Top

The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

Published in:

30-07-2019 | ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Evaluation of different heat treatment cycles on improving single point incremental forming of AA6061 aluminum alloy

Authors: Maryam Ghaferi, Mohammad Javad Mirnia, Majid Elyasi, Hamed Jamshidi Aval

Published in: The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology | Issue 1-4/2019

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Both the formability and hardness of the age-hardenable AA6061 aluminum alloy sheet are highly dependent on the type of the heat treatment. In this research, to simultaneously improve the formability and the final hardness of a truncated pyramid from the AA6061 aluminum alloy formed by single point incremental forming (SPIF), three different heat treatment cycles have been investigated. The considered cycles include solid solution/SPIF/aging (the cycle I), solid solution/aging/SPIF (the cycle II), and annealing/SPIF/solid solution/aging (the cycle III). The maximum forming depth achievable at certain wall angles before fracture was considered as a formability indicator. Microstructural studies were carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The obtained results show that the best condition among the investigated heat treatment cycles for SPIF of the 70° wall angle is cold working of the annealed sheet in the cycle III which results in an improvement of 100% in the forming depth and an increase of 2% in the hardness by the subsequent artificial aging treatment, as compared to the as-received condition. Also, microstructural studies revealed that the solution temperature and time considerably affect the formability and hardness of the final formed part during the cycle I.

previous article Specific Energy and G ratio of Grinding Cemented Carbide under Different Cooling and Lubrication Conditions

next article Improved thermal FE numerical model/DoE based on the Taguchi method to estimate weld penetration/energy and non-metallic inclusions: a case study in Ti-containing TWIP steel butt joints

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Mohammadi A, Qin L, Vanhove H, Seefeldt M, Van Bael A, Duflou JR (2016) Single point incremental forming of an aged AL-Cu-Mg alloy: influence of pre-heat treatment and warm forming. J Mater Eng Perform 25(6):2478–2488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2055-y CrossRef

Gavgali M, Totik Y, Sadeler R (2003) The effects of artificial aging on wear properties of AA 6063 alloy. Mater Lett 57(24):3713–3721. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-577X(03)00168-X CrossRef

Chakrabarti DJ, Laughlin DE (2004) Phase relations and precipitation in Al–Mg–Si alloys with Cu additions. Prog Mater Sci 49(3):389–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6425(03)00031-8 CrossRef

Tan CF, Said MR (2009) Effect of hardness test on precipitation hardening aluminium alloy 6061-T6. Chiang Mai J Sci 36(3):276–286

Demir H, Gündüz S (2009) The effects of aging on machinability of 6061 aluminium alloy. Mater Des 30(5):1480–1483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.08.007 CrossRef

Ozturk F, Sisman A, Toros S, Kilic S, Picu RC (2010) Influence of aging treatment on mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy. Mater Des 31(2):972–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.08.017 CrossRef

El-Menshawy K, El-Sayed A-WA, El-Bedawy ME, Ahmed HA, El-Raghy SM (2012) Effect of aging time at low aging temperatures on the corrosion of aluminum alloy 6061. Corros Sci 54:167–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2011.09.011 CrossRef

Jang J-H, Nam D-G, Park Y-H, Park I-M (2013) Effect of solution treatment and artificial aging on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Cu alloy. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China 23(3):631–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(13)62509-1 CrossRef

Chen Y-T, Lee S-L, Bor H-Y, Lin J-C (2013) Effect of natural aging and cold working on microstructures and mechanical properties of Al-4.6Cu-0.5Mg-0.5Ag alloy. Metall Mater Trans A 44(6):2831–2838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-1611-4 CrossRef

10.

Raghavan RS, Tiwari SM, Mishra SK, Carsley JE (2014) Recovery quantification and onset of recrystallization in aluminium alloys. Philos Mag Lett 94(12):755–763. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500839.2014.975767 CrossRef

11.

Li L, Flores-Johnson EA, Shen L, Proust G (2015) Effects of heat treatment and strain rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 6061 Al alloy. Int. J. Damage Mech. 25(1):26–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056789515569088 CrossRef

12.

Dong GJ, Bi J, Du B, Chen XH, Zhao CC (2017) Research on AA6061 tubular components prepared by combined technology of heat treatment and internal high pressure forming. J Mater Process Technol 242:126–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.11.035 CrossRef

13.

He D-h, Li X-q, Li D-s, W-j Y (2010) Process design for multi-stage stretch forming of aluminium alloy aircraft skin. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China 20(6):1053–1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60257-0 CrossRef

14.

Wang L, Strangwood M, Balint D, Lin J, Dean TA (2011) Formability and failure mechanisms of AA2024 under hot forming conditions. Mater Sci Eng A 528(6):2648–2656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.11.084 CrossRef

15.

Mansourinejad M, Mirzakhani B (2012) Influence of sequence of cold working and aging treatment on mechanical behaviour of 6061 aluminum alloy. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China 22(9):2072–2079. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(11)61430-1 CrossRef

16.

Chen Y-Z, Liu W, Yuan S-J (2015) Strength and formability improvement of Al-Cu-Mn aluminum alloy complex parts by thermomechanical treatment with sheet hydroforming. JOM 67(5):938–947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1294-y CrossRef

17.

X-b F, He Z-b, W-x Z, S-j Y (2016) Formability and strengthening mechanism of solution treated Al–Mg–Si alloy sheet under hot stamping conditions. J Mater Process Technol 228:179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.10.016 CrossRef

18.

Mirnia MJ, Vahdani M, Shamsari M (2018) Ductile damage and deformation mechanics in multistage single point incremental forming. Int J Mech Sci 136:396–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.12.051 CrossRef

19.

Ambrogio G, Filice L, Gagliardi F (2012) Formability of lightweight alloys by hot incremental sheet forming. Mater Des 34:501–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.08.024 CrossRef

20.

Fang Y, Lu B, Chen J, Xu DK, Ou H (2014) Analytical and experimental investigations on deformation mechanism and fracture behavior in single point incremental forming. J Mater Process Technol 214(8):1503–1515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.02.019 CrossRef

21.

Mirnia MJ, Mollaei Dariani B, Vanhove H, Duflou JR (2014) An investigation into thickness distribution in single point incremental forming using sequential limit analysis. Int J Mater Form 7(4):469–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-013-1143-x CrossRef

22.

Azevedo NG, Farias JS, Bastos RP, Teixeira P, Davim JP, Alves de Sousa RJ (2015) Lubrication aspects during single point incremental forming for steel and aluminum materials. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 16(3):589–595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-015-0079-0 CrossRef

23.

Gatea S, Ou H, McCartney G (2016) Review on the influence of process parameters in incremental sheet forming. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 87(1):479–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8426-6 CrossRef

24.

Hussain G, Gao L, Hayat N, Dar NU (2010) The formability of annealed and pre-aged AA-2024 sheets in single-point incremental forming. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 46(5):543–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-009-2120-x CrossRef

25.

Khan S, Hussain G, Ilyas M, Rashid H, Khan MI, Khan WA (2018) Appropriate heat treatment and incremental forming route to produce age-hardened components of Al-2219 alloy with minimized form error and high formability. J Mater Process Technol 256:262–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.12.042 CrossRef

26.

Mohammadi A, Vanhove H, van Bael A, Duflou JR (2013) Enhanced formability of age-hardenable aluminium alloys by incremental forming of solution-treated blanks. Key Eng Mater 549:164–171. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.549.164 CrossRef

27.

Mirnia MJ, Shamsari M (2017) Numerical prediction of failure in single point incremental forming using a phenomenological ductile fracture criterion. J Mater Process Technol 244:17–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.01.029 CrossRef

28.

ASMHandbook (1991) Heat treating, vol. 4. ASM international

29.

Marioara CD, Andersen SJ, Stene TN, Hasting H, Walmsley J, Van Helvoort ATJ, Holmestad R (2007) The effect of Cu on precipitation in Al–Mg–Si alloys. Philos Mag 87(23):3385–3413. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786430701287377 CrossRef

30.

Matsuda K, Sakaguchi Y, Miyata Y, Uetani Y, Sato T, Kamio A, Ikeno S (2000) Precipitation sequence of various kinds of metastable phases in Al-1.0mass% Mg2Si-0.4mass% Si alloy. J Mater Sci 35(1):179–189. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004769305736 CrossRef

31.

Ravi C, Wolverton C (2004) First-principles study of crystal structure and stability of Al–Mg–Si–(Cu) precipitates. Acta Mater 52(14):4213–4227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2004.05.037 CrossRef

32.

Chbihi A, Vincent S, Ribis J, Toffolon-Masclet C, Garnier J (2017) Influence of plastic deformation on the precipitation sequence in an AA6061 alloy. J Mater Sci 52(10):6063–6073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-0845-8 CrossRef

33.

Far S, Lecis N, Vedani M (2011) Aging behaviour of Al-Mg-Si alloys subjected to severe plastic deformation by ECAP and cold asymmetric rolling. 2011:8–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/959643 CrossRef

34.

Teichmann K, Marioara CD, Andersen SJ, Pedersen KO, Gulbrandsen-Dahl S, Kolar M, Holmestad R, Marthinsen K (2011) HRTEM study of the effect of deformation on the early precipitation behaviour in an AA6060 Al–Mg–Si alloy. Philos Mag 91(28):3744–3754. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2011.593577 CrossRef

Title: Evaluation of different heat treatment cycles on improving single point incremental forming of AA6061 aluminum alloy
Authors: Maryam Ghaferi
Mohammad Javad Mirnia
Majid Elyasi
Hamed Jamshidi Aval
Publication date: 30-07-2019
Publisher: Springer London
Published in: The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology / Issue 1-4/2019
Print ISSN: 0268-3768
Electronic ISSN: 1433-3015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04167-2

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 1-4/2019

Axial cutting force prediction model of titanium matrix composites TiBw/TC4 in ultrasonic vibration–assisted drilling

Improved thermal FE numerical model/DoE based on the Taguchi method to estimate weld penetration/energy and non-metallic inclusions: a case study in Ti-containing TWIP steel butt joints

Numerical simulation of the roller hemming process based on pressure-viscosity effect

A probabilistic model of weld penetration depth based on process parameters

Effect of metallurgical parameters on the drilling and tapping characteristics of aluminum cast alloys

New technique for producing items from TiC-(Ni-alloy) cermet for severe application conditions

Premium Partners