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2017 | Book

From Mafia to Organised Crime

A Comparative Analysis of Policing Models

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About this book

This book presents primary research conducted in Italy, USA, Australia and the UK on countering strategies and institutional perceptions of Italian mafias and local organized crime groups. Through interviews and interpretation of original documents, this study firstly demonstrates the interaction between institutional understanding of the criminal threats and historical events that have shaped these perceptions. Secondly, it combines analysis of policies and criminal law provisions to identify how policing models which combat mafia and organised crime activities are organized and constructed in each country within a comparative perspective.
After presenting the similarities between the four differing policing models, Sergi pushes the comparison further by identifying both conceptual and procedural convergences and divergences across both the four models and within international frameworks. By looking at topics as varied as mafia mobility, money laundering, drug networks and gang violence, this book ultimately seeks to reconsider the conceptualizations of both mafia and organized crime from a socio-behavioural and cultural perspective.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
1. Introduction: The aims of this comparative research
Abstract
The introduction sets the aims of the book. It described the different stages and places of the data collection and the theoretical frameworks of comparative studies in criminal justice within which the data has been analysed. It sets the expectations on methodology and theoretical underpinnings on mafia and organised crime guiding the following chapters.
Anna Sergi
2. Mafia and Organised Crime: The Spectrum and the Models
Abstract
The second chapter presents the theoretical boundaries of the book, by looking at the intersections between criminology and criminal law theories and by introducing a first analysis of the conceptualisations of both mafia and organised crime. This chapter explains how manifestations of organised crime and mafia can be placed on a spectrum, on a continuum, depending on their characteristics. It also presents the methodology to build the national case studies and policing models in Italy, US, Australia and UK that will follow around the general dichotomy of structures vs. activities.
Anna Sergi
3. Case Study 1: Italy and the Structure Model
Abstract
The third chapter presents the findings from the research in Italy, combining interviews with experts and law enforcement and document analysis to build a discourse around the Italian policing system against mafia and organised crime. The two historical focuses of the chapter are the events surrounding the Sicilian mafia in the 1990s and the rise of the Calabrian ‘ndrangheta. This chapter focuses on the overlapping of the concepts of organised crime and mafia in institutional perceptions in Italy, considering the latest evolution in jurisprudence. It assesses the importance of criminal law provisions and prosecution in the fight against criminal and social dimensions of the mafia phenomenon in the country for the understanding of the Italian structure model of policing organised crime and mafia.
Anna Sergi
4. Case Study 2: United States of America and the Enterprise Model
Abstract
The fourth chapter presents the findings from the research in the US, combining interviews with experts and law enforcement with document analysis to build a discourse around the US federal policing system against mafia and organised crime. The two historical focuses of the chapter are the events surrounding Italian-American (La) Cosa Nostra and the focus on transnational crime following the terrorist attacks of September 11 2001. This chapter considers the crucial legacy of the theoretical approaches developed in the US for an understanding of both mafia and organised crime. It presents the concept of enterprise and pattern of racketeering activities as core element of the institutional response to organised crime and mafia in the country within the US enterprise policing model.
Anna Sergi
5. Case Study 3: Australia and the Visibility Model
Abstract
The fifth chapter presents the findings from the research in Australia, combining interviews with experts and law enforcement with document analysis to build a discourse around the Australian federal and national policing systems against mafia and organised crime. The two historical focuses of the chapter are the events surrounding the criminalisation of Outlaw Motor Cycle Gangs and those surrounding the movements and settling of the Calabrian ‘ndrangheta in the country. This chapter considers visibility as the core category to explain the policing models against mafia and organised crime in Australia, by looking at the criminalisation of criminal associations and the other main responses to the threats of organised crime in the country.
Anna Sergi
6. Case Study 4: United Kingdom and the Activity Model
Abstract
The sixth chapter presents the findings from the research in the UK, especially England and Wales, combining interviews with experts and law enforcement with document analysis to build a discourse around the UK policing system against mafia and organised crime. The two historical focuses of the chapter are the events in two cities, Liverpool and London, as examples of the evolution of the organised crime discourse in the country. This chapter considers how organised crime in the UK is understood through activities rather than structures and how intelligence and multi-agency partnerships define the activity policing model.
Anna Sergi
7. Convergences and Divergences Across the Four Models
Abstract
The seventh chapter looks at the four national models from Italy, US, Australia and UK together to identify conceptual and procedural convergences across them. Among the conceptual convergences, the chapter highlights the “follow the money” strategy, the understanding of organised crime as involving trafficking and the glocal and transnational character of organised crime. Among procedural convergences, the chapter discusses provisions against money laundering and proceeds of crime, the criminalisation of activities of organised crime and the focus on prevention. The chapter also focuses on emerging trends such as mafia mobility, social prevention and focus on unexplained wealth as worth mentioning across the four models.
Anna Sergi
8. National Models and International Frameworks
Abstract
The eighth chapter places the four policing models against mafia and organised crime in Italy, US, Australia and UK, within international frameworks, with specific focus to contributions from the United Nations and the European Union. The aim of this chapter is to reflect on the challenges of policy transfer and harmonisation within a perspective that considers the problems of legal asymmetries for international cooperation. It reflects upon the internationalisation of labels such as mafia and organised crime and the difficulty to transfer these labels across national and international policies without an integration of cultural perspectives.
Anna Sergi
9. Conclusion: A Socio-behavioural Approach in Policing the Mafia–Organised Crime Spectrum
Abstract
The conclusion of this book presents the way forward departing from the findings of this research. It considers how a cultural approach to mafia and organised crime might to a more promising socio-behavioural understanding of the phenomena by addressing both the social construction of the two concepts and its actual manifestations. This final chapter reconsiders the mafia-organised crime spectrum within cultural perspectives and proposes a more contemporary and revisited conceptualisation of the mafia phenomenon, which could help integrate phenomena and policies across the spectrum and across national systems. Finally, the conclusion of this book invites to consider “cultural awareness” as a viable tool to improve policing approaches against mafia and organised crime.
Anna Sergi
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
From Mafia to Organised Crime
Author
Dr. Anna Sergi
Copyright Year
2017
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-53568-5
Print ISBN
978-3-319-53567-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53568-5