Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications
Published in: Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 6/2023

22-09-2023

EVONChain: a bi-tiered public blockchain network architecture

Authors: Yihan Kong, Jing Li, Ting Xiong, Tao Xie

Published in: Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications | Issue 6/2023

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This paper presents a democratic nature inspired evolvable chain (shorten as EVONChain), a scalable and decentralized public blockchain architecture with high throughput and fast confirmation. EVONChain decouples the function of a full blockchain node into two processes of consensus that are completed separately in two connected networks, with a small number of high-performance cloud nodes in the inner network responsible for collecting and validating transactions, packaging blocks, as well as implementing a consistent replication, and a huge number of low-performance user nodes, connected through the Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) in the outer network, are responsible for the Proof of Intelligence (PoI) work, a novel Proof of Work (PoW) mechanism that resists Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) computing and enables “one-CPU-one-vote". To make full use of inner network bandwidth, the graph-chain consensus protocol with high bandwidth utilization called ORIC was deployed to EVONChain. The relationship between the inner and outer networks is enhanced through the bi-tiered incentive mechanism. We developed an EVONChain simulator and evaluated EVONChain on it with up to 5000 nodes. Under the inner network bandwidth of 1.5Gbps, EVONChian can achieve a throughput of close to 375,000 transactions per second, with a block interval of 10s and an orphaned block rate of less than 7%. Simulation results show that EVONChain can drastically increase the performance scalability of practical high-frequency applications, and greatly decrease the confirmation time to a minute level.
previous article Joint optimization of IoT devices access and bandwidth resource allocation for network slicing in edge-enabled radio access networks
next article BW-PBFT: Practical byzantine fault tolerance consensus algorithm based on credit bidirectionally waning

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
Footnotes
7
The test website is available at https://​xiont.​github.​io
 
8
Assume hash rate is 1TH/s, \(\Delta = 10^{13}\) means delay is 10 seconds.
 
9
\(\lambda = \Omega (\kappa )\), the variables (e.g., The variable X: if at round i an honest node obtains a PoI, then \(X_i\) = 1, otherwise \(X_i\) = 0.) over any \(\lambda\) consecutive rounds do not deviate too much from its expectation [48].
 
10
There exists constants \(c_0 > 0\), \(c_1\) such that for all \(\lambda > 0, \epsilon (\lambda ) \le e^{-c_{0}\lambda +c_1}\) [49].
 
11
we use the standard transaction size of bitcoin - 250 bytes
 
12
NA,EUR,SA,CN,JPN,AUS from https://​testmy.​net
 
Literature
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Kiayias A, Russell A, David B, Oliynykov R (2017) Ouroboros: A provably secure proof-of-stake blockchain protocol. Annual International Cryptology Conference, pp 357–388
8.
Castro M, Liskov B (1999) Practical byzantine fault tolerance. USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, pp 173–186
9.
Lamport L (2001) Paxos made simple. ACM Sigact News, pp 18–25
10.
Ongaro D, Ousterhout J (2014) In search of an understandable consensus algorithm. 2014 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 14), pp 305–319
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Gilad Y, Hemo R, Micali S, Vlachos G, Zeldovich N (2017) Algorand: Scaling byzantine agreements for cryptocurrencies. Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pp 51–68
16.
Sarfraz U, Alam M, Zeadally S, Khan A (2019) Privacy aware iota ledger: Decentralized mixing and unlinkable iota transactions. Comput Netw, pp 361–372
17.
Li C, Li P, Zhou D, Yang Z, Wu M, Yang G, Xu W, Long F, Yao AC-C (2020) A decentralized blockchain with high throughput and fast confirmation. 2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 20), pp 515–528
18.
Baird L (2016) The swirlds hashgraph consensus algorithm: Fair, fast, byzantine fault tolerance. Swirlds, Inc. Technical Report SWIRLDS-TR-2016, pp 9–11
19.
Decker C, Seidel J, Wattenhofer R (2016) Bitcoin meets strong consistency. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking, pp 1–10
20.
Kogias EK, Jovanovic P, Gailly N, Khoffi I, Gasser L, Ford B (2016) Enhancing bitcoin security and performance with strong consistency via collective signing. 25th Usenix Security Symposium (Usenix Security 16), pp 279–296
21.
Kokoris-Kogias E, Jovanovic P, Gasser L, Gailly N, Syta E, Ford B (2018) Omniledger: A secure, scale-out, decentralized ledger via sharding. 2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp 583–598
22.
Luu L, Narayanan V, Zheng C, Baweja K, Gilbert S, Saxena P (2016) A secure sharding protocol for open blockchains. Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pp 17–30
23.
Zamani M, Movahedi M, Raykova M (2018) Rapidchain: Scaling blockchain via full sharding. Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pp 931–948
24.
25.
Xiong T, Xie T, Xie J, Luo X (2021) Oric: A self-adjusting blockchain protocol with high throughput. 2021 IEEE Intl Conf on Parallel & Distributed Processing with Applications, Big Data & Cloud Computing, Sustainable Computing & Communications, Social Computing & Networking (ISPA/BDCloud/SocialCom/SustainCom), pp 1422–1434
26.
Aoki Y, Otsuki K, Kaneko T, Banno R, Shudo K (2019) SimBlock: A Blockchain Network Simulator. IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS 2019), pp 325–329
27.
Pass R, Shi E (2017) Fruitchains: A fair blockchain. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing, pp 315–324
28.
Abbas N, Zhang Y, Taherkordi A, Skeie T (2017) Mobile edge computing: A survey. IEEE Internet Things J 5(1):450–465CrossRef
29.
Sun W, Liu J, Yue Y, Wang P (2020) Joint resource allocation and incentive design for blockchain-based mobile edge computing. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 19(9):6050–6064CrossRef
30.
Yu Y, Liu S, Guo L, Yeoh PL, Vucetic B, Li Y (2020) Crowdr-fbc: A distributed fog-blockchains for mobile crowdsourcing reputation management. IEEE Internet Things J 7(9):8722–8735CrossRef
31.
Xiong Z, Zhang Y, Niyato D, Wang P, Han Z (2018) When mobile blockchain meets edge computing. IEEE Commun Mag 56(8):33–39CrossRef
32.
Sompolinsky Y, Zohar A (2015) Secure high-rate transaction processing in bitcoin. Financial Cryptography and Data Security, pp 507–527
33.
Eyal I, Gencer AE, Sirer EG, VanRenesse R (2016) Bitcoin-ng: A scalable blockchain protocol. Proceedings of the 13th Usenix Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, pp 45–59
34.
Sompolinsky Y, Lewenberg Y, Zohar A (2017) Spectre : Serialization of proof-of-work events : Confirming transactions via recursive elections. Cryptology ePrint Archive
35.
Sompolinsky Y, Zohar A (2018) Phantom: A scalable blockdag protocol. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch. 2018:104
36.
Li C, Li P, Xu W, Long F, Yao AC-C (2018) Scaling nakamoto consensus to thousands of transactions per second. ArXiv abs/​1805.​03870
37.
Yu H, Nikolić I, Hou R, Saxena P (2020) Ohie: Blockchain scaling made simple. 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp 90–105
38.
Martino W, Quaintance M, Popejoy S (2018) Chainweb: A proof-of-work parallel-chain architecture for massive throughput
39.
40.
Fitzi M, Gazi P, Kiayias A, Russell A (2018) Parallel chains: Improving throughput and latency of blockchain protocols via parallel composition. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch. 2018:1119
41.
Kiffer L, Rajaraman R, Shelat A (2018) A better method to analyze blockchain consistency. Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pp 729–744
42.
Burdges J, Cevallos A, Czaban P, Habermeier R, Hosseini S, Lama F, Alper HK, Luo X, Shirazi F, Stewart A et al (2020) Overview of polkadot and its design considerations. arXiv preprint arXiv:​2005.​13456
43.
Puri GS, Tiwary RK, Shukla S (2019) A review on cloud computing. 2019 9th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science & Engineering (Confluence), pp 63–68
44.
Xie J, Ding Y, Xie T (2008) etc: An algorithm of proof of intelligence (poi) based on random magic square construction
45.
Pinn K, Wieczerkowski C (1998) Number of magic squares from parallel tempering monte carlo. Int J Mod Phys C 09:541–546CrossRef
46.
Xie T, Kang L (2003) An evolutionary algorithm for magic squares. The 2003 Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2:906–913
47.
Johnson D, Menezes A, Vanstone S (2001) The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA). Int J Inf Secur 1(1):36–63CrossRef
48.
Garay JA, Kiayias A, Leonardos N (2015) The bitcoin backbone protocol: Analysis and applications. Advances in Cryptology (EUROCRYPT 2015), pp 281–310
49.
Pass R, Seeman L, Shelat A (2017) Analysis of the blockchain protocol in asynchronous networks. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch. 2016:454MATH
50.
Eyal I, Sirer EG (2018) Majority Is Not Enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable. Commun ACM 61(7):95–102CrossRefMATH
51.
Heilman E, Kendler A, Zohar A, Goldberg S (2015) Eclipse attacks on Bitcoin’s peer-to-peer network. Proceedings of the 24th USENIX Security Symposium, 129–144
52.
Gervais A, Karame GO, Wüst K, Glykantzis V, Ritzdorf H, Čapkun S (2016) On the security and performance of Proof of Work blockchains. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security 24-28-Octo, 3–16
53.
Metadata
Title
EVONChain: a bi-tiered public blockchain network architecture
Authors
Yihan Kong
Jing Li
Ting Xiong
Tao Xie
Publication date
22-09-2023
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications / Issue 6/2023
Print ISSN: 1936-6442
Electronic ISSN: 1936-6450
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-023-01562-1

Other articles of this Issue 6/2023

Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 6/2023 Go to the issue

OriginalPaper

Joint optimization of IoT devices access and bandwidth resource allocation for network slicing in edge-enabled radio access networks

OriginalPaper

A secure routing protocol using hybrid deep regression based trust evaluation and clustering for mobile ad-hoc network

OriginalPaper

A novel energy-efficient adaptive superframe structure for OWC-based real-time bio-sensor networks

OriginalPaper

Predicting functional roles of Ethereum blockchain addresses

OriginalPaper

Smartcontractchain (SC): Cross-ISP QoS traffic management framework with SDN and blockchain

OriginalPaper

Block chain based trusted distributed routing scheme using optimized dropout ensemble extreme learning neural network in MANET

Premium Partner

    Image Credits