Skip to main content
Top

2014 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. Functional Diversity

Author : Nathan G. Swenson

Published in: Functional and Phylogenetic Ecology in R

Publisher: Springer New York

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The objectives of this chapter are to explore the variety of metrics and approaches for analyzing the functional composition and diversity of species assemblages. Important topics will include the consideration of how uni- and multivariate trait data are utilized in functional diversity analyses, the use of raw trait distance matrices versus trait dendrograms, and the degree of similarity between functional diversity metrics.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
11.
go back to reference Tilman, D., J. Knops, D. Wedin, P.B. Reich, M. Ritchie, and E. Siemann. 1997. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science 277: 1300–1302.CrossRef Tilman, D., J. Knops, D. Wedin, P.B. Reich, M. Ritchie, and E. Siemann. 1997. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science 277: 1300–1302.CrossRef
39.
go back to reference MacArthur, R., and R. Levins. 1967. The limiting similarity, convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. The American Naturalist 101: 377–385.CrossRef MacArthur, R., and R. Levins. 1967. The limiting similarity, convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. The American Naturalist 101: 377–385.CrossRef
64.
go back to reference Swenson, N.G., D.L. Erickson, X. Mi, N.A. Bourge, J. Forero-Montana, X. Ge, R. Howe, J.K. Lake, X. Liu, K. Ma, N. Pei, J. Thompson, M. Uriarte, A. Wolf, S.J. Wright, W. Ye, J. Zhang, J.K. Zimmerman, and W.J. Kress. 2012. Phylogenetic and functional alpha and beta diversity in temperate and tropical tree communities. Ecology 93: S112–S125.CrossRef Swenson, N.G., D.L. Erickson, X. Mi, N.A. Bourge, J. Forero-Montana, X. Ge, R. Howe, J.K. Lake, X. Liu, K. Ma, N. Pei, J. Thompson, M. Uriarte, A. Wolf, S.J. Wright, W. Ye, J. Zhang, J.K. Zimmerman, and W.J. Kress. 2012. Phylogenetic and functional alpha and beta diversity in temperate and tropical tree communities. Ecology 93: S112–S125.CrossRef
73.
go back to reference Weiher, E., G.D.P. Clarke, and P.A. Keddy. 1998. Community assembly rules, morphological dispersion, and the coexistence of plant species. Oikos 81: 309–322.CrossRef Weiher, E., G.D.P. Clarke, and P.A. Keddy. 1998. Community assembly rules, morphological dispersion, and the coexistence of plant species. Oikos 81: 309–322.CrossRef
74.
go back to reference Thompson, K., S.H. Hillier, J.P. Grime, C.C. Bossard, and S.R. Band. 1996. A functional analysis of a limestone grassland community. Journal of Vegetation Science 7: 371–380.CrossRef Thompson, K., S.H. Hillier, J.P. Grime, C.C. Bossard, and S.R. Band. 1996. A functional analysis of a limestone grassland community. Journal of Vegetation Science 7: 371–380.CrossRef
75.
go back to reference Grime, J.P. 2006. Trait convergence and trait divergence in herbaceous plant communities: Mechanisms and consequences. Journal of Vegetation Science 17: 255–260.CrossRef Grime, J.P. 2006. Trait convergence and trait divergence in herbaceous plant communities: Mechanisms and consequences. Journal of Vegetation Science 17: 255–260.CrossRef
76.
go back to reference Petchey, O.L., and K.J. Gaston. 2002. Functional diversity (FD), species richness, and community composition. Ecology Letters 5: 402–411.CrossRef Petchey, O.L., and K.J. Gaston. 2002. Functional diversity (FD), species richness, and community composition. Ecology Letters 5: 402–411.CrossRef
77.
go back to reference Kraft, N.J.B., R. Valencia, and D.D. Ackerly. 2008. Functional traits and niche-based tree community assembly in an Amazonian forest. Science 322: 580–582.CrossRef Kraft, N.J.B., R. Valencia, and D.D. Ackerly. 2008. Functional traits and niche-based tree community assembly in an Amazonian forest. Science 322: 580–582.CrossRef
78.
go back to reference Swenson, N.G., and B.J. Enquist. 2007. Ecological and evolutionary determinants of a key plant functional trait: Wood density and its community-wide variation across latitude and elevation. American Journal of Botany 91: 451–459.CrossRef Swenson, N.G., and B.J. Enquist. 2007. Ecological and evolutionary determinants of a key plant functional trait: Wood density and its community-wide variation across latitude and elevation. American Journal of Botany 91: 451–459.CrossRef
79.
go back to reference Swenson, N.G., and B.J. Enquist. 2009. Opposing assembly mechanisms in a Neotropical dry forest: Implications for phylogenetic and functional community ecology. Ecology 90: 2161–2170.CrossRef Swenson, N.G., and B.J. Enquist. 2009. Opposing assembly mechanisms in a Neotropical dry forest: Implications for phylogenetic and functional community ecology. Ecology 90: 2161–2170.CrossRef
80.
go back to reference Swenson, N.G., P. Anglada-Cordero, and J.A. Barone. 2011. Deterministic tropical tree community turnover: Evidence from patterns of functional beta diversity along an elevational gradient. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278: 877–884.CrossRef Swenson, N.G., P. Anglada-Cordero, and J.A. Barone. 2011. Deterministic tropical tree community turnover: Evidence from patterns of functional beta diversity along an elevational gradient. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278: 877–884.CrossRef
81.
go back to reference Liu, X., N.G. Swenson, S.J. Wright, L. Zhang, K. Song, Y. Du, J. Zhang, X. Mi, and K. Ma. 2012. Covariation in plant functional traits and soil fertility within two species-rich forests. PLoS One 7: e34767.CrossRef Liu, X., N.G. Swenson, S.J. Wright, L. Zhang, K. Song, Y. Du, J. Zhang, X. Mi, and K. Ma. 2012. Covariation in plant functional traits and soil fertility within two species-rich forests. PLoS One 7: e34767.CrossRef
82.
go back to reference Liu, X., N.G. Swenson, J. Zhang, and K. Ma. 2013. The environment and space, not phylogeny, determine trait dispersion in a subtropical forest. Functional Ecology 27: 264–272.CrossRef Liu, X., N.G. Swenson, J. Zhang, and K. Ma. 2013. The environment and space, not phylogeny, determine trait dispersion in a subtropical forest. Functional Ecology 27: 264–272.CrossRef
83.
go back to reference Jung, V., C. Violle, C. Mondy, L. Hoffmann, and S. Muller. 2010. Intraspecific variability and trait-based community assembly. Journal of Ecology 98: 1134–1140.CrossRef Jung, V., C. Violle, C. Mondy, L. Hoffmann, and S. Muller. 2010. Intraspecific variability and trait-based community assembly. Journal of Ecology 98: 1134–1140.CrossRef
84.
go back to reference Shipley, B., D. Vile, and E. Garnier. 2006. From plant traits to plant communities: A statistical mechanistic approach to biodiversity. Science 314: 812–814.CrossRefMATHMathSciNet Shipley, B., D. Vile, and E. Garnier. 2006. From plant traits to plant communities: A statistical mechanistic approach to biodiversity. Science 314: 812–814.CrossRefMATHMathSciNet
85.
go back to reference Laughlin, D.C., P.Z. Fule, D.W. Huffman, J. Crouse, and E. Laliberte. 2011. Climatic constraints on trait-based forest assembly. Journal of Ecology 99: 1489–1499.CrossRef Laughlin, D.C., P.Z. Fule, D.W. Huffman, J. Crouse, and E. Laliberte. 2011. Climatic constraints on trait-based forest assembly. Journal of Ecology 99: 1489–1499.CrossRef
86.
go back to reference Baraloto, C., O.J. Hardy, C.E.T. Paine, K.G. Dexter, C. Cruaud, L.T. Dunning, M.A. Gonzalez, J.F. Molino, D. Sabatier, V. Savolainen, and J. Chave. 2012. Using functional traits and phylogenetic trees to examine the assembly of tropical tree communities. Journal of Ecology 100: 690–701.CrossRef Baraloto, C., O.J. Hardy, C.E.T. Paine, K.G. Dexter, C. Cruaud, L.T. Dunning, M.A. Gonzalez, J.F. Molino, D. Sabatier, V. Savolainen, and J. Chave. 2012. Using functional traits and phylogenetic trees to examine the assembly of tropical tree communities. Journal of Ecology 100: 690–701.CrossRef
87.
go back to reference Paine, C.E.T., C. Baraloto, J. Chave, and B. Herault. 2011. Functional traits of individual trees reveal ecological constraints on community assembly in tropical rain forests. Oikos 120: 720–727.CrossRef Paine, C.E.T., C. Baraloto, J. Chave, and B. Herault. 2011. Functional traits of individual trees reveal ecological constraints on community assembly in tropical rain forests. Oikos 120: 720–727.CrossRef
88.
go back to reference Siefert, A. 2012. Spatial patterns of functional divergence in old-field plant communities. Oikos 121: 907–914.CrossRef Siefert, A. 2012. Spatial patterns of functional divergence in old-field plant communities. Oikos 121: 907–914.CrossRef
89.
go back to reference Siefert, A., C. Ravenscroft, M.D. Weiser, and N.G. Swenson. 2013. Functional beta diversity patterns reveal deterministic community assembly processes in eastern North American trees. Global Ecology and Biogeography 22: 682–691.CrossRef Siefert, A., C. Ravenscroft, M.D. Weiser, and N.G. Swenson. 2013. Functional beta diversity patterns reveal deterministic community assembly processes in eastern North American trees. Global Ecology and Biogeography 22: 682–691.CrossRef
90.
go back to reference Cornwell, W.K., D.W. Schwilk, and D.D. Ackerly. 2006. A trait-based test for habitat filtering: Convex hull volume. Ecology 87: 1465–1471.CrossRef Cornwell, W.K., D.W. Schwilk, and D.D. Ackerly. 2006. A trait-based test for habitat filtering: Convex hull volume. Ecology 87: 1465–1471.CrossRef
91.
go back to reference Cadotte, M.W., B.J. Cardinale, and T.H. Oakley. 2008. Evolutionary history and the effect of biodiversity on plant productivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105: 17012–17017.CrossRef Cadotte, M.W., B.J. Cardinale, and T.H. Oakley. 2008. Evolutionary history and the effect of biodiversity on plant productivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105: 17012–17017.CrossRef
92.
go back to reference Laliberte, E., and P. Legendre. 2010. A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits. Ecology 91: 299–305.CrossRef Laliberte, E., and P. Legendre. 2010. A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits. Ecology 91: 299–305.CrossRef
93.
go back to reference Ricklefs, R.E., and K. O’Rourke. 1975. Aspect diversity in moths: A temperate-tropical comparison. Evolution 29: 313–324.CrossRef Ricklefs, R.E., and K. O’Rourke. 1975. Aspect diversity in moths: A temperate-tropical comparison. Evolution 29: 313–324.CrossRef
94.
go back to reference Ricklefs, R.E., and J. Travis. 1980. A morphological approach to the study of avian community organization. Auk 97: 321–338. Ricklefs, R.E., and J. Travis. 1980. A morphological approach to the study of avian community organization. Auk 97: 321–338.
95.
go back to reference Shepherd, U.L. 1998. A comparison of species diversity and morphological diversity across the North American latitudinal gradient. Journal of Biogeography 25: 19–29.CrossRef Shepherd, U.L. 1998. A comparison of species diversity and morphological diversity across the North American latitudinal gradient. Journal of Biogeography 25: 19–29.CrossRef
96.
go back to reference Stevens, R.D., S.B. Cox, M.R. Willig, and R.E. Strauss. 2003. Patterns of functional diversity across an extensive environmental gradient: Vertebrate consumers, hidden treatments, and latitudinal trends. Ecology Letters 6: 1099–1108.CrossRef Stevens, R.D., S.B. Cox, M.R. Willig, and R.E. Strauss. 2003. Patterns of functional diversity across an extensive environmental gradient: Vertebrate consumers, hidden treatments, and latitudinal trends. Ecology Letters 6: 1099–1108.CrossRef
97.
go back to reference Swenson, N.G., B.J. Enquist, J. Pither, A.J. Kerkhoff, B. Boyle, M.D. Weiser, J.J. Elser, W.F. Fagan, J. Forero-Montana, N. Fyllas, N.J.B. Kraft, J.K. Lake, A.T. Moles, S. Patino, O.L. Phillips, C.A. Price, P.B. Reich, C.A. Quesada, J.C. Stegen, R. Valencia, I.J. Wright, S.J. Wright, S. Andelman, P.M. Jorgensen, T.E. Lacher Jr., A. Monteagudo, P. Nunez-Vargas, R. Vasquez, and K.M. Nolting. 2012. The biogeography and filtering of woody plant functional diversity in North and South America. Global Ecology and Biogeography 21: 798–808.CrossRef Swenson, N.G., B.J. Enquist, J. Pither, A.J. Kerkhoff, B. Boyle, M.D. Weiser, J.J. Elser, W.F. Fagan, J. Forero-Montana, N. Fyllas, N.J.B. Kraft, J.K. Lake, A.T. Moles, S. Patino, O.L. Phillips, C.A. Price, P.B. Reich, C.A. Quesada, J.C. Stegen, R. Valencia, I.J. Wright, S.J. Wright, S. Andelman, P.M. Jorgensen, T.E. Lacher Jr., A. Monteagudo, P. Nunez-Vargas, R. Vasquez, and K.M. Nolting. 2012. The biogeography and filtering of woody plant functional diversity in North and South America. Global Ecology and Biogeography 21: 798–808.CrossRef
98.
go back to reference Cadotte, M.W., J. Cavender-Bares, D. Tilman, and T.H. Oakley. 2009. Using phylogenetic, functional and trait diversity to understand patterns of plant community productivity. PLoS One 4: e5695.CrossRef Cadotte, M.W., J. Cavender-Bares, D. Tilman, and T.H. Oakley. 2009. Using phylogenetic, functional and trait diversity to understand patterns of plant community productivity. PLoS One 4: e5695.CrossRef
99.
go back to reference Westoby, M. 1998. A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme. Plant and Soil 199: 213–227.CrossRef Westoby, M. 1998. A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme. Plant and Soil 199: 213–227.CrossRef
100.
go back to reference Weiher, E., A. Van der Werf, K. Thompson, M. Roderick, E. Garnier, and O. Eriksson. 1999. Challenging Theophrastus: A common core list of plant traits for functional ecology. Journal of Vegetation Science 10: 609–620.CrossRef Weiher, E., A. Van der Werf, K. Thompson, M. Roderick, E. Garnier, and O. Eriksson. 1999. Challenging Theophrastus: A common core list of plant traits for functional ecology. Journal of Vegetation Science 10: 609–620.CrossRef
101.
go back to reference Westoby, M., D.S. Falster, A.T. Moles, P.A. Vesk, and I.J. Wright. 2002. Plant ecological strategies: Some leading dimensions of variation between species. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33: 125–159.CrossRef Westoby, M., D.S. Falster, A.T. Moles, P.A. Vesk, and I.J. Wright. 2002. Plant ecological strategies: Some leading dimensions of variation between species. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33: 125–159.CrossRef
102.
go back to reference Westoby, M., and I.J. Wright. 2006. Land-plant ecology on the basis of functional traits. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21: 261–268.CrossRef Westoby, M., and I.J. Wright. 2006. Land-plant ecology on the basis of functional traits. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21: 261–268.CrossRef
103.
go back to reference Swenson, N.G., and M.D. Weiser. 2010. Plant geography upon the basis of functional traits: An example from eastern North American trees. Ecology 91: 2234–2241.CrossRef Swenson, N.G., and M.D. Weiser. 2010. Plant geography upon the basis of functional traits: An example from eastern North American trees. Ecology 91: 2234–2241.CrossRef
104.
go back to reference Gower, J.C. 1971. A general coefficient of similarity and some of its properties. Biometrics 27: 4979–4983.CrossRef Gower, J.C. 1971. A general coefficient of similarity and some of its properties. Biometrics 27: 4979–4983.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Functional Diversity
Author
Nathan G. Swenson
Copyright Year
2014
Publisher
Springer New York
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9542-0_4

Premium Partner