Top

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management

Published in:

31-10-2023 | SPECIAL FEATURE: ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Enhanced recovery of gold from aqua regia leachate of electronic waste using dithiocarbamate-modified cellulose

Authors: M. Mehedi Hasan Rocky, Ismail M. M. Rahman, Yuto Sakai, Foni B. Biswas, Shafiqur Rahman, Masaru Endo, Kuo H. Wong, Asami S. Mashio, Hiroshi Hasegawa

Published in: Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management | Issue 2/2024

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Electronic waste (e-waste) has emerged as a valuable secondary source of metals, including precious metals (PMs), surpassing those found in natural ores. The objective of this study is to explore the use of cellulose-based adsorbents, specifically dithiocarbamate-modified cellulose (DMC) and proline-incorporated DMC with epoxy-cross-linkage (DMC-Pro-Epo6), in the recovery of Au from e-waste, particularly under harsh aqua regia (AR) conditions. DMC adsorption behavior in AR is influenced by several factors, such as AR dilution, pre-adsorption phenomena, contact time, and Au^III concentration. DMCs displayed competitive adsorption across varied AR dilutions, benefiting from diluted AR due to hindered adsorption in undiluted AR. Contact time analysis demonstrated rapid Au^III adsorption, with equilibrium achieved in approximately 30 min. Four anion exchange-type commercial resins (Lewatit MonoPlus TP 214, Diaion WA30, Dowex 1X8, and AmberChrom 1X8) and one chelating CR (Q-10R) were tested for comparison, and their adsorption capacities were evaluated. Both the DMC and DMC-Pro-Epo6 have higher adsorption capacities for Au^III than commercial resins, which can be attributed to their sorption-active dithiocarbamate functional groups. The study also outlined a step-by-step Au extraction from printed circuit boards (PCBs), and the effective recovery of metallic Au from PCBs using DMCs was demonstrated.

previous article Observation of non-recyclable plastic in recycling shops: present practice and potential usage

next article Optimizing landfill mining operations: a comparative analysis of material flow and cost–benefit assessment for medium- and large-scale sites

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Available only for authorised users

Biswas FB, Rahman IMM, Nakakubo K, Yunoshita K, Endo M, Mashio AS, Taniguchi T, Nishimura T, Maeda K, Hasegawa H (2021) Comparative evaluation of dithiocarbamate-modified cellulose and commercial resins for recovery of precious metals from aqueous matrices. J Hazard Mater 418:126308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126308CrossRefPubMed

Parajuli D, Khunathai K, Adhikari CR, Inoue K, Ohto K, Kawakita H, Funaoka M, Hirota K (2009) Total recovery of gold, palladium, and platinum using lignophenol derivative. Miner Eng 22:1173–1178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2009.06.003CrossRef

Park YJ, Fray DJ (2009) Recovery of high purity precious metals from printed circuit boards. J Hazard Mater 164:1152–1158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.043CrossRefPubMed

Wang J, Lu Y, Xu Z (2019) Identifying extraction technology of gold from solid waste in terms of environmental friendliness, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng 7:7260–7267. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00283CrossRef

Kubota F, Kono R, Yoshida W, Sharaf M, Kolev SD, Goto M (2019) Recovery of gold ions from discarded mobile phone leachate by solvent extraction and polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) based separation using an amic acid extractant. Sep Purif Technol 214:156–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.04.031CrossRef

Forti V, Balde CP, Kuehr R, Bel G (2020) The Global E-waste Monitor 2020: Quantities, flows and the circular economy potential. United Nations University, Bonn, Geneva and RotterdamAbdelhamid, Kerkeni, United Nations Institute for Training and Research

Shittu OS, Williams ID, Shaw PJ (2021) Global E-waste management: Can WEEE make a difference? A review of e-waste trends, legislation, contemporary issues and future challenges. Waste Manage (Oxford) 120:549–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.016CrossRef

Xavier LH, Ottoni M, Abreu LPP (2023) A comprehensive review of urban mining and the value recovery from e-waste materials. Resour Conserv Recycl 190:106840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106840CrossRef

Bae M, Lee J-C, Lee H, Kim S (2020) Recovery of nitric acid and gold from gold-bearing aqua regia by tributyl-phosphate. Sep Purif Technol 235:116154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116154CrossRef

10.

Widmer R, Oswald-Krapf H, Sinha-Khetriwal D, Schnellmann M, Böni H (2005) Global perspectives on e-waste. Environ Impact Assess Rev 25:436–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2005.04.001CrossRef

11.

Anwer S, Panghal A, Majid I, Mallick S (2022) Urban mining: recovery of metals from printed circuit boards. Int J Environ Sci Technol 19:9731–9740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03662-yCrossRef

12.

Syed S (2012) Recovery of gold from secondary sources—A review. Hydrometallurgy 115–116:30–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.12.012CrossRef

13.

Morcali MH, Zeytuncu B, Akman S, Yucel O (2014) Sorption of gold from electronic waste solutions by a commercial sorbent. Chem Eng Commun 201:1041–1053. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2013.798731CrossRef

14.

Syed S (2006) A green technology for recovery of gold from non-metallic secondary sources. Hydrometallurgy 82:48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.01.004CrossRef

15.

Birich A, Stopic S, Friedrich B (2019) Kinetic investigation and dissolution behavior of cyanide alternative gold leaching reagents. Sci Rep 9:7191. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43383-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralADS

16.

Yannopoulos JC (1991) Recovery of Secondary Gold. In: The Extractive Metallurgy of Gold. Springer US, Boston, pp. 137–139.

17.

Ding Y, Zhang S, Liu B, Zheng H, Chang C-C, Ekberg C (2019) Recovery of precious metals from electronic waste and spent catalysts: A review, Resour. Conserv Recycl 141:284–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.10.041CrossRef

18.

Tuncuk A, Stazi V, Akcil A, Yazici EY, Deveci H (2012) Aqueous metal recovery techniques from e-scrap: Hydrometallurgy in recycling. Miner Eng 25:28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2011.09.019CrossRef

19.

Zhang Y, Liu S, Xie H, Zeng X, Li J (2012) Current status on leaching precious metals from waste printed circuit boards, Procedia Environ. Sci 16:560–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.077CrossRef

20.

Cyganowski P, Garbera K, Leśniewicz A, Wolska J, Pohl P, Jermakowicz-Bartkowiak D (2017) The recovery of gold from the aqua regia leachate of electronic parts using a core–shell type anion exchange resin. J Saudi Chem Soc 21:741–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2017.03.007CrossRef

21.

Elomaa H, Seisko S, Junnila T, Sirviö T, Wilson BP, Aromaa J, Lundström M (2017) The effect of the redox potential of aqua regia and temperature on the Au, Cu, and Fe dissolution from WPCBs. Recycling 2:14. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling2030014CrossRef

22.

Williams-Jones AE, Bowell RJ, Migdisov AA (2009) Gold in Solution. Elements 5:281–287. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.5.5.281CrossRefADS

23.

Jaiswal SK, Mandal D, Visweswara Rao RVRL (2015) Recovery and reuse of nitric acid from effluents containing free nitric acid in absence and presence of metal nitrates. Chem Eng J 266:271–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.12.060CrossRef

24.

Soleimani M, Kaghazchi T (2008) Adsorption of gold ions from industrial wastewater using activated carbon derived from hard shell of apricot stones – An agricultural waste. Bioresour Technol 99:5374–5383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.021CrossRefPubMed

25.

Aktas S, Morcali MH (2011) Gold uptake from dilute chloride solutions by a Lewatit TP 214 and activated rice husk. Int J Miner Process 101:63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2011.07.007CrossRef

26.

Navarro R, Saucedo I, Lira MA, Guibal E (2010) Gold(III) recovery from HCl solutions using Amberlite XAD-7 impregnated with an ionic liquid (Cyphos IL-101). Sep Sci Technol 45:1950–1962. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2010.493116CrossRef

27.

Nakajima A, Ohe K, Baba Y, Kijima T (2003) Mechanism of Gold Adsorption by Persimmon Tannin Gel. Anal Sci 19:1075–1077. https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.19.1075CrossRefPubMed

28.

Khoo KM, Ting YP (2001) Biosorption of gold by immobilized fungal biomass. Biochem Eng J 8:51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-703X(00)00134-0CrossRefPubMed

29.

Dodson JR, Parker HL, Muñoz García A, Hicken A, Asemave K, Farmer TJ, He H, Clark JH, Hunt AJ (2015) Bio-derived materials as a green route for precious & critical metal recovery and re-use. Green Chem 17:1951–1965. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4GC02483DCrossRef

30.

Chang Z, Zeng L, Sun C, Zhao P, Wang J, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Qi X (2021) Adsorptive recovery of precious metals from aqueous solution using nanomaterials – A critical review. Coord Chem Rev 445:214072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214072CrossRef

31.

Rocky MMH, Rahman IMM, Biswas FB, Rahman S, Endo M, Wong KH, Mashio AS, Hasegawa H (2023) Cellulose-based materials for scavenging toxic and precious metals from water and wastewater: A review. Chem Eng J 472:144677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.144677CrossRef

32.

Biswas FB, Rahman IMM, Nakakubo K, Endo M, Nagai K, Mashio AS, Taniguchi T, Nishimura T, Maeda K, Hasegawa H (2021) Highly selective and straightforward recovery of gold and platinum from acidic waste effluents using cellulose-based bio-adsorbent. J Hazard Mater 410:124569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124569CrossRef

33.

Nakakubo K, Endo M, Sakai Y, Biswas FB, Wong KH, Mashio AS, Taniguchi T, Nishimura T, Maeda K, Hasegawa H (2022) Cross-linked dithiocarbamate-modified cellulose with enhanced thermal stability and dispersibility as a sorbent for arsenite removal. Chemosphere 307:135671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135671CrossRefPubMed

34.

Nakakubo K, Hasegawa H, Ito M, Yamazaki K, Miyaguchi M, Biswas FB, Ikai T, Maeda K (2019) Dithiocarbamate-modified cellulose resins: A novel adsorbent for selective removal of arsenite from aqueous media. J Hazard Mater 380:120816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120816CrossRefPubMed

35.

Gowing CJB, Potts PJ (1991) Evaluation of a rapid technique for the determination of precious metals in geological samples based on a selective aqua regia leach. Analyst 116:773–779. https://doi.org/10.1039/AN9911600773CrossRefADS

36.

Padhye LP, Kim J-H, Huang C-H (2013) Oxidation of dithiocarbamates to yield N-nitrosamines by water disinfection oxidants. Water Res 47:725–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.043CrossRefPubMed

37.

Chmielewski AG, Urbański TS, Migdał W (1997) Separation technologies for metals recovery from industrial wastes. Hydrometallurgy 45:333–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(96)00090-4CrossRef

38.

Kulandaisamy S, Rethinaraj JP, Adaikkalam P, Srinivasan GN, Raghavan M (2003) The aqueous recovery of gold from electronic scrap. JOM 55:35–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-003-0102-2CrossRef

39.

Halli P, Hamuyuni J, Revitzer H, Lundström M (2017) Selection of leaching media for metal dissolution from electric arc furnace dust. J Cleaner Prod 164:265–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.212CrossRef

40.

Veit HM, Bernardes AM, Ferreira JZ, JaS T, Malfatti CDF (2006) Recovery of copper from printed circuit boards scraps by mechanical processing and electrometallurgy. J Hazard Mater 137:1704–1709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.05.010CrossRefPubMed

41.

Sheng PP, Etsell TH (2007) Recovery of gold from computer circuit board scrap using aqua regia, Waste Manage. Res 25:380–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X07076946CrossRef

42.

Bonggotgetsakul YYN, Cattrall RW, Kolev SD (2016) Recovery of gold from aqua regia digested electronic scrap using a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) (PVDF-HFP) based polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) containing Cyphos® IL 104. J Membr Sci 514:274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.05.002CrossRef

43.

Kızılaslan E, Aktaş S, Şeşen MK (2009) Towards environmentally safe recovery of platinum from scrap automotive catalytic converters. Turk J Eng Environ Sci 33:83–90

44.

Chaudhari SV, Deshmukh GM (2015) Fluidization effect on removal and recovery of palladium (II) from wastewater by chelated ion exchange resin. Chem Eng Commun. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2014.880423CrossRef

45.

Hubicki Z, Wołowicz A (2009) A comparative study of chelating and cationic ion exchange resins for the removal of palladium(II) complexes from acidic chloride media. J Hazard Mater 164:1414–1419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.053CrossRefPubMed

46.

Lee J-C, Kurniawan H-J, Chung KW, Kim S (2020) Separation of platinum, palladium and rhodium from aqueous solutions using ion exchange resin: A review. Sep Purif Technol 246:116896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116896CrossRef

47.

Lu Y, Xu Z (2016) Precious metals recovery from waste printed circuit boards: A review for current status and perspective, Resour. Conserv Recycl 113:28–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.05.007CrossRef

48.

Hao J, Wang Y, Wu Y, Guo F (2020) Metal recovery from waste printed circuit boards: A review for current status and perspectives. Resour Conserv Recycl 157:104787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104787CrossRef

49.

Jadhav U, Hocheng H (2015) Hydrometallurgical recovery of metals from large printed circuit board pieces. Sci Rep 5:14574. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14574CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralADS

50.

Lekka M, Masavetas I, Benedetti AV, Moutsatsou A, Fedrizzi L (2015) Gold recovery from waste electrical and electronic equipment by electrodeposition: A feasibility study. Hydrometallurgy 157:97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.07.017CrossRef

51.

Behnamfard A, Salarirad MM, Veglio F (2013) Process development for recovery of copper and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards with emphasize on palladium and gold leaching and precipitation. Waste Manage (Oxford) 33:2354–2363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.07.017CrossRef

52.

Mecucci A, Scott K (2002) Leaching and electrochemical recovery of copper, lead and tin from scrap printed circuit boards. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 77:449–457. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.575CrossRef

53.

Djokić J, Jovančićević B, Brčeski I, Ranitović M, Gajić N, Kamberović Ž (2020) Leaching of metastannic acid from e-waste by-products. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 22:1899–1912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01076-5CrossRef

54.

Havlik T, Orac D, Petranikova M, Miskufova A, Kukurugya F, Takacova Z (2010) Leaching of copper and tin from used printed circuit boards after thermal treatment. J Hazard Mater 183:866–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.107CrossRefPubMed

55.

Jha MK, Choubey PK, Jha AK, Kumari A, Lee J-C, Kumar V, Jeong J (2012) Leaching studies for tin recovery from waste e-scrap. Waste Manage (Oxford) 32:1919–1925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.05.006CrossRef

56.

Yang J, Kubota F, Baba Y, Kamiya N, Goto M (2014) Application of cellulose acetate to the selective adsorption and recovery of Au(III). Carbohydr Polym 111:768–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.003CrossRefPubMed

57.

Mahyapour H, Mohammadnejad S (2022) Optimization of the operating parameters in gold electro-refining. Miner Eng 186:107738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2022.107738CrossRef

58.

Tansel B (2017) From electronic consumer products to e-wastes: Global outlook, waste quantities, recycling challenges. Environ Int 98:35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.002CrossRefPubMed

59.

Tipre DR, Khatri BR, Thacker SC, Dave SR (2021) The brighter side of e-waste—a rich secondary source of metal. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:10503–10518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12022-1CrossRef

60.

Arrascue ML, Garcia HM, Horna O, Guibal E (2003) Gold sorption on chitosan derivatives. Hydrometallurgy 71:191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(03)00156-7CrossRef

61.

Georgouvelas D, Abdelhamid HN, Li J, Edlund U, Mathew AP (2021) All-cellulose functional membranes for water treatment: Adsorption of metal ions and catalytic decolorization of dyes. Carbohydr Polym 264:118044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118044CrossRefPubMed

62.

Romero-González ME, Williams CJ, Gardiner PHE, Gurman SJ, Habesh S (2003) Spectroscopic Studies of the Biosorption of Gold(III) by Dealginated Seaweed Waste. Environ Sci Technol 37:4163–4169. https://doi.org/10.1021/es020176wCrossRefPubMedADS

63.

Ishikawa S-I, Suyama K, Arihara K, Itoh M (2002) Uptake and recovery of gold ions from electroplating wastes using eggshell membrane. Bioresour Technol 81:201–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00134-1CrossRefPubMed

64.

Ji Y, Gao H, Sun J, Cai F (2011) Experimental probation on the binding kinetics and thermodynamics of Au(III) onto Bacillus subtilis. Chem Eng J 172:122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.077CrossRef

65.

Liu L, Li C, Bao C, Jia Q, Xiao P, Liu X, Zhang Q (2012) Preparation and characterization of chitosan/graphene oxide composites for the adsorption of Au(III) and Pd(II). Talanta 93:350–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.02.051CrossRefPubMed

66.

Pangeni B, Paudyal H, Inoue K, Kawakita H, Ohto K, Alam S (2012) Selective recovery of gold(III) using cotton cellulose treated with concentrated sulfuric acid. Cellulose 19:381–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-011-9628-6CrossRef

67.

Ramesh A, Hasegawa H, Sugimoto W, Maki T, Ueda K (2008) Adsorption of gold(III), platinum(IV) and palladium(II) onto glycine modified crosslinked chitosan resin. Bioresour Technol 99:3801–3809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.07.008CrossRefPubMed

68.

Torres E, Mata YN, Blázquez ML, Muñoz JA, González F, Ballester A (2005) Gold and Silver Uptake and Nanoprecipitation on Calcium Alginate Beads. Langmuir 21:7951–7958. https://doi.org/10.1021/la046852kCrossRefPubMed

69.

Varia J, Zegeye A, Roy S, Yahaya S, Bull S (2014) Shewanella putrefaciens for the remediation of Au³⁺, Co²⁺ and Fe³⁺ metal ions from aqueous systems. Biochem Eng J 85:101–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2014.02.002CrossRef

70.

Nguyen NV, Jeong J, Jha MK, Lee J-C, Osseo-Asare K (2010) Comparative studies on the adsorption of Au(III) from waste rinse water of semiconductor industry using various resins. Hydrometallurgy 105:161–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.09.003CrossRef

Title: Enhanced recovery of gold from aqua regia leachate of electronic waste using dithiocarbamate-modified cellulose
Authors: M. Mehedi Hasan Rocky
Ismail M. M. Rahman
Yuto Sakai
Foni B. Biswas
Shafiqur Rahman
Masaru Endo
Kuo H. Wong
Asami S. Mashio
Hiroshi Hasegawa
Publication date: 31-10-2023
Publisher: Springer Japan
Published in: Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management / Issue 2/2024
Print ISSN: 1438-4957
Electronic ISSN: 1611-8227
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-023-01824-3

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 2/2024

Bangkok’s waste metabolism: barriers and opportunities for inclusive circularity

Effect of pH on water durability of cellulose nanofiber-reinforced starch film

Environmental potential of recycling of plastic wastes in Australia based on life cycle assessment

Efficient chemical depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate via transesterification with ethanol using CaO catalyst

Influencing factors of consumers’ participation in express packaging recycling: a questionnaire survey on the current situation of five provinces in China

Py-GC/MS and slow pyrolysis of tamarind seed husk