED, Watson RA, Pollack JB (2001) Reducing bloat and promoting diversity using multi-objective methods. Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2001), pp 11–18
go back to reference de Vega FF, Tomassini M, Vanneschi L, Bucher L (2000) A distributed computing environment for genetic programming using MPI. In: Proceedings of the 7th European PVM/MPI users’ group meeting on recent advances in parallel virtual machine and message passing interface, Springer, London, UK, pp 322–329 de Vega FF, Tomassini M, Vanneschi L, Bucher L (2000) A distributed computing environment for genetic programming using MPI. In: Proceedings of the 7th European PVM/MPI users’ group meeting on recent advances in parallel virtual machine and message passing interface, Springer, London, UK, pp 322–329
go back to reference Dignum S, Poli R (2008) Operator equalisation and bloat free gp. In: Proceedings of the 11th European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP’08, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 110–121 Dignum S, Poli R (2008) Operator equalisation and bloat free gp. In: Proceedings of the 11th European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP’08, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 110–121
go back to reference Eiben A, Jelasity M (2002) A critical note on experimental research methodology in ec. In: Proceedings of the 2002 Congress on evolutionary computation, 2002. CEC’02., vol 1, pp 582–587 Eiben A, Jelasity M (2002) A critical note on experimental research methodology in ec. In: Proceedings of the 2002 Congress on evolutionary computation, 2002. CEC’02., vol 1, pp 582–587
go back to reference Eiben A, Smit S (2011) Parameter tuning for configuring and analyzing evolutionary algorithms, pp 19–31 Eiben A, Smit S (2011) Parameter tuning for configuring and analyzing evolutionary algorithms, pp 19–31
go back to reference Ekárt A, Németh SZ (2001) Selection based on the pareto nondomination criterion for controlling code growth in genetic programming. Genet Program Evolvable Mach 2(1):61–73CrossRefMATH Ekárt A, Németh SZ (2001) Selection based on the pareto nondomination criterion for controlling code growth in genetic programming. Genet Program Evolvable Mach 2(1):61–73CrossRefMATH
go back to reference Eshelman LJ, Schaffer JD (1993) Crossover’s niche. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on genetic algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, pp 9–14 Eshelman LJ, Schaffer JD (1993) Crossover’s niche. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on genetic algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, pp 9–14
go back to reference Esparcia-Alcazar AI, Sharman K (1997) Learning schemes for genetic programming. In: Late breaking papers at the 1997 genetic programming conference, pp 57–65 Esparcia-Alcazar AI, Sharman K (1997) Learning schemes for genetic programming. In: Late breaking papers at the 1997 genetic programming conference, pp 57–65
go back to reference Ferreira C (2002) Gene expression programming in problem solving. In: Soft computing and industry, Springer, Berlin, pp 635–653. Ferreira C (2002) Gene expression programming in problem solving. In: Soft computing and industry, Springer, Berlin, pp 635–653.
go back to reference Ferreira C (2003) Function finding and the creation of numerical constants in gene expression programming. Springer, Berlin, pp 257–265 Ferreira C (2003) Function finding and the creation of numerical constants in gene expression programming. Springer, Berlin, pp 257–265
go back to reference Fonseca CM, Fleming PJ (1993) Genetic algorithms for multiobjective optimization: Formulation, discussion and generalization. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on genetic algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, pp 416–423 Fonseca CM, Fleming PJ (1993) Genetic algorithms for multiobjective optimization: Formulation, discussion and generalization. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on genetic algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, pp 416–423
go back to reference Gagné C, Parizeau M, Dubreuil M (2003) Distributed beagle: an environment for parallel and distributed evolutionary computations. In: Proceedings of the 17th annual international symposium on high performance computing systems and applications (HPCS), vol 2003. NRC Research Press, Canada, pp 201–208 Gagné C, Parizeau M, Dubreuil M (2003) Distributed beagle: an environment for parallel and distributed evolutionary computations. In: Proceedings of the 17th annual international symposium on high performance computing systems and applications (HPCS), vol 2003. NRC Research Press, Canada, pp 201–208
go back to reference Gagné C, Schoenauer M, Parizeau M, Tomassini M (2006) Genetic programming, validation sets, and parsimony pressure. In: Proceedings of the 9th European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP’06, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 109–120 Gagné C, Schoenauer M, Parizeau M, Tomassini M (2006) Genetic programming, validation sets, and parsimony pressure. In: Proceedings of the 9th European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP’06, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 109–120
go back to reference Gustafson S, Burke E, Krasnogor N (2005) On improving genetic programming for symbolic regression. In: The 2005 IEEE congress on evolutionary computation, 2005. vol. 1, pp 912–919 Gustafson S, Burke E, Krasnogor N (2005) On improving genetic programming for symbolic regression. In: The 2005 IEEE congress on evolutionary computation, 2005. vol. 1, pp 912–919
go back to reference Guyon I, Alamdari A, Dror G, Buhmann, J (2006) Performance prediction challenge. In: International joint conference on neural networks, 2006. IJCNN ’06, pp 1649–1656 Guyon I, Alamdari A, Dror G, Buhmann, J (2006) Performance prediction challenge. In: International joint conference on neural networks, 2006. IJCNN ’06, pp 1649–1656
go back to reference Handley S (1994) On the use of a directed acyclic graph to represent a population of computer programs. In: Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on evolutionary computation, 1994. IEEE world congress on computational intelligence, vol 1, pp 154–159 Handley S (1994) On the use of a directed acyclic graph to represent a population of computer programs. In: Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on evolutionary computation, 1994. IEEE world congress on computational intelligence, vol 1, pp 154–159
go back to reference Harmeling S, Dornhege G, Tax D, Meinecke F, Müller KR (2006) From outliers to prototypes: ordering data. Neurocomputing 69(13):1608–1618CrossRef Harmeling S, Dornhege G, Tax D, Meinecke F, Müller KR (2006) From outliers to prototypes: ordering data. Neurocomputing 69(13):1608–1618CrossRef
go back to reference Haynes T (1998) Collective adaptation: the exchange of coding segments. Evol Comput 6(4):311–338CrossRef Haynes T (1998) Collective adaptation: the exchange of coding segments. Evol Comput 6(4):311–338CrossRef
go back to reference Hengproprohm S, Chongstitvatana P (2001) Selective crossover in genetic programming. In: ISCIT international symposium on communications and information technologies. ChiangMai Orchid, ChiangMai Thailand Hengproprohm S, Chongstitvatana P (2001) Selective crossover in genetic programming. In: ISCIT international symposium on communications and information technologies. ChiangMai Orchid, ChiangMai Thailand
go back to reference Holland JH (1992) Adaptation in natural and artificial systems: an introductory analysis with applications to biology, control and artificial intelligence. MIT Press, Cambridge Holland JH (1992) Adaptation in natural and artificial systems: an introductory analysis with applications to biology, control and artificial intelligence. MIT Press, Cambridge
go back to reference Horn J, Nafpliotis N, Goldberg D (1994) A niched pareto genetic algorithm for multiobjective optimization. In: Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on evolutionary computation, 1994. IEEE world congress on computational intelligence, vol 1, pp 82–87 Horn J, Nafpliotis N, Goldberg D (1994) A niched pareto genetic algorithm for multiobjective optimization. In: Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on evolutionary computation, 1994. IEEE world congress on computational intelligence, vol 1, pp 82–87
go back to reference Howard L, D’Angelo D (1995) The ga-p: a genetic algorithm and genetic programming hybrid. IEEE Expert 10(3):11–15CrossRef Howard L, D’Angelo D (1995) The ga-p: a genetic algorithm and genetic programming hybrid. IEEE Expert 10(3):11–15CrossRef
go back to reference Ito T, Iba H, Sato S (1998) Non-destructive depth-dependent crossover for genetic programming. In: Genetic programming, Springer, London, pp 71–82. Ito T, Iba H, Sato S (1998) Non-destructive depth-dependent crossover for genetic programming. In: Genetic programming, Springer, London, pp 71–82.
go back to reference Jin R, Chen W, Simpson TW (2000) Comparative studies of metamodeling techniques under multiple modeling criteria. Struct Multi Optim 23:1–13CrossRef Jin R, Chen W, Simpson TW (2000) Comparative studies of metamodeling techniques under multiple modeling criteria. Struct Multi Optim 23:1–13CrossRef
go back to reference Jin Y, Olhofer M, Sendhoff B (2001) Dynamic weighted aggregation for evolutionary multi-objective optimization: why does it work and how? In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference GECCO, Morgan Kaufmann, pp 1042–1049 Jin Y, Olhofer M, Sendhoff B (2001) Dynamic weighted aggregation for evolutionary multi-objective optimization: why does it work and how? In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference GECCO, Morgan Kaufmann, pp 1042–1049
go back to reference Keijzer M (1996) Advances in genetic programming. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 259–278 Keijzer M (1996) Advances in genetic programming. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 259–278
go back to reference Keijzer M (2003) Improving symbolic regression with interval arithmetic and linear scaling. In: Proceedings of the 6th European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP’03, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 70–82 Keijzer M (2003) Improving symbolic regression with interval arithmetic and linear scaling. In: Proceedings of the 6th European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP’03, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 70–82
go back to reference Keijzer M (2004) Alternatives in subtree caching for genetic programming. In: Genetic programming, Springer, Berlin, pp 328–337 Keijzer M (2004) Alternatives in subtree caching for genetic programming. In: Genetic programming, Springer, Berlin, pp 328–337
go back to reference Keijzer M, Babovic V (2000) Genetic programming within a framework of computer-aided discovery of scientific knowledge. In: Whitley D, Goldberg D, Cantu-Paz D, Spector L, Parmee I, Beyer HG (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2000), Morgan Kaufmann, Las Vegas, Nevada, pp 543–550 Keijzer M, Babovic V (2000) Genetic programming within a framework of computer-aided discovery of scientific knowledge. In: Whitley D, Goldberg D, Cantu-Paz D, Spector L, Parmee I, Beyer HG (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2000), Morgan Kaufmann, Las Vegas, Nevada, pp 543–550
go back to reference Knowles JD, Corne DW (2000) Approximating the nondominated front using the pareto archived evolution strategy. Evol Comput 8(2):149–172CrossRef Knowles JD, Corne DW (2000) Approximating the nondominated front using the pareto archived evolution strategy. Evol Comput 8(2):149–172CrossRef
go back to reference Kotanchek M, Smits G, Vladislavleva E (2007) Trustable symbolic regression models: using ensembles, interval arithmetic and pareto fronts to develop robust and trust-aware models. In: Riolo RL, Soule T, Worzel B (eds) Genetic programming theory and practice V, vol. 5. Springer. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, Ann Arbor, pp 201–220. Kotanchek M, Smits G, Vladislavleva E (2007) Trustable symbolic regression models: using ensembles, interval arithmetic and pareto fronts to develop robust and trust-aware models. In: Riolo RL, Soule T, Worzel B (eds) Genetic programming theory and practice V, vol. 5. Springer. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, Ann Arbor, pp 201–220.
go back to reference Koza JR (1992) Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection, vol 1. MIT Press, Cambridge Koza JR (1992) Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection, vol 1. MIT Press, Cambridge
go back to reference Koza JR (1995) Evolving the architecture of a multi-part program in genetic programming using architecture-altering operations. In: McDonnell JR, Reynolds RG, Fogel DB (eds) Evolutionary programming IV proceedings of the fourth annual conference on evolutionary programming, MIT Press, San Diego, CA, pp 695–717. Koza JR (1995) Evolving the architecture of a multi-part program in genetic programming using architecture-altering operations. In: McDonnell JR, Reynolds RG, Fogel DB (eds) Evolutionary programming IV proceedings of the fourth annual conference on evolutionary programming, MIT Press, San Diego, CA, pp 695–717.
go back to reference Langdon WB (1998) Genetic programming and data structures: genetic programming + data structures = automatic programming!, vol 1. Springer, BerlinCrossRef Langdon WB (1998) Genetic programming and data structures: genetic programming + data structures = automatic programming!, vol 1. Springer, BerlinCrossRef
go back to reference Langdon WB (2000) Size fair and homologous tree crossovers for tree genetic programming. Genet Program Evolvable Mach 1(1−2):95–119CrossRefMATH Langdon WB (2000) Size fair and homologous tree crossovers for tree genetic programming. Genet Program Evolvable Mach 1(1−2):95–119CrossRefMATH
go back to reference Langdon W, Nordin J (2000) Seeding genetic programming populations. In: Poli R, Banzhaf W, Langdon W, Miller J, Nordin P, Fogarty T (eds) Genetic programming, lecture notes in computer science, vol. 1802, vol. 1802. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 304–315 Langdon W, Nordin J (2000) Seeding genetic programming populations. In: Poli R, Banzhaf W, Langdon W, Miller J, Nordin P, Fogarty T (eds) Genetic programming, lecture notes in computer science, vol. 1802, vol. 1802. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 304–315
go back to reference Langdon WB, Poli R (1998) Fitness causes bloat: mutation. In: Chawdhry PK, Roy R, Pan RK (eds) Second on-line world conference on soft computing in engineering design and manufacturing, Springer-Verlag, London, pp 37–48 Langdon WB, Poli R (1998) Fitness causes bloat: mutation. In: Chawdhry PK, Roy R, Pan RK (eds) Second on-line world conference on soft computing in engineering design and manufacturing, Springer-Verlag, London, pp 37–48
go back to reference Laumanns M, Thiele L, Zitzler E, Deb K (2002) Archiving with guaranteed convergence and diversity in multi-objective optimization. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO), GECCO’02, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, pp 439–447 Laumanns M, Thiele L, Zitzler E, Deb K (2002) Archiving with guaranteed convergence and diversity in multi-objective optimization. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO), GECCO’02, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, pp 439–447
go back to reference Li X, Zhou C, Nelson PC, Tirpak TM (2004) Investigation of constant creation techniques in the context of gene expression programming. In: Keijzer M (eds) Late breaking papers at the 2004 genetic and evolutionary computation conference. Seattle, Washington, USA Li X, Zhou C, Nelson PC, Tirpak TM (2004) Investigation of constant creation techniques in the context of gene expression programming. In: Keijzer M (eds) Late breaking papers at the 2004 genetic and evolutionary computation conference. Seattle, Washington, USA
go back to reference Li X, Zhou C, Xiao W, Nelson PC (2005) Prefix gene expression programming. In: Late breaking paper at genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO’2005), Washington, DC, pp 25–31 Li X, Zhou C, Xiao W, Nelson PC (2005) Prefix gene expression programming. In: Late breaking paper at genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO’2005), Washington, DC, pp 25–31
go back to reference Liu SH, Mernik M, Bryant BR (2006) Entropy-driven exploration and exploitation in evolutionary algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on bioinspired optimization methods and their applications (BIOMA 2006), pp 15–24 Liu SH, Mernik M, Bryant BR (2006) Entropy-driven exploration and exploitation in evolutionary algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on bioinspired optimization methods and their applications (BIOMA 2006), pp 15–24
go back to reference Liu SH, Mernik M, Bryant BR (2007) A clustering entropy-driven approach for exploring and exploiting noisy functions. In: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on applied computing, SAC’07, ACM, New York, NY, pp 738–742 Liu SH, Mernik M, Bryant BR (2007) A clustering entropy-driven approach for exploring and exploiting noisy functions. In: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on applied computing, SAC’07, ACM, New York, NY, pp 738–742
go back to reference Lopes HS, Weinert WR (2004) EGIPSYS: an enhanced gene expression programming approach for symbolic regression problems. Int J Appl Math Comput Sci 14(3):375–384MATHMathSciNet Lopes HS, Weinert WR (2004) EGIPSYS: an enhanced gene expression programming approach for symbolic regression problems. Int J Appl Math Comput Sci 14(3):375–384MATHMathSciNet
go back to reference Luke S (2003) Modification point depth and genome growth in genetic programming. Evol Comput 11(1):67–106CrossRef Luke S (2003) Modification point depth and genome growth in genetic programming. Evol Comput 11(1):67–106CrossRef
go back to reference Majeed H, Ryan C (2007) On the constructiveness of context-aware crossover. In: Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, GECCO’07, ACM, New York, NY, pp 1659–1666. Majeed H, Ryan C (2007) On the constructiveness of context-aware crossover. In: Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, GECCO’07, ACM, New York, NY, pp 1659–1666.
go back to reference McPhee NF, Hopper NJ (1999) Analysis of genetic diversity through population history. In: Banzhaf W, Daida J, Eiben AE, Garzon MH, Honavar V, Jakiela M, Smith RE (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, vol 2. Morgan Kaufmann, Orlando, Florida, pp 1112–1120. McPhee NF, Hopper NJ (1999) Analysis of genetic diversity through population history. In: Banzhaf W, Daida J, Eiben AE, Garzon MH, Honavar V, Jakiela M, Smith RE (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, vol 2. Morgan Kaufmann, Orlando, Florida, pp 1112–1120.
go back to reference McPhee NF, Miller JD (1995) Accurate replication in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on genetic algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, pp 303–309 McPhee NF, Miller JD (1995) Accurate replication in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on genetic algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, pp 303–309
go back to reference Ngatchou P, Zarei A, El-Sharkawi M (2005) Pareto multi objective optimization. In: Proceedings of the 13th international conference on intelligent systems application to power systems, 2005, pp 84–91 Ngatchou P, Zarei A, El-Sharkawi M (2005) Pareto multi objective optimization. In: Proceedings of the 13th international conference on intelligent systems application to power systems, 2005, pp 84–91
go back to reference Nikolaev N, Iba H (2001) Regularization approach to inductive genetic programming. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 5(4):359–375CrossRef Nikolaev N, Iba H (2001) Regularization approach to inductive genetic programming. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 5(4):359–375CrossRef
go back to reference O’Neill M, Vanneschi L, Gustafson S, Banzhaf W (2010) Open issues in genetic programming. Genet Program Evolvable Mach 11(3-4):339–363CrossRef O’Neill M, Vanneschi L, Gustafson S, Banzhaf W (2010) Open issues in genetic programming. Genet Program Evolvable Mach 11(3-4):339–363CrossRef
go back to reference O’Reilly UM, Oppacher F (1994) Program search with a hierarchical variable length representation: genetic programming, simulated annealing and hill climbing. Technical Report O’Reilly UM, Oppacher F (1994) Program search with a hierarchical variable length representation: genetic programming, simulated annealing and hill climbing. Technical Report
go back to reference Orlov M, Sipper M (2011) Flight of the finch through the java wilderness. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 15(2):166–182CrossRef Orlov M, Sipper M (2011) Flight of the finch through the java wilderness. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 15(2):166–182CrossRef
go back to reference Poli R (1996) Some steps towards a form of parallel distributed genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the first on-line workshop on soft computing, pp 290–295 Poli R (1996) Some steps towards a form of parallel distributed genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the first on-line workshop on soft computing, pp 290–295
go back to reference Poli R (2003) A simple but theoretically-motivated method to control bloat in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 6th European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP’03, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 204–217 Poli R (2003) A simple but theoretically-motivated method to control bloat in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 6th European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP’03, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 204–217
go back to reference Poli R, McPhee NF (2008) Parsimony pressure made easy. In: Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation, GECCO’08, ACM, New York, NY, pp 1267–1274 Poli R, McPhee NF (2008) Parsimony pressure made easy. In: Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation, GECCO’08, ACM, New York, NY, pp 1267–1274
go back to reference Poli R, Langdon WB, Dignum S (2007) On the limiting distribution of program sizes in tree-based genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 10th European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP’07, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 193–204 Poli R, Langdon WB, Dignum S (2007) On the limiting distribution of program sizes in tree-based genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 10th European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP’07, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 193–204
go back to reference Poli R, Vanneschi L, Langdon WB, Mcphee NF (2010) Theoretical results in genetic programming: the next ten years?. Genet Program Evolvable Mach 11(3-4):285–320CrossRef Poli R, Vanneschi L, Langdon WB, Mcphee NF (2010) Theoretical results in genetic programming: the next ten years?. Genet Program Evolvable Mach 11(3-4):285–320CrossRef
go back to reference Rosca JP (1995a) Entropy-driven adaptive representation. In: Proceedings of the workshop on genetic programming: from theory to real-world applications, Morgan Kaufmann, pp 23–32. Rosca JP (1995a) Entropy-driven adaptive representation. In: Proceedings of the workshop on genetic programming: from theory to real-world applications, Morgan Kaufmann, pp 23–32.
go back to reference Rosca JP (1995b) Towards automatic discovery of building blocks in genetic programming. In: Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Genetic Programming, vol. 445. MIT, Cambridge, MA: AAAI, pp 78–85 Rosca JP (1995b) Towards automatic discovery of building blocks in genetic programming. In: Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Genetic Programming, vol. 445. MIT, Cambridge, MA: AAAI, pp 78–85
go back to reference Ryan C (1994) Advances in genetic programming chap Pygmies and civil servants. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 243–263 Ryan C (1994) Advances in genetic programming chap Pygmies and civil servants. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 243–263
go back to reference Ryan C, Keijzer M (2003) An analysis of diversity of constants of genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 6th European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP’03, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 404–413 Ryan C, Keijzer M (2003) An analysis of diversity of constants of genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 6th European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP’03, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 404–413
go back to reference Schaffer JD (1985) Multiple objective optimization with vector evaluated genetic algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on genetic algorithms, L. Erlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, NJ, pp 93–100 Schaffer JD (1985) Multiple objective optimization with vector evaluated genetic algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on genetic algorithms, L. Erlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, NJ, pp 93–100
go back to reference Schmidt MD, Lipson H (2009) Incorporating expert knowledge in evolutionary search: a study of seeding methods. In: Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, GECCO’09, ACM, New York, NY, pp 1091–1098. Schmidt MD, Lipson H (2009) Incorporating expert knowledge in evolutionary search: a study of seeding methods. In: Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, GECCO’09, ACM, New York, NY, pp 1091–1098.
go back to reference Silva S (2008) Controlling bloat: individual and population based approaches in genetic programming. Ph.D. thesis, Departamento de Engenharia Informatica, Universidade de Coimbra Silva S (2008) Controlling bloat: individual and population based approaches in genetic programming. Ph.D. thesis, Departamento de Engenharia Informatica, Universidade de Coimbra
go back to reference Silva S, Costa E (2009) Dynamic limits for bloat control in genetic programming and a review of past and current bloat theories. Genet Program Evolvable Mach 10(2):141–179CrossRefMathSciNet Silva S, Costa E (2009) Dynamic limits for bloat control in genetic programming and a review of past and current bloat theories. Genet Program Evolvable Mach 10(2):141–179CrossRefMathSciNet
go back to reference Smits G, Vladislavleva E (2006) Ordinal pareto genetic programming. In: IEEE congress on evolutionary computation, 2006. CEC 2006, pp 3114–3120 Smits G, Vladislavleva E (2006) Ordinal pareto genetic programming. In: IEEE congress on evolutionary computation, 2006. CEC 2006, pp 3114–3120
go back to reference Smits G, Kordon A, Vladislavleva K, Jordaan E, Kotanchek M (2005) Variable selection in industrial datasets using pareto genetic programming. In: Yu T, Riolo RL, Worzel B (eds) Genetic programming theory and practice III, genetic programming, vol. 9, chap. 6. Springer, Ann Arbor, pp 79–92 Smits G, Kordon A, Vladislavleva K, Jordaan E, Kotanchek M (2005) Variable selection in industrial datasets using pareto genetic programming. In: Yu T, Riolo RL, Worzel B (eds) Genetic programming theory and practice III, genetic programming, vol. 9, chap. 6. Springer, Ann Arbor, pp 79–92
go back to reference Soule T, Foster J (1998) Removal bias: a new cause of code growth in tree based evolutionary programming. In: The 1998 IEEE international conference on evolutionary computation proceedings, 1998. IEEE world congress on computational intelligence, pp 781–786 Soule T, Foster J (1998) Removal bias: a new cause of code growth in tree based evolutionary programming. In: The 1998 IEEE international conference on evolutionary computation proceedings, 1998. IEEE world congress on computational intelligence, pp 781–786
go back to reference Srinivas N, Deb K (1994) Muiltiobjective optimization using nondominated sorting in genetic algorithms. Evol Comput 2(3):221–248CrossRef Srinivas N, Deb K (1994) Muiltiobjective optimization using nondominated sorting in genetic algorithms. Evol Comput 2(3):221–248CrossRef
go back to reference Stinstra E, Rennen G, Teeuwen G (2006) Meta-modeling by symbolic regression and pareto simulated annealing. Internal Report No. 2006-15, Tilburg University, Holland Stinstra E, Rennen G, Teeuwen G (2006) Meta-modeling by symbolic regression and pareto simulated annealing. Internal Report No. 2006-15, Tilburg University, Holland
go back to reference Tackett WA (1994) Recombination, selection, and the genetic construction of computer programs. Ph.D. thesis, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Not available from Univ. Microfilms Int. Tackett WA (1994) Recombination, selection, and the genetic construction of computer programs. Ph.D. thesis, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Not available from Univ. Microfilms Int.
go back to reference tak Zhang B (1997) A taxonomy of control schemes for genetic code growth. In: Position paper at the workshop on evolutionary computation with variable size representation at ICGA-97. East Lansing, MI, USA tak Zhang B (1997) A taxonomy of control schemes for genetic code growth. In: Position paper at the workshop on evolutionary computation with variable size representation at ICGA-97. East Lansing, MI, USA
go back to reference Tokui N, Iha H (1999) Empirical and statistical analysis of genetic programming with linear genome. In: IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics, 1999. IEEE SMC’99 conference proceedings, vol 3, pp 610–615 Tokui N, Iha H (1999) Empirical and statistical analysis of genetic programming with linear genome. In: IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics, 1999. IEEE SMC’99 conference proceedings, vol 3, pp 610–615
go back to reference Torres S, Larre M, Torres J (2002) A string representation methodology to generate syntactically valid genetic programs. In: WSEAS transactions on systems, vol 1, Mexico, pp 290–295 Torres S, Larre M, Torres J (2002) A string representation methodology to generate syntactically valid genetic programs. In: WSEAS transactions on systems, vol 1, Mexico, pp 290–295
go back to reference Ursem RK (2002) Diversity-guided evolutionary algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on parallel problem solving from nature, PPSN VII, Springer-Verlag, London, pp 462–474. Ursem RK (2002) Diversity-guided evolutionary algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on parallel problem solving from nature, PPSN VII, Springer-Verlag, London, pp 462–474.
go back to reference Uy NQ, Hoai NX, O’Neill M (2009) Semantic aware crossover for genetic programming: the case for real-valued function regression. In: Proceedings of the 12th European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP’09, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 292–302. Uy NQ, Hoai NX, O’Neill M (2009) Semantic aware crossover for genetic programming: the case for real-valued function regression. In: Proceedings of the 12th European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP’09, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 292–302.
go back to reference Uy NQ, Hoai NX, O’Neill M, Mckay RI, Galván-López E (2011) Semantically-based crossover in genetic programming: application to real-valued symbolic regression. Genet Program Evolvable Mach 12:91–119CrossRef Uy NQ, Hoai NX, O’Neill M, Mckay RI, Galván-López E (2011) Semantically-based crossover in genetic programming: application to real-valued symbolic regression. Genet Program Evolvable Mach 12:91–119CrossRef
go back to reference Vanneschi L, Castelli M, Silva S (2010) Measuring bloat, overfitting and functional complexity in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, GECCO’10, ACM, New York, NY, pp 877–884. Vanneschi L, Castelli M, Silva S (2010) Measuring bloat, overfitting and functional complexity in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, GECCO’10, ACM, New York, NY, pp 877–884.
go back to reference Vladislavleva EJ, Smits GF, Den Hertog D (2009) Order of nonlinearity as a complexity measure for models generated by symbolic regression via pareto genetic programming. Trans Evol Comput 13:333–349CrossRef Vladislavleva EJ, Smits GF, Den Hertog D (2009) Order of nonlinearity as a complexity measure for models generated by symbolic regression via pareto genetic programming. Trans Evol Comput 13:333–349CrossRef
go back to reference Wichard J (2006) Model selection in an ensemble framework. In: International joint conference on neural networks, 2006. IJCNN’06, pp 2187–2192 Wichard J (2006) Model selection in an ensemble framework. In: International joint conference on neural networks, 2006. IJCNN’06, pp 2187–2192
go back to reference Wyns B, De Bruyne P, Boullart L (2006) Characterizing diversity in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 9th European conference on genetic programming, Springer-Verlag, pp 250–259 Wyns B, De Bruyne P, Boullart L (2006) Characterizing diversity in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 9th European conference on genetic programming, Springer-Verlag, pp 250–259
go back to reference Zăvoianu AC (2010) Towards solution parsimony in an enhanced genetic programming process. Master’s thesis, International School Informatics: Engineering & Management, ISI-Hagenberg, Johannes Kepler University, Linz Zăvoianu AC (2010) Towards solution parsimony in an enhanced genetic programming process. Master’s thesis, International School Informatics: Engineering & Management, ISI-Hagenberg, Johannes Kepler University, Linz
go back to reference Zhang BT, Cho DY (1999) Genetic programming with active data selection. In: Selected papers from the Second Asia-Pacific Conference on Simulated Evolution and Learning on Simulated Evolution and Learning, SEAL’98, Springer-Verlag, London, pp 146–153 Zhang BT, Cho DY (1999) Genetic programming with active data selection. In: Selected papers from the Second Asia-Pacific Conference on Simulated Evolution and Learning on Simulated Evolution and Learning, SEAL’98, Springer-Verlag, London, pp 146–153
go back to reference Zitzler E, Thiele L (1999) Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms: a comparative case study and the strength pareto approach. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 3(4):257–271CrossRef Zitzler E, Thiele L (1999) Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms: a comparative case study and the strength pareto approach. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 3(4):257–271CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Empirical modeling using genetic programming: a survey of issues and approaches
Authors
Vipul K. Dabhi
Sanjay Chaudhary
Publication date
01-06-2015
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Natural Computing / Issue 2/2015
Print ISSN: 1567-7818
Electronic ISSN: 1572-9796
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-014-9416-y

Other articles of this Issue 2/2015

Natural Computing 2/2015 Go to the issue

Premium Partner