Top

Published in:

2016 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

7. Foundations of Up-conversion Nanoparticles

Authors : Song Wang, Hongjie Zhang

Published in: Phosphors, Up Conversion Nano Particles, Quantum Dots and Their Applications

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Up-conversion is an anti-Stokes optical process that can emit ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared light by converting low-energy near-infrared excitation photon radiation. With the advent of nanotechnology and the inexpensive high-power infrared diode lasers, the rare earth-doped up-conversion luminescent nanoparticles have been extensively studied for its potential applications in various fields. In recent years, rare earth-doped up-conversion nanoparticles have been developed as a promising alternatives luminescent optical labels to organic fluorophores and quantum dots for applications in biological assays and medical imaging. The unique optical property of rare earth-doped up-conversion nanoparticles offers low autofluorescence, less scattering and absorption, and deep penetration in biological samples. In this chapter, we give a general introduction to rare earth up-conversion nanoparticles, including the rare earth up-conversion materials, up-conversion mechanisms, synthesis methods, surface modifications, optical properties tuning and so on.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Persistent Luminescent Materials

next chapter Lanthanide-Doped Upconversion Nanoprobes

Bloembergen N (1959) SOLID STATE INFRARED QUANTUM COUNTERS. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2: 84.

Auzel F (2004) Upconversion and anti-stokes processes with f and d ions in solids. Chem. Rev. 104: 139.

Gamelin DR, Gudel HU (2000) Design of luminescent inorganic materials: New photophysical processes studied by optical spectroscopy. Accounts. Chem. Res. 33: 235.

Jin J, Wong ET (2011) Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry. Wiley, London.

Franken, PA, Weinreich G, Peters CW, Hill AE (1961) Generation of optical harmonics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 7: 118.

Wang F, Deng RR, Wang J, Wang QX, Han Y, Zhu HM, Chen XY, Liu XG (2011), Tuning upconversion through energy migration in core-shell nanoparticles. Nat. Mater. 10: 968.

Niedbala RS (2000) Multiphoton up-converting phosphors for use in rapid immunoassays Proc. SPIE–Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 3913: 193.

Auzel F (2002) Up-conversion in rare-earth-doped systems: past, present and futureProc. SPIE–Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 4766: 179.

Suyver J F, Aebischer A, Biner D, Gerner P, Grimm J, Heer S, Kramer KW (2005) Novel Materials Doped with Trivalent Lanthanides and Transition Metal Ions Showing near-Infrared to Visible Photon Upconversion Opt. Mater. 27: 1111.

10.

Downing E, Hesselink L, Alston J, Macfarlane RR (1996) A three-color, solid-state, three-dimensional display. Science. 273: 1185.

11.

Cohen BE (2010) Biological imaging: Beyond fluorescence. Nature, 467: 407.

12.

VanderEnde BM, Aartsa L, Meijerink A (2009) Lanthanide ions as spectral converters for solar cells Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11: 11081.

13.

Wang G, Peng Q, Li YD (2011), Lanthanide-doped nanocrystals: synthesis, optical-magnetic properties, and applications. Acc. Chem. Res., 44: 322.

14.

Chen J, Zhao XJ (2012), Upconversion Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Mechanism, and Applications in Sensing. Sensors. 12: 2414.

15.

Haase M, Schafer H (2011) Upconverting nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50: 5808.

16.

Wang, F, Liu XG (2009) Recent advances in the chemistry of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38: 976.

17.

Wang F, Liu XG (2008) Upconversion Multicolor Fine-Tuning: Visible to near-Infrared Emission from Lanthanide-Doped NaYF₄ Nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130: 5642.

18.

Gnach A, Bednarkiewicz A (2012) Lanthanide-doped up-converting nanoparticles: merits and challenges. Nano Today. 7: 532.

19.

Passuello T, Pedroni M, Piccinelli F, Polizzi S, Marzola P, Tambalo S, Conti G, Benati D, Vetrone F, Bettinelli M, Speghini A (2012) PEG-capped, lanthanide doped GdF₃ nanoparticles: luminescent and T₂ contrast agents for optical and MRI multimodal imaging. Nanoscale, 4: 7682.

20.

Schäfer H, Ptacek P, Zerzouf O, Haase M (2008) Synthesis and Optical Properties of KYF₄/Yb, Er Nanocrystals, and their Surface Modification with Undoped KYF₄. Adv. Funct. Mater. 18: 2913.

21.

Chen C, Sun, LD, Li ZX, Li LL, Zhang J, and Zhang YW (2010) Ionic liquid-based route to spherical NaYF₄ nanoclusters with the assistance of microwave radiation and their multicolor upconversion luminescence. Langmuir. 26: 8797.

22.

Schäfer H, Ptacek P, Eickmeier H, Haase M (2009) Synthesis of Hexagonal Yb³⁺, Er³⁺-Doped NaYF₄ Nanocrystals at Low Temperature. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19: 3091.

23.

Chen DQ, Yu Huang Y, Wang FY (2011) Phase transition from hexagonal LnF₃ (Ln = La, Ce, Pr) to cubic Ln_0.8M_0.2F_2.8 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) nanocrystals with enhanced upconversion induced by alkaline-earth doping. Chem. Commun. 47: 2601.

24.

Yin W, Zhao L, Zhou L, Gu Z, Liu X, Tian, G, Jin S, Yan L, Ren W, Xing G, Zhao Y(2012) Enhanced Red Emission from GdF₃:Yb³⁺,Er³⁺ Upconversion Nanocrystals by Li⁺ Doping and Their Application for Bioimaging Chem. Eur. J. 18: 9239.

25.

Li F, Li C, Liu X, Bai T, Dong W, Zhang X, Shi Z, Feng S (2013) Microwave-assisted synthesis and up–down conversion luminescent properties of multicolor hydrophilic LaF₃: Ln³⁺ nanocrystals Dalton Trans. 42: 2015.

26.

Liu Q, Sun Y, Yang TS, Feng W, Li CG, Li FY (2011) Sub-10 nm Hexagonal Lanthanide-Doped NaLuF₄ Upconversion Nanocrystals for Sensitive Bioimaging in Vivo. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133: 17122.

27.

Shi F, Wang J, Zhai X, Zhao D, Qin W (2011) Facile synthesis of beta-NaLuF₄:Yb/Tm hexagonal nanoplates with intense ultraviolet upconversion luminescence CrystEngComm. 13:3782.

28.

Yang DM, Dai, YL, Ma PA, Kang XJ, Cheng ZY, Li CX, Lin J (2013) One-Step Synthesis of Small-Sized and Water-Soluble NaREF₄ Upconversion Nanoparticles for In Vitro Cell Imaging and Drug Delivery. Chem. Eur. J. 19: 2685.

29.

Sarkar S, Meesaragandla, Hazra BC, Mahalingam, V (2013) Sub-5 nm Ln³⁺-doped BaLuF₅ Nanocrystals: A Platform to Realize Upconversion via Interparticle Energy Transfer (IPET). Adv. Mater. 25: 856.

30.

Chen G, Ohulchanskyy TY, Kumar R, Ågren H, Prasad PN (2010) Ultrasmall monodisperse NaYF₄:Yb³⁺/Tm³⁺ Nanocrystals with enhanced near-infrared to near-infrared upconversion photoluminescence ACS Nano. 4: 3163.

31.

Wong HT, Vetrone, Naccache F R, Chan HLW, Hao J, Capobianco, JA(2011) Water dispersible ultra-small multifunctional KGdF₄:Tm³⁺, Yb³⁺ nanoparticles with near-infrared to near-infrared upconversion. J. Mater. Chem. 21: 16589.

32.

Wang GF, Peng Q, Li YD (2009) Upconversion Luminescence of Monodisperse CaF₂:Yb³⁺/Er³⁺Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131: 14200.

33.

Dong NN, Pedroni M, Piccinelli F, Conti G, Sbarbati A, Ramírez-Hernández, Maestro JELM, Iglesias-de la Cruz MC, Sanz-Rodriguez, Juarranz FA, Chen F, Vetrone F, Capobianco JA, Solé JG, Bettinelli, Jaque MD, Speghini A (2011) NIR-to-NIR Two-Photon Excited CaF₂:Tm³⁺,Yb³⁺ Nanoparticles: Multifunctional Nanoprobes for Highly Penetrating Fluorescence Bio-imaging. ACS Nano. 5: 8665.

34.

Teng X, Zhu Y, Wei W, Wang S, Huang J, Naccache R, Hu W, Tok A I Y, Han Y, Zhang Q, Fan Q, Huang W, Capobianco J A, Huang L (2011) Lanthanide-Doped Na_xScF_3+x Nanocrystals: Crystal Structure Evolution and Multicolor Tuning. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134: 8340.

35.

Chen F, Bu W, Zhang S, Liu J, Fan W, Zhou L, Peng W, Shi J (2013) Gd³⁺-Ion-Doped Upconversion Nanoprobes: Relaxivity Mechanism Probing and Sensitivity Optimization Adv. Funct. Mater. 23: 298.

36.

Chen D, Yu F, Huang Y, Lin H, Huang P, Yang A, Wang Z, Wang Y (2012) Lanthanide dopant-induced formation of uniform sub-10 nm active-core/active-shellnanocrystals with near-infrared to near-infrared dual-modal luminescence. J. Mater. Chem. 22: 2632.

37.

Tian G, Gu Z, Zhou L, Yin W, Liu X, Yan L, Jin S, Ren W, Xing G, Li S, Zhao Y (2012) Mn²⁺ Dopant-Controlled Synthesis of NaYF₄:Yb/Er Upconversion Nanoparticles for in vivo Imaging and Drug Delivery. Adv. Mater. 24: 1226.

38.

Zhou J, Yu MX, Sun Y, Zhang XZ, Zhu XJ, Wu ZH, Wu DM, Li FY (2011) Fluorine-18-labeled Gd³⁺/Yb³⁺/Er³⁺ codoped NaYF₄ nanophosphors for multimodality PET/MR/UCL imaging. Biomaterials. 32: 1148.

39.

Sun Y, Yu M X, Liang S, Zhang Y J, Li C G, Mou TT, Yang WJ, Zhang XZ, Li B, Huang CH, Li FY (2011) Fluorine-18 Labeled Rare-Earth Nanoparticles for Positron Emission Tomography (Pet) Imaging of Sentinel Lymph Node. Biomaterials. 32: 2999.

40.

Yang Y, Sun Y, Cao TY, Peng JJ, Liu Y, Wu YQ, Feng W, Zhang YJ, Li FY (2013) Hydrothermal Synthesis of NaLuF₄:¹⁵³Sm,Yb,Tm Nanoparticles and their Application in Dual-modality Upconversion Luminescence and SPECT Bioimaging. Biomaterials. 34: 774.

41.

Yang Y, Sun Y, Liu Y, Peng JJ, Wu YQ, Zhang YJ, Feng W, Li FY (2013) Long-term in vivo biodistribution and toxicity of Gd(OH)₃ nanorods. Biomaterials. 34: 508.

42.

Sun Y, Liu Q, Peng JJ, Zhou J, Yang PY, Zhang YJ, Li FY (2013) Radioisotope post-labeling upconversion nanophosphors for in vivo quantitative tracking. Biomaterials. 34: 2289.

43.

Huang XY, Han SY, Huang W (2013) Enhancing solar cell efficiency: the search for luminescent materials as spectral converters. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42: 173.

44.

Wang F(2015) Photon Upconversion Nanomaterials springer, chapter1.

45.

Wang F, Liu XG (2009) Recent advances in the chemistry of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38: 976.

46.

Liu Y, Tu D, Zhu H Zhu H, Ma E, Chen X (2013) Lanthanide-doped luminescent nano-bioprobes: from fundamentals to biodetection. Nanoscale. 5: 1369.

47.

Chen GY, Qiu HL, Prasad PN, Chen XY (2014) Upconversion nanoparticles: design, nanochemistry, and applications in theranostics. Chem. Rev. 114: 5161.

48.

Martin I R, Yanes AC, Mendez-Ramos J, Torres M E Rodriguez VD (2001) Cooperative Energy Transfer in Yb-Tb Codoped Silica Sol-Gel Glasses. J. Appl. Phy. 89: 2520.

49.

Dwivedi Y, Thakur SN, Rai SB (2007) Study of Frequency Upconversion in Yb³⁺/Eu³⁺ by Cooperative Energy Transfer in Oxyfluoroborate Glass Matrix. Appl. Phys. B-Las. and Opt. 89: 45.

50.

Chivian JS, Case WE, Eden DD (1979) The Photon Avalanche-a New Phenomenon in Pr³⁺ Based Infrared Quantum Counters. Appl. Phys. Lett. 35: 124.

51.

Park J, Joo J, Kwon SG, Jang Y, Hyeon T (2007) Synthesis of monodisperse spherical nanocrystals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46: 4630.

52.

Zhang YW, Sun X, Si R, You LP, Yan CH (2005) Single-Crystalline and Monodisperse LaF₃ Triangular Nanoplates from a Single-Source Precursor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127: 3260.

53.

Mai H X, Zhang Y W, Si R Yan ZG, Sun LD, You LP, Yan CH (2006) High-quality sodium rare-earth fluoride nanocrystals: Controlled synthesis and optical properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128: 6426.

54.

Mai H, Zhang Y, Sun L, Yan C (2007) Size- and phase-controlled synthesis of monodisperse NaYF₄:Yb,Er nanocrystals from a unique delayed nucleation pathway monitored with upconversion spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C 111: 13730.

55.

Yin AX, Zhang YW, Sun LD, Yan CH (2010) Colloidal synthesis and blue based multicolor upconversion emissions of size and composition controlled monodisperse hexagonal NaYF₄:Yb,Tm nanocrystals. Nanoscale 2: 953.

56.

Mai HX, Zhang YW, Sun LD, Yan CH (2007) Highly Efficient Multicolor Up-Conversion Emissions and Their Mechanisms of Monodisperse NaYF₄:Yb,Er Core and Core/Shell-Structured Nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. C 111: 13721.

57.

Du YP, Zhang YW, Sun LD, Yan CH (2009) Optically active uniform potassium and lithium rare earth fluoride nanocrystals derived from metal trifluoroacetate precursors. Dalton Trans. 38: 8574.

58.

Yi GS, Chow GM (2006) Synthesis of hexagonal-phase NaYF₄:Yb,Er and NaYF₄:Yb,Tm nanocrystals with efficient up-conversion fluorescence. Adv. Funct. Mater. 16: 2324.

59.

Boyer JC, Vetrone F, Cuccia LA, Capobianco JA (2006) Synthesis of colloidal upconverting NaYF₄ nanocrystals doped with Er³⁺, Yb³⁺ and Tm³⁺, Yb³⁺ via thermal decomposition of lanthanide trifluoroacetate precursors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128: 7444.

60.

Yi GS, Chow GM (2007) Water-Soluble NaYF₄:Yb, Er(Tm)/NaYF₄/Polymer Core/Shell/Shell Nanoparticles with Significant Enhancement of Upconversion Fluorescence. Chem. Mater. 19: 341.

61.

Boyer JC, Cuccia LA, Capobianco JA (2007) Synthesis of colloidal upconverting NaYF₄:Er³⁺/Yb3 + and Tm³⁺/Yb³⁺ monodisperse nanocrystals. Nano Lett. 7: 847.

62.

Boyer JC, Gagnon J, Cuccia LA, Capobianco JA (2007) Synthesis, Characterization, and Spectroscopy of NaGdF₄: Ce³⁺, Tb³⁺/NaYF₄ Core/Shell Nanoparticles. Chem. Mater. 19: 3358.

63.

Pichaandi J, Boyer JC, Delaney KR, van Veggel FCJM (2011) Two-Photon Upconversion Laser (Scanning and Wide-Field) Microscopy Using Ln³⁺-Doped NaYF4 Upconverting Nanocrystals: A Critical Evaluation of their Performance and Potential in Bioimaging. J. Phys. Chem. C 115: 19054.

64.

Khan AF, Yadav R, Mukhopadhya PK, Singh S, Dwivedi C, Dutta V, Chawla S (2011) Core–shell nanophosphor with enhanced NIR–visible upconversion as spectrum modifier for enhancement of solar cell efficiency. J. Nanopart. Res. 13: 6837.

65.

Chen G, Ohulchanskyy TY, Liu S, Law WC, Wu F, Swihart MT, Agren H, Prasad P N (2012) Core/Shell NaGdF₄:Nd³⁺/NaGdF₄ Nanocrystals with Efficient Near-Infrared to Near-Infrared Downconversion Photoluminescence for Bioimaging Applications. ACS Nano. 6: 2969.

66.

Chen G, Shen JT, Ohulchanskyy Y, Patel NJ, Kutikov AZ, Li Song J, Pandey RK, Ågren H, Prasad PN, Han G (2012) (α-NaYbF₄:Tm³⁺)/CaF₂ Core/Shell Nanoparticles with Efficient Near-Infrared to Near-Infrared Upconversion for High-Contrast Deep Tissue Bioimaging. ACS Nano 6: 8280.

67.

Kar A, Patra A (2012) Impacts of core–shell structures on properties of lanthanide-based nanocrystals: crystal phase, lattice strain, downconversion, upconversion and energy transfer. Nanoscale 4: 3608.

68.

Zhang C, Lee JY (2013) Prevalence of Anisotropic Shell Growth in Rare Earth Core–Shell Upconversion Nanocrystals. ACS Nano. 7: 4393.

69.

Qian H-S, Zhang Y (2008) Synthesis of Hexagonal-Phase Core − Shell NaYF₄ Nanocrystals with Tunable Upconversion Fluorescence. Langmuir 24: 12123.

70.

Tang Y, Di W, Zhai X, Yang R, Qin W (2013) NIR-Responsive Photocatalytic Activity and Mechanism of NaYF₄:Yb,Tm@TiO₂ Core–Shell Nanoparticles. ACS Catal. 3: 405.

71.

Zeng S, Tsang MK, Chan CF, Wong KL, Hao J (2012) PEG modified BaGdF₅:Yb/Er nanoprobes for multi-modal upconversion fluorescent, in vivo X-ray computed tomography and biomagnetic imaging. Biomaterials. 33: 9232.

72.

Wang F, Chatterjee DK, Li Z, Zhang Y, Fan X, Wang M (2006) Synthesis of polyethylenimine/NaYF₄ nanoparticles with upconversion fluorescence. Nanotechnology, 17: 5786.

73.

Li CX, Quan ZW, Yang PP, Huang SS, Lian HZ, Lin J (2008) Shape-Controllable Synthesis and Upconversion Properties of Lutetium Fluoride (Doped with Yb³⁺/Er³⁺) Microcrystals by Hydrothermal Process. J. Phys. Chem. C, 112: 13395.

74.

Liu J, Bu W, Zhang S, Chen F, Xing H, Pan L, Zhou L, Peng W, Shi J (2012) Controlled Synthesis of Uniform and Monodisperse Upconversion Core/Mesoporous Silica Shell Nanocomposites for Bimodal Imaging. Chem. Eur. J. 18: 2335.

75.

Zhang CM, Hou ZY, Chai RT, Cheng ZY, Xu ZH, Li CX, Huang L, Lin J (2010) Mesoporous SrF₂ and SrF₂:Ln³⁺ (Ln = Ce, Tb, Yb, Er) Hierarchical Microspheres: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Growing Mechanism, and Luminescent Properties. J. Phys. Chem. C 114: 6928.

76.

Dorman JA, Choi JH, Kuzmanich G, Chang JP (2012) Elucidating the Effects of a Rare-Earth Oxide Shell on the Luminescence Dynamics of Er³⁺:Y₂O₃ Nanoparticles, J. Phys. Chem. C, 116: 10333.

77.

Bogdan NE, Rodriguez, Sanz-Rodriguez MF, Iglesias de la Cruz MC, Juarranz A, Jaque D, Sole J G, Capobianco JA (2012) Bio-functionalization of ligand-free upconverting lanthanide doped nanoparticles for bio-imaging and cell targeting. Nanoscale 4:3647.

78.

Wang S, SY Song, Deng RP, Guo HL, Lei YQ, Cao F, Li XY, Su SQ, Zhang HJ (2010) Hydrothermal synthesis and upconversion photoluminescence properties of lanthanide doped YF₃ sub-microflowers. CrystEngComm 12: 3537.

79.

Wang S, Deng RP, Guo HL, Song SY, Cao F, Li XY, Su SQ, Zhang HJ (2010) Lanthanide doped Y₆O₅F₈/YF₃ microcrystals: phase-tunable synthesis and bright white upconversion photoluminescence properties. Dalton Trans. 39: 9153.

80.

Yin WY, Zhou LG, Gu ZJ, Tian G, Jin S, Yan L, Liu XX, Xing GM, Ren WL, Liu F (2012) Pan, Z.W., Zhao, Y.L.: Lanthanide-doped GdVO₄ upconversion nanophosphors with tunable emissions and their applications for biomedical imaging. J. Mater. Chem. 22: 6974.

81.

Ren WL, Tian G, Zhou LJ, Yin WY, Yan L, Jin S, Zu Y, Li SJ, Gu ZJ, Zhao YL (2012) Lanthanide ion-doped GdPO₄ nanorods with dual-modal bio-optical and magnetic resonance imaging properties. Nanoscale 4: 3754.

82.

Song Y, Huang Y, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Guo N, You H (2012) Gd₂O₂S:Yb,Er submicrospheres with multicolor upconversion fluorescence. RSC Adv. 2:4777.

83.

Wang X, Zhuang J, Peng Q, Li YD (2005) A General Strategy for Nanocrystal Synthesis. Nature 437: 121.

84.

Wang X, Zhuang J, Peng Q, Li YD (2006) Hydrothermal Synthesis of Rare-Earth Fluoride Nanocrystals. Inorg. Chem. 45: 6661.

85.

Zeng JH, Su J, Li ZH, Yan RX, Li YD (2005) Synthesis and Upconversion Luminescence of Hexagonal-Phase NaYF₄:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺, Phosphors of Controlled Size and Morphology, Adv. Mater. 17: 2119.

86.

Zeng JH, Li ZH, Su J, Wang LY, Yan RX, Li YD (2006) Synthesis of complex rare earth fluoride nanocrystal phosphors. Nanotechnology. 17: 3549.

87.

Li CX, Yang J, Quan Z, Yang PP, Kong DY, Lin J (2007) Different Microstructures of β-NaYF₄ Fabricated by Hydrothermal Process: Effects of pH Values and Fluoride Sources, Chem. Mater. 19: 4933.

88.

Yi GS, Chow GM (2005) Colloidal LaF₃:Yb,Er, LaF₃:Yb,Ho and LaF₃:Yb,Tm nanocrystals with multicolor upconversion fluorescence. J. Mater. Chem. 15: 4460.

89.

Yi G, Lu H, Zhao S, Ge Y, Yang W, Chen D, Guo L (2004) Synthesis, characterization, and biological application of size-controlled nanocrystalline NaYF₄:Yb,Er infrared-to-visible up-conversion phosphors. Nano Lett. 4: 2191.

90.

Kong X, Zhang H (2009) Ionothermal synthesis of hexagonal-phase NaYF₄:Yb³⁺,Er³⁺/Tm³⁺ upconversion nanophosphors. Chem. Commun. 6628.

91.

Chen C, Sun LD, Li ZX, Li LL, Zhang J, and Zhang YW (2010) Ionic liquid-based route to spherical NaYF₄ nanoclusters with the assistance of microwave radiation and their multicolor upconversion luminescence. Langmuir 26: 8797.

92.

Wang H Q, Nann T (2009) Monodisperse Upconverting Nanocrystals by Microwave-Assisted Synthesis. ACS Nano 3: 3804.

93.

Wang S, Su SQ, Song SY, Deng RP, Zhang HJ (2012) Raisin-like rare earth doped gadolinium fluoride nanocrystals: microwave synthesis and magnetic and upconversion luminescent properties. CrystEngComm. 14: 4266.

94.

Cao TY, Yang Y, Gao Y, Zhou J, Li ZQ, Li FY (2011) High-Quality Water-Soluble and Surface-Functionalized Upconversion Nanocrystals as Luminescent Probes for Bioimaging. Biomaterials. 32: 2959.

95.

Hu H, Yu MX, Li FY, Chen ZG, Gao X, Xiong LQ, Huang CH (2008) Facile Epoxidation Strategy for Producing Amphiphilic Up-Converting Rare-Earth Nanophosphors as Biological Labels. Chem. Mater. 20: 7003.

96.

Naccache R, Vetrone F, Mahalingam V, Cuccia LA, and Capobianco JA (2009) Controlled Synthesis and Water Dispersibility of Hexagonal Phase NaGdF₄:Ho³⁺/Yb³⁺ Nanoparticles. Chem. Mater. 21: 717.

97.

Boyer JC, Manseau MP, Murray JI, van Veggel FCJM (2010) Surface Modification of Upconverting NaYF₄ Nanoparticles with PEG − Phosphate Ligands for NIR (800 nm) Biolabeling within the Biological Window. Langmuir, 26: 1157.

98.

Hu H, Xiong LQ, Zhou J, Li FY, Cao TY, Huang CH (2009) Multimodal-Luminescence Core–Shell Nanocomposites for Targeted Imaging of Tumor Cells. Chem.Eur. J. 15:3577.

99.

Jiang S, Zhang Y, (2010) Upconversion Nanoparticle-Based FRET System for Study of siRNA in Live Cells. Langmuir. 26: 6689.

100.

Li Z, Zhang Y, (2006) Monodisperse silica-coated polyvinylpyrrolidone NaYF₄ nanocrystals with multicolor upconversion fluorescence emission. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 45: 7732.

101.

Liu Q, Li CY, Yang TS, Yi T, Li FY (2010) “Drawing” upconversion nanophosphors into water throughst guest interaction. Chem. Commun. 46: 5551.

102.

Liu Q, Chen M, Sun Y, Chen G, Yang T, Gao Y, Zhang X, Li FY (2011) ¹⁸F-labeled Rare-earth self-assemble nanosystem for dual-modal upconversion luminescence and positron emission tomography imaging in vivo. Biomaterials. 32: 8243.

103.

Jalil R A, Zhang Y, (2008) Biocompatibility of Silica Coated NaYF₄ Upconversion Fluorescent Nanocrystals, Biomaterials. 29: 4122.

104.

Meiser F, Cortez C, Caruso F (2004) Biofunctionalization of Fluorescent Rare-Earth-Doped Lanthanum Phosphate Colloidal Nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 43:5954.

105.

Hilderbrand SA, Shao FW, Salthouse C, Mahmood U, Weissleder R (2009) Upconverting luminescent nanomaterials: application to in vivo bioimaging. Chem. Commun. 4188.

106.

Chen Z, Chen H, Hu H, Yu MX, Li FY, Zhang Q, Zhou ZG, Yi T, Huang CH (2008) Versatile Synthesis Strategy for Carboxylic Acid-Functionalized Upconversion Nanophosphors as Biological Labels. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130: 3023.

107.

Zhou HP, Xu CH, Sun W, Yan CH (2009) Clean and Flexible Modification Strategy for Carboxyl/Aldehyde-Functionalized Upconversion Nanoparticles and Their Optical Applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19: 3892.

108.

Kobayashi H, Kosaka N, Ogawa M, Morgan NY, Smith PD, Murray CB, Ye XC, Collins J, Kumar G A, Bell H, Choyke P L (2009) In vivo multiple color lymphatic imaging using upconverting nanocrystals. J. Mater. Chem. 19: 6481.

109.

Wang LY, Yan RX, Hao ZY, Wang L, Zeng JH, Bao H, Wang X, Peng Q, Li YD (2005) Fluorescence Resonant Energy Transfer Biosensor Based on Upconversion-Luminescent Nanoparticles Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 44: 6054.

110.

Qian HS, Li ZQ, Zhang Y (2008) Multicolor polystyrene nanospheres tagged with up-conversion fluorescent nanocrystals. Nanotechnology, 19: 255601.

111.

Lu HC, Yi GS, Zhao SY, Chen DP, Guo LH, Cheng J (2004) Synthesis and characterization of multi-functional nanoparticles possessing magnetic, up-conversion fluorescence and bio-affinity properties, J. Mater. Chem., 14:1336.

112.

Liu ZY, Yi GS, Zhang HT, Ding J, Zhang YW, Xue JM (2008) Monodisp- erse silica nanoparticles encapsulating upconversion fluorescent and superparamagnetic nanocrystals, Chem. Commun. 694.

113.

Ehlert O, Thomann R, Darbandi M, Nann T (2008) A Four-Color Colloidal Multiplexing Nanoparticle System ACS Nano, 2: 120.

114.

Mi C, Tian Z, Cao C, Wang Z, Mao C, Xu S (2011) Novel Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of NaYF₄:Yb,Er Upconversion Nanoparticles and Their Application in Cancer Cell Imaging. Langmuir. 27: 14632.

115.

Shan J, Ju Y (2007) Controlled synthesis of lanthanide-doped NaYF₄ upconversion nanocrystals via ligand induced crystal phase transition and silica coating. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91: 123103.

116.

Yi G, Peng Y, Gao Z (2011) Strong Red-Emitting near-Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion Fluorescent Nanoparticles. Chem. Mater. 23: 2729.

117.

Liu SH, Han MY (2010) Silica-Coated Metal Nanoparticles Chem. Asian J. 5: 36.

118.

Caruso, F. (2001) Nanoengineering of Particle Surfaces, Adv. Mater., 13:11.

119.

Piao YZ, Burns A, Kim J, Wiesner U, Hyeon T (2008) Designed Fabrication of Silica-Based Nanostructured Particle Systems for Nanomedicine Applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 18:3745.

120.

Wang F, Han Y, Lim C S, Lu YH, Wang J, Xu J, Chen HY, Zhang C, Hong M H, Liu X G (2010) Simultaneous phase and size control of upconversion nanocrystals through lanthanide doping. Nature. 463: 1061.

121.

Chen D, Huang P, Yu Y, Huang F, Yang A, Wang Y (2011) Dopant-induced phase transition: a new strategy of synthesizing hexagonal upconversion NaYF₄ at low temperature. Chem. Commun. 47: 5801.

122.

Liu N, Qin WP, Qin GS, Jiang T, Zhao D (2011) Highly plasmon-enhanced upconversion emissions from Au@β-NaYF₄:Yb,Tm hybrid nanostructures. Chem. Commun. 47: 7671.

123.

Paudel HP, Zhong LL, Bayat K, Baroughi MF, Smith S, Lin CK, Jiang CY, Berry MT, May PS (2011) Enhancement of near-infrared-to-visible upconversion luminescence using engineered plasmonic gold surfaces.,J. Phys. Chem. C, 115: 19028.

124.

Yuan PY, Lee YH, Gnanasammandhan MK, Guan Z, Zhang Y, Xu QH (2012) Plasmon enhanced upconversion luminescence of NaYF₄:Yb,Er@SiO₂@Ag core–shell nanocomposites for cell imaging. Nanoscale, 4: 5132.

125.

Wang Y, Tu LP, Zhao, JW, Sun YJ, Kong XG, Zhang H (2009) Upconversion luminescence of β-NaYF₄:Yb³⁺,Er³⁺@β-NaYF₄ core/shell nanoparticles: Excitation power density and surface dependence.,J. Phys. Chem. C, 113: 7164.

126.

Zhang F, Che RH, Li XM, Yao C, Yang JP, Shen DK, Hu P, Li W, Zhao DY (2012) Direct Imaging the Upconversion Nanocrystal Core/Shell Structure at the Subnanometer Level: Shell Thickness Dependence in Upconverting Optical Properties. Nano Lett. 12: 2852.

127.

Park YI, Kim JH, Lee KT, Jeon K-S, Na HB, Yu JH, Kim HM, Lee N, Choi SH, Baik S-I, Kim H, Park SP, Park B-J, Kim YW, Lee SH, Yoon SY, Song IC, Moon WK, Suh YD, Hyeon T (2009) Nonblinking and Nonbleaching Upconverting Nanoparticles as an Optical Imaging Nanoprobe and T1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent. Adv. Mater. 21: 4467.

128.

Wang YF, Sun LD, Xiao JW, Feng W, Zhou JC, Shen J, Yan CH. (2012) Rare-Earth Nanoparticles with Enhanced Upconversion Emission and Suppressed Rare-Earth-Ion Leakage Chem. Eur. J. 18: 5558.

129.

Li Z, Zhang Y, Jiang S. (2008) Multicolor Core/Shell-Structured Upconversion Fluorescent Nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. 20: 4765.

Title: Foundations of Up-conversion Nanoparticles
Authors: Song Wang
Hongjie Zhang
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Book: Phosphors, Up Conversion Nano Particles, Quantum Dots and Their Applications
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-1589-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-10-1590-8

Copyright Year: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1590-8_7

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Premium Partners