Environmental Policy under Multi-stakeholder Governance in China: Focusing on Implementation of Industrial Pollution Control

China has developed its environmental policy by mainly focusing on industrial pollution control for 30 years. In the beginning, environmental policy in China was initiated by the central government under the leadership of top leaders in the Communist Party, and administrative and law systems have been strengthened gradually. Since the 1990s, the State Council, the highest administrative body in China, has called all industries to comply with emission standards and has also issued implementation guidelines to order local governments to shut down small-scale industries that cause heavy environmental pollution. On the other hand, the government has cooperated with the newly reformed People’s Congress and the mass media, even though all media in China are still under the control of the government and the Communist Party, to supervise and inspect the implementation process of strict command and control regulations. At the same time, in recent years NGOs and residents are also expected to play important roles in implementing the regulations.