Abstract
In this introductory chapter, we emphasize important concepts of the finite element method using simple, intuitive examples. An undergraduate engineering mathematics background should be adequate. However, the basic operations with linear algebra and differential equations are reviewed within the context.
The finite element method, even for unbounded media, projects continuum solutions—governed by (partial) differential equations—into a finite dimensional vector space. Strikingly enough, the merit of the method permits the introduction of all basic (physical and mathematical) ideas with one-dimensional bar examples. The deformation analysis of a system of bars captures all essential aspects of thermo-mechanical behavior. Thus, this chapter provides a foundation for the topics developed in this textbook. In association with characteristic “internal forces,” which guarantee equilibrium to yield quality solutions, there are independent Rayleigh displacement modes. These finite number of basis functions (blending functions or interpolants) are the fundamental objects of the finite element method. The resulting nodal forces and displacements yield symmetric (positive semi-definite) system matrices.
The “energy minimization” concept is introduced using a single spring element (a single degree-of-freedom system). In order to reinforce the idea of degrees-of-freedom and of the energy-like scalars, the physical Rayleigh mode is introduced as the fundamental pattern of deformation.
Generalization, e.g. frame invariance concepts, in two- and three-dimensions, involves “inversion” of rectangular matrices; the associated pseudoinverse concept is introduced within that context. Discrete representation with indicial notation is described in detail, and weak solutions are introduced within a smaller dimensional vector space.
Many details (unfamiliar to advanced undergraduates), which are addressed in the successive chapters, can be skipped during introductory readings.