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2020 | Book | 1. edition

Applying Governing Networks and Multilevel Scales to Address Wicked Problems Read chapter Read first chapter

Enabling Collaborative Governance through Systems Modeling Methods

Public Policy Design and Implementation

Editors: Carmine Bianchi, Luis F. Luna-Reyes, Eliot Rich

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Book Series : System Dynamics for Performance Management & Governance

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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About this book

This volume constitutes a first approximation for the use of systems approaches and dynamic performance management as tools for collaborative governance. The chapters examine models and simulations used in some specific systems approaches, which contribute to facilitating problem focus and collective understanding of collaborative governance, especially in the area of performance management. The explicit connection between resources and outcomes promoted by this view helps managers to understand better how to improve policy and to create positive outcomes that create public value.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter

Systems Approaches to Collaborative Governance Networks and Policy Implementation

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Applying Governing Networks and Multilevel Scales to Address Wicked Problems
Abstract
The question of how to govern multiscale problems in today’s networked environment is an important topic in the fields of public administration and public management. This chapter addresses the complexities involved with managing the interaction of actors operating in dynamic networks and various scales of governance. Traditional NPM-based approaches, in particular, have proven grossly insufficient for addressing the complexities associated with network systems and the scalar politics associated with managing wicked social problems like global-sourced human trafficking. Our approach builds on Cash et al.’s (Ecology and Society 11:8, 2006) argument that there is no single, correct, or best governing approach or scalar model that can be universally applied across the board. We propose a more sophisticated and nuanced paradigm that draws on a dynamic set of approaches that reflects the type of network and scale of players within the specific political, economic, and social context in which they operate and interact. The key issue is whether the existing, evolving, and proposed governance structures and processes are designed to fit the purpose of the outcome. Adaptive governance allows different networks to identify modes that fit a particular purpose. How networks and related governance scales are conceptualized tends to vary across fields of study. Drawing on the rich literature from political science and environmental studies, this chapter explores innovative ways of conceptualizing the complex interactions among governance network actors. We apply this conceptual framework to help us map the seemingly intractable collective action challenges associated with multilevel scalar politics that are continually evolving within a rapidly changing world.
This study provides extensive discussion of the literature and examines how evolving public networks of actors came together to address the human trafficking problem in a locality.
Henrik P. Minassians, Ravi K. Roy
Chapter 2. Participative Governance of the Swiss Construction Material Industry: Transitioning Business Models and Public Policy
Abstract
Insights from research into transitions of socio-technical systems start to influence policy design, pushing for more sustainable production and consumption systems. Policy implementation is often met with resistance from a variety of actors and faces systemic inertia to change. We examine this resistance and the role of business models within industry-sector transitions through a case study on the Swiss construction material industry. Business model logics can form barriers to change and inhibit the diffusion of alternative logics. Using a system dynamics perspective, we identify feedback loops that form barriers to transitions. These feedback structures promote the understanding of an organisation’s role in a changing environment and to anticipate problematic future scenarios. Causal loop diagramming explicates the need for participative governance as it builds on shared mental models among relevant key actors. This study demonstrates the value of using dynamic systems thinking to understand the role of business models in industry sector transitions.
Daniel Kliem, Alexander Scheidegger
Chapter 3. Leveraging Collaborative Governance: How Co-production Contributes to Outcomes and Public Value in a Small Town
Abstract
Collaborative governance is increasingly considered an effective approach to improve outcomes and public value. This chapter focuses on co-production as an instrument to implement collaborative governance at local level. It is not uncommon that small towns develop co-production processes to deliver cultural and touristic services. Out of a literature review, the study develops a Dynamic Multidimensional Performance Management framework to explore the impact of co-production on community outcomes. To this end, this chapter discusses the case “Museo Civico di Castelbuono (MCC)”,which concerns the co-production process of the guided tour of the museum’s venue. The resulting model provides insights into how co-production improves management outcomes, organizational, and community-level performance, finding that the motivation of co-producers drives service capacity. Lastly, the analysis of performance drivers and associated measures offers several implications for policy design and implementation and suggests strategic levers to make collaborative governance work.
Vincenzo Vignieri
Chapter 4. The Conceptual Dynamic Model of Rural Development Towards Sustainable Self-Sufficiency
Abstract
The inability of rural areas to accommodate inhabitants’ aspirations and the dynamics of life among young people led to youth migration towards urban areas. This phenomenon causes villages to experience a shortage of labor. Development agents for an innovative and productive life in agricultural development are lost. Making the village attractive for youth requires a comprehensive rural development strategy in all aspects, including economic, social, and technical skill issues. This study built a conceptual model based on the causation relationship within a causal loop diagram of several relevant aspects, such as economic, social, and skill development facets in achieving sustainable rural area development. We draw the relationships and interaction among relevant variables in the system from in-depth interviews, focus group discussion (FGD), surveys, and the use of secondary data. The location is concerned with rural rice-producing villages in Central Java, which have been experiencing a youth-labor shortage. Alternative strategies were identified based on the conceptual model, such as (1) the development of modern rice agriculture to secure job availability, which can nurture juvenile farmers. Income security and flawless production activities for farmers to guarantee remuneration adequacy become the second priority. The third strategy improves the role of educational institutions in providing knowledge and developing skills for students in the agricultural-based village and rural development. Lastly, infrastructure building is vital to open up access to economic activities, reduce the cost of production, and foster the trading schemes capable of creating innovative young farmers, and a plethora of jobs.
Athor Subroto, Vanda Ningrum
Chapter 5. Policy Implementation: A Review of Selected Literature
Abstract
Successful policy implementation advances sustainable development. However, doubt remains about the importance of the policy implementation concept. Meanwhile, the world over, many policies fail to achieve their intended objectives. Efforts of the theoretical perspectives to develop a compressive theory to guide policy implementation are so far futile. This chapter uses select literature to examine the theoretical underpinning and practice of policy implementation concept. Interest in policy implementation should be strengthened and should focus on the realization of the Global Sustainable Development Agenda. Global trends have presented governance and collaboration with issues that require policy implementation attention. We conclude that the adoption of dynamic system modelling will address the complexity and dynamism of policy implementation and benefit policy implementation success.
Joshua Mugambwa, Isaac Nkote Nabeta, Mohamed Ngoma, Nichodemus Rudaheranwa, Will Kaberuka, John C. Munene

Systems Methods to Enable Collaborative Planning and Decision Making

Frontmatter
Chapter 6. A Model-Based Governance and Planning Tool for HIV/AIDS Services in Vietnam
Abstract
Planning services for HIV/AIDS is complicated by the nature of the disease and the way it spreads. Reducing the HIV/AIDS burden in a country requires sophisticated tools and agreement among stakeholders about effective strategies. This chapter describes a tool for governance and planning of HIV/AIDS services at the provincial level in Vietnam. The tool includes a System Dynamics (SD) model and an interface that enables its use by planners and multiple stakeholders. The tool can be used to allocate constrained budgets more effectively or develop idealized solutions and calculate their cost. It can meet the needs of countries like Vietnam that are moving toward middle-income status and taking greater responsibility for funding, management, and governance of HIV/AIDS services.
Gary Hirsch, James Rice
Chapter 7. Collaboration Governance and System Dynamics Modelling: What Do Clients Want?
Abstract
System dynamics modellers sometimes involve decision makers in the modelling process, a method known as “group model building”. Group model building has been used to support group decision making and collaborative governance. Group model building has been associated with several different outcomes; it is not clear which of these outcomes are important to the clients that choose to engage with system dynamics modellers to provide group model building solutions. This chapter reports on group decision making in the context of public policy design and implementation and explores which outcomes are important to potential clients in the New Zealand public sector.
Senior management within four government agencies identified the employees who were most likely to commission and conduct group decision processes. These individuals participated in detailed semi-structured interviews, and completed a written questionnaire, exploring the contexts in which group model building may be useful and the outcomes sought in each situation. The results suggest that, even within the public sector, the importance of a particular outcome will depend upon context. However, public servants generally appear to value trust and agreement over policy quality when conducting group-decision processes. Knowledge of the outcomes sought by potential clients helps guide the outcomes measured by researchers and helps practitioners to tailor communication messages to clients.
This chapter is an update on the previously published article: Scott, R. J., Cavana, R. Y., & Cameron, D. (2016). Client perceptions of reported outcomes of group model building in the New Zealand public sector. Group Decision and Negotiation, 25(1), 77–101.
Rodney J. Scott, Robert Y. Cavana
Chapter 8. Multi-Criteria Policy Options Analysis of the Swedish Environmental Goals Using Indexed Causal Loop Diagram Modelling Method
Abstract
The 16 Swedish Environmental Quality Objectives (EQOs) describe the desired state of the environment within one generation in each of the areas the EQO addresses. In the brief history of the EQO, there has been need of understanding what and how to measure success towards fulfilling the EQO. There is a need to create a better transparency between the implementation of policy to carrying out measures, observing changes in the status of the environment into the desired direction. Identifying and understanding the feedback loops and key driving forces that render implementation of environmental measures non-successful are needed. This study analyses in what way environmental policy implementation can connect better to success indicators and observation of changes in environmental state over time. It also gives a proposal for a new gap analysis process coupling with simple system dynamic modelling. The case study shows that the implementation of environmental policy has to be put into the context of understanding different time delays of different factors within the system, i.e. the time until the environmental state has reached the target value. This study is ongoing and shows how novel qualitative analysis can be used to compare different types of policy options that address different types of strategies within the EQO.
Hördur V. Haraldsson
Chapter 9. Participatory Multicriteria Evaluation of Metropolitan Transportation Planning System Scenarios: Navigating Trade-Offs for Collaborative Design of Sustainable Communities
Abstract
Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) in the US policy context represent an example of a polycentric governance innovation to mediate persistent conflict between the local and state government agencies. The MPOs are required by federal law to develop a long-range Metropolitan Transportation Plan (MTP), at least every 5 years. Regional-scale priorities in MTP constrain economic growth and environmental sustainability options of local communities. These priorities set up synergies and trade-offs between regional, state, and federal transportation planning systems vis-a-vis local community goals.
This chapter presents an example of a novel policy and planning tool inspired by a participatory Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach as applied to evaluate alternate MTP scenarios in the Chittenden County Metropolitan Planning Area (CCMPO). This empirical application demonstrates the use of participatory MCDA approaches in formal and informal planning processes. This approach navigates value trade-offs and builds consensus and collaboration on collective action problems among network actors.
Asim Zia

Collaborative Governance and Dynamic Performance Management

Frontmatter
Chapter 10. Patronage and the Public Service: A Dynamic Performance Governance Perspective
Abstract
Patronage is one of the enduring issues in public administration. Although the virtues of merit-based recruitment and retention in the public service are extolled widely, patronage of some form persists in many, if not most, countries. By using system dynamics modeling applied to performance governance, this chapter provides an analysis of both the pathological and the eufunctional aspects of patronage appointments in the public sector. It also considers the potential virtues of using patronage appointments. In addition, using a dynamic performance governance model, we examine how patronage may actually improve the performance of public services.
B. Guy Peters, Carmine Bianchi
Chapter 11. Blending Collaborative Governance and Dynamic Performance Management to Foster Policy Coordination in Renewable Energy Supply Chains
Abstract
As the use of renewable energy is growing worldwide, the wind industry is being endorsed as a promising source for clean energy supply. In this context, the strategic management of the supply chain is fundamental to pursue a steady expansion of renewable energy. However, the fragmentation between energy policy design and implementation has been considered as a major cause threatening the effectiveness in managing the supply chain. This problem has been provoked mainly by an unsynchronized and uncoordinated decision-making process that involves public and private institutions.
This chapter proposes the adoption of a dynamic performance management approach for enhancing a collaborative governance perspective aimed at supporting the strategic coordination in designing and implementing wind energy policies in Brazil. Using lessons learned from simulating the supply chain, key performance drivers for mitigating inconsistencies in decision-making processes are identified and discussed. The chapter updates and improves the findings of a research project recently developed by the authors (Herrera and Cosenz, The Electricity Journal, 32(8), 106636, 2019).
Milton M. Herrera, Federico Cosenz, Isaac Dyner
Chapter 12. Applying Dynamic Performance Management to Public Emergency Management: An Analysis of the Wenchuan Earthquake
Abstract
Previous studies in public emergency management confirm that collaboration assumes a relevant role in strengthening society’s capacity to cope with complex phenomena, such as disasters. However, empirical researches on emergency management show problems in performance measurement, mainly in employing narrow measures focusing on the results of single organisations rather than the entire system. Starting from a Chinese earthquake (Wenchuan) case, as an example, we use the dynamic performance management approach to develop a performance framework. This framework aims at investigating the interrelationships of different actors involved in emergency management and designing appropriate public emergency management performance outcomes. Our study offers two significant findings. First, the use of dynamic performance management represents a novel approach to frame public emergency management performance outcomes. Second, such an approach, by making explicit how available strategic resources may impact on performance drivers, thereby influencing performance outcomes, offers a framework to support decision-makers in identifying key measures to monitor and designing effective policies to improve emergency management performance.
Linlin Wang, Enzo Bivona, Haiyan Yan, Jiayin Qi
Chapter 13. Institutional Logics Analysis for Enabling Collaborative DPM Processes: Universities’ Third Mission Performance as an Illustrative Example
Abstract
The literature increasingly encourages public managers and policy-makers to develop recursive cycles of collective and collaborative mental model formalization for improved organizational learning, reporting and decision-making. Dynamic performance management (DPM) is a promising approach to address this challenge. However, the actors involved in the system under study often display different cultures, values and social expectations, which may hinder successful collaboration around a DPM modelling process. Our study develops a process for mapping the different institutional logics that are likely to influence the DPM modelling processes in a certain context, thus creating the conditions for a more systematic, inclusive and collaborative DPM modelling process. Also, this study provides an illustrative example of the proposed institutional logics-based approach to DPM by identifying the different public value resource stocks that are expected to result from universities’ third mission.
Francesca Ricciardi, Paola De Bernardi, Canio Forliano, Mattia Franco
Chapter 14. Fostering Collaborative Governance in Chronic Disease Management Programs: A Dynamic Performance Management Approach
Abstract
Chronic diseases are the leading cause of disability and mortality in the world and represent a global health emergency due to the increase in frequency and complexity that has been occurring in recent years. The outcomes related to chronic care needs depend on the joint effort of a multi-provider, multi-disciplinary, and multi-professional service network, which operates along a clinical pathway. However, all the different players involved in the provision of services may have different interests and goals derived from their organizational structure and their role in the overall health system. This context of fragmented governance makes performance management of care services problematic. It requires the assessment of interorganizational relationships of the multiplicity of providers involved in the service delivery. This chapter aims to show how a dynamic performance-based perspective may effectively support chronic care management and help decision-makers focus on critical drivers impacting on desired results. For this purpose, the chronic disease management program implemented in the Lombardy Region (Italy) was used as a basis for developing a dynamic performance management framework. This approach is then used to address obstacles impeding the success of the chronic disease management program and to outline alternative policies the different decision-makers involved in the healthcare pathway delivery may implement to improve the whole program performance.
Enzo Bivona, Guido Noto
Chapter 15. Applying Dynamic Performance Management to Foster Collaborative Governance in Higher Education: A Conceptual Framework
Abstract
Higher education is characterized by growing complexity and uncertainty, which highlight how wicked issues cannot be addressed by one organization acting alone. A collaborative governance approach is here proposed to tackle these issues. Such a perspective has been implemented widely, from public services design and delivery to infrastructure development and environmental protection. Although higher education is not less critical than the above areas, less attention has been paid to collaborative governance in this field. To foster collaborative governance in higher education, based on a literature review, we develop a conceptual framework using the dynamic performance management approach. This study aims to contribute to the literature and to support decision-makers to implement collaborative governance strategies to achieve the three university missions. Future research is required to test the validity of the proposed framework. The use of a system dynamics simulation model could offer an effective environment to simulate alternative collaborative governance strategies in higher education institutions.
Zhenping Zhang, Enzo Bivona, Jiayin Qi, Haiyan Yan
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Enabling Collaborative Governance through Systems Modeling Methods
Editors
Carmine Bianchi
Luis F. Luna-Reyes
Eliot Rich
Copyright Year
2020
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-42970-6
Print ISBN
978-3-030-42969-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42970-6

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