Skip to main content
Top

2012 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Genetics-Based Machine Learning

Author : Tim Kovacs

Published in: Handbook of Natural Computing

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This is a survey of the field of genetics-based machine learning (GBML): the application of evolutionary algorithms (ES) to machine learning. We assume readers are familiar with evolutionary algorithms and their application to optimization problems, but not necessarily with machine learning. We briefly outline the scope of machine learning, introduce the more specific area of supervised learning, contrast it with optimization and present arguments for and against GBML. Next we introduce a framework for GBML, which includes ways of classifying GBML algorithms and a discussion of the interaction between learning and evolution. We then review the following areas with emphasis on their evolutionary aspects: GBML for subproblems of learning, genetic programming, evolving ensembles, evolving neural networks, learning classifier systems, and genetic fuzzy systems.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Glossary
EA
Evolutionary Algorithm
FRBS
Fuzzy Rule-Based System
GA
Genetic Algorithm
GBML
Genetics-Based Machine Learning
GFS
Genetic Fuzzy System
GP
Genetic Programming
LCS
Learning Classifier System
NN
Neural Network
SL
Supervised Learning
Literature
go back to reference Abbass HA (2003) Speeding up backpropagation using multiobjective evolutionary algorithms. Neural Comput, 15(11):2705–2726CrossRefMATH Abbass HA (2003) Speeding up backpropagation using multiobjective evolutionary algorithms. Neural Comput, 15(11):2705–2726CrossRefMATH
go back to reference Ackley DH, Littman ML (1992) Interactions between learning and evolution. In: Langton C, Taylor C, Rasmussen S, Farmer J (eds) Artificial life II: Santa Fe institute studies in the sciences of Complexity, vol 10. Addison-Wesley, New York, pp 487–509 Ackley DH, Littman ML (1992) Interactions between learning and evolution. In: Langton C, Taylor C, Rasmussen S, Farmer J (eds) Artificial life II: Santa Fe institute studies in the sciences of Complexity, vol 10. Addison-Wesley, New York, pp 487–509
go back to reference Aguilar-Ruiz J, Riquelme J, Toro M (2003) Evolutionary learning of hierarchical decision rules. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B 33(2):324–331CrossRef Aguilar-Ruiz J, Riquelme J, Toro M (2003) Evolutionary learning of hierarchical decision rules. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B 33(2):324–331CrossRef
go back to reference Ahluwalia M, Bull L (1999) A genetic programming-based classifier system. In: Banzhaf et al. (eds) GECCO-99: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, pp 11–18 Ahluwalia M, Bull L (1999) A genetic programming-based classifier system. In: Banzhaf et al. (eds) GECCO-99: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, pp 11–18
go back to reference Andersen HC, Tsoi AC (1993) A constructive algorithm for the training of a multi-layer perceptron based on the genetic algorithm. Complex Syst, 7(4):249–268MATH Andersen HC, Tsoi AC (1993) A constructive algorithm for the training of a multi-layer perceptron based on the genetic algorithm. Complex Syst, 7(4):249–268MATH
go back to reference Angeline PJ, Sauders GM, Pollack JB (1994) An evolutionary algorithm that constructs recurrent neural networks. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 5:54–65CrossRef Angeline PJ, Sauders GM, Pollack JB (1994) An evolutionary algorithm that constructs recurrent neural networks. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 5:54–65CrossRef
go back to reference Angelov P (2002) Evolving rule-based models: a tool for design of flexible adaptive systems. Studies in fuzziness and soft computing, vol 92. Springer, Heidelberg Angelov P (2002) Evolving rule-based models: a tool for design of flexible adaptive systems. Studies in fuzziness and soft computing, vol 92. Springer, Heidelberg
go back to reference Bacardit J, Stout M, Hirst JD and Krasnogor N (2008) Data mining in proteomics with learning classifier systems. In: Bull L, Bernadó Mansilla E, Holmes J (eds) Learning classifier systems in data mining. Springer, Berlin, pp 17–46CrossRef Bacardit J, Stout M, Hirst JD and Krasnogor N (2008) Data mining in proteomics with learning classifier systems. In: Bull L, Bernadó Mansilla E, Holmes J (eds) Learning classifier systems in data mining. Springer, Berlin, pp 17–46CrossRef
go back to reference Bacardit J, Burke EK, Krasnogor N (2009a) Improving the scalability of rule-based evolutionary learning. Memetic Comput 1(1):55–57 Bacardit J, Burke EK, Krasnogor N (2009a) Improving the scalability of rule-based evolutionary learning. Memetic Comput 1(1):55–57
go back to reference Bacardit J, Stout M, Hirst JD, Valencia A, Smith RE, Krasnogor N (2009b) Automated alphabet reduction for protein datasets. BMC Bioinformatics. vol 10, 6 Bacardit J, Stout M, Hirst JD, Valencia A, Smith RE, Krasnogor N (2009b) Automated alphabet reduction for protein datasets. BMC Bioinformatics. vol 10, 6
go back to reference Bacardit J (2004) Pittsburgh genetic-based machine learning in the data mining era: representations, generalization, and run-time. PhD thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain Bacardit J (2004) Pittsburgh genetic-based machine learning in the data mining era: representations, generalization, and run-time. PhD thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
go back to reference Bacardit J, Goldberg DE, Butz MV (2007) Improving the performance of a Pittsburgh learning classifier system using a default rule. In: Kovacs T, Llòra X, Takadama K, Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning Classifier Systems. International workshops, IWLCS 2003–2005, Revised selected papers, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4399. Springer, Berlin, pp 291–307 Bacardit J, Goldberg DE, Butz MV (2007) Improving the performance of a Pittsburgh learning classifier system using a default rule. In: Kovacs T, Llòra X, Takadama K, Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning Classifier Systems. International workshops, IWLCS 2003–2005, Revised selected papers, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4399. Springer, Berlin, pp 291–307
go back to reference Bacardit J, Krasnogor N (2008) Empirical evaluation of ensemble techniques for a Pittsburgh learning classifier system. In: Bacardit J, Bernadó-Mansilla E, Butz M, Kovacs T, Llorà X, Takadama K (eds) Learning Classifier Systems. 10th and 11th International Workshops (2006–2007), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4998. Springer, Berlin, pp 255–268 Bacardit J, Krasnogor N (2008) Empirical evaluation of ensemble techniques for a Pittsburgh learning classifier system. In: Bacardit J, Bernadó-Mansilla E, Butz M, Kovacs T, Llorà X, Takadama K (eds) Learning Classifier Systems. 10th and 11th International Workshops (2006–2007), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4998. Springer, Berlin, pp 255–268
go back to reference Bagnall AJ, Zatuchna ZV (2005) On the classification of maze problems. In: Bull L, Kovacs T (eds) Applications of learning classifier systems. Springer, Berlin, pp 307–316 Bagnall AJ, Zatuchna ZV (2005) On the classification of maze problems. In: Bull L, Kovacs T (eds) Applications of learning classifier systems. Springer, Berlin, pp 307–316
go back to reference Banzhaf W, Daida J, Eiben AE, Garzon MH, Honavar V, Jakiela M, Smith RE (eds) (1999) GECCO-99: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA Banzhaf W, Daida J, Eiben AE, Garzon MH, Honavar V, Jakiela M, Smith RE (eds) (1999) GECCO-99: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA
go back to reference Barry A (1996) Hierarchy formulation within classifiers system: a review. In: Goodman EG, Uskov VL, Punch WF (eds) Proceedings of the first international conference on evolutionary algorithms and their application EVCA'96. The Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, pp 195–211 Barry A (1996) Hierarchy formulation within classifiers system: a review. In: Goodman EG, Uskov VL, Punch WF (eds) Proceedings of the first international conference on evolutionary algorithms and their application EVCA'96. The Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, pp 195–211
go back to reference Barry A (2000) XCS performance and population structure within multiple-step environments. PhD thesis, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast Barry A (2000) XCS performance and population structure within multiple-step environments. PhD thesis, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast
go back to reference Beielstein T, Markon S (2002) Threshold selection, hypothesis tests and DOE methods. In: 2002 congress on evolutionary computation. IEEE Press, Washington, DC, pp 777–782 Beielstein T, Markon S (2002) Threshold selection, hypothesis tests and DOE methods. In: 2002 congress on evolutionary computation. IEEE Press, Washington, DC, pp 777–782
go back to reference Belew RK, McInerney J, Schraudolph NN (1992) Evolving networks: using the genetic algorithm with connectionistic learning. In: Langton CG, Taylor C, Farmer JD, Rasmussen S (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd conference on artificial life. Addison-Wesley, New York, pp 51–548 Belew RK, McInerney J, Schraudolph NN (1992) Evolving networks: using the genetic algorithm with connectionistic learning. In: Langton CG, Taylor C, Farmer JD, Rasmussen S (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd conference on artificial life. Addison-Wesley, New York, pp 51–548
go back to reference Bernadó E, Llorà X, Garrell JM (2002) XCS and GALE: a comparative study of two learning classifier systems on data mining. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Advances in learning classifier systems, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 2321. Springer, Berlin, pp 115–132CrossRef Bernadó E, Llorà X, Garrell JM (2002) XCS and GALE: a comparative study of two learning classifier systems on data mining. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Advances in learning classifier systems, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 2321. Springer, Berlin, pp 115–132CrossRef
go back to reference Bernadó-Mansilla E, Garrell-Guiu JM (2003) Accuracy-based learning classifier systems: models, analysis and applications to classification tasks. Evolut Comput 11(3):209–238CrossRef Bernadó-Mansilla E, Garrell-Guiu JM (2003) Accuracy-based learning classifier systems: models, analysis and applications to classification tasks. Evolut Comput 11(3):209–238CrossRef
go back to reference Bernadó-Mansilla E, Ho TK (2005) Domain of competence of XCS classifier system in complexity measurement space. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 9(1):82–104CrossRef Bernadó-Mansilla E, Ho TK (2005) Domain of competence of XCS classifier system in complexity measurement space. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 9(1):82–104CrossRef
go back to reference Bonarini A (2000) An introduction to learning fuzzy classifier systems. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems: from foundations to applications, Lecture note in artificial intelligence, vol 1813. Springer, Berlin, pp 83–104 Bonarini A (2000) An introduction to learning fuzzy classifier systems. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems: from foundations to applications, Lecture note in artificial intelligence, vol 1813. Springer, Berlin, pp 83–104
go back to reference Bonelli P, Alexandre P (1991) An efficient classifier system and its experimental comparison with two representative learning methods on three medical domains. In: Booker LB, Belew RK (eds) Proceedings of the 14th international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA'91). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 288–295 Bonelli P, Alexandre P (1991) An efficient classifier system and its experimental comparison with two representative learning methods on three medical domains. In: Booker LB, Belew RK (eds) Proceedings of the 14th international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA'91). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 288–295
go back to reference Booker LB (1989) Triggered rule discovery in classifier systems. In: Schaffer JD (ed) Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA-89). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 265–274 Booker LB (1989) Triggered rule discovery in classifier systems. In: Schaffer JD (ed) Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA-89). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 265–274
go back to reference Booker LB (1991) Representing attribute-based concepts in a classifier system. In: Rawlins GJE (ed) Proceedings of the first workshop on foundations of genetic algorithms (FOGA91). Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, pp 115–127 Booker LB (1991) Representing attribute-based concepts in a classifier system. In: Rawlins GJE (ed) Proceedings of the first workshop on foundations of genetic algorithms (FOGA91). Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, pp 115–127
go back to reference Booker LB (2005a) Adaptive value function approximations in classifier systems. In: GECCO '05: proceedings of the 2005 workshops on genetic and evolutionary computation. ACM, New York, pp 90–91 Booker LB (2005a) Adaptive value function approximations in classifier systems. In: GECCO '05: proceedings of the 2005 workshops on genetic and evolutionary computation. ACM, New York, pp 90–91
go back to reference Booker LB (2005b) Approximating value functions in classifier systems. In: Bull L, Kovacs T (eds) Foundations of learning classifier systems (Studies in fuzziness and soft computing), Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 183, Springer, Berlin, pp 45–61 Booker LB (2005b) Approximating value functions in classifier systems. In: Bull L, Kovacs T (eds) Foundations of learning classifier systems (Studies in fuzziness and soft computing), Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 183, Springer, Berlin, pp 45–61
go back to reference Booker LB, Belew RK (eds) (1991) Proceedings of the 4th international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA91). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA Booker LB, Belew RK (eds) (1991) Proceedings of the 4th international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA91). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA
go back to reference Bot MCJ, Langdon WB (2000) Application of genetic programming to induction of linear classification trees. In: Genetic programming: proceedings of the 3rd European conference (EuroGP 2000), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 1802, Springer, Berlin, pp 247–258 Bot MCJ, Langdon WB (2000) Application of genetic programming to induction of linear classification trees. In: Genetic programming: proceedings of the 3rd European conference (EuroGP 2000), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 1802, Springer, Berlin, pp 247–258
go back to reference Brown G (2010) Ensemble learning. In: Sammut C, Webb G (eds) Encyclopedia of machine learning. Springer, Berlin Brown G (2010) Ensemble learning. In: Sammut C, Webb G (eds) Encyclopedia of machine learning. Springer, Berlin
go back to reference Brown G, Wyatt J, Harris R, Yao X (2005) Diversity creation methods: A survey and categorisation. J Inform Fusion 6(1):5–20CrossRef Brown G, Wyatt J, Harris R, Yao X (2005) Diversity creation methods: A survey and categorisation. J Inform Fusion 6(1):5–20CrossRef
go back to reference Bull L (2009) On dynamical genetic programming: simple Boolean networks in learning classifier systems. IJPEDS 24(5):421–442 Bull L (2009) On dynamical genetic programming: simple Boolean networks in learning classifier systems. IJPEDS 24(5):421–442
go back to reference Bull L, Studley M, Bagnall T, Whittley I (2007) On the use of rule-sharing in learning classifier system ensembles. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 11:496–502CrossRef Bull L, Studley M, Bagnall T, Whittley I (2007) On the use of rule-sharing in learning classifier system ensembles. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 11:496–502CrossRef
go back to reference Bull L (2005) Two simple learning classifier systems. In: Bull L, Kovacs T (eds) Foundations of learning classifier systems (Studies in fuzziness and soft computing), Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 183, Springer, Berlin, pp 63–90 Bull L (2005) Two simple learning classifier systems. In: Bull L, Kovacs T (eds) Foundations of learning classifier systems (Studies in fuzziness and soft computing), Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 183, Springer, Berlin, pp 63–90
go back to reference Bull L, O'Hara T (2002) Accuracy-based neuro and neuro-fuzzy classifier systems. In: Langdon WB, Cantú-Paz E, Mathias K, Roy R, Davis R, Poli R, Balakrishnan K, Honavar V, Rudolph G, Wegener J, Bull L, Potter MA, Schultz AC, Miller JF, Burke E, Jonoska N (eds) GECCO 2002: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 905–911 Bull L, O'Hara T (2002) Accuracy-based neuro and neuro-fuzzy classifier systems. In: Langdon WB, Cantú-Paz E, Mathias K, Roy R, Davis R, Poli R, Balakrishnan K, Honavar V, Rudolph G, Wegener J, Bull L, Potter MA, Schultz AC, Miller JF, Burke E, Jonoska N (eds) GECCO 2002: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 905–911
go back to reference Burke EK, Hyde MR, Kendall G, Ochoa G, Ozcan E, Woodward JR (2009) Exploring hyper-heuristic methodologies with genetic programming. In: Mumford C, Jain L (eds) Collaborative computational intelligence. Springer, Berlin Burke EK, Hyde MR, Kendall G, Ochoa G, Ozcan E, Woodward JR (2009) Exploring hyper-heuristic methodologies with genetic programming. In: Mumford C, Jain L (eds) Collaborative computational intelligence. Springer, Berlin
go back to reference Burke EK, Kendall G (2005) Introduction. In: Burke EK, Kendall G (eds) Search methodologies: introductory tutorials in optimization and decision support techniques. Springer, Berlin, pp 5–18 Burke EK, Kendall G (2005) Introduction. In: Burke EK, Kendall G (eds) Search methodologies: introductory tutorials in optimization and decision support techniques. Springer, Berlin, pp 5–18
go back to reference Burke EK, Kendall G, Newall J, Hart E, Russ P, Schulenburg S (2003) Hyper-heuristics: an emerging direction in modern search technology. In: Glover F, Kochenberger G (eds) Handbook of meta-heuristics. Kluwer, Norwell, MA, pp 457–474 Burke EK, Kendall G, Newall J, Hart E, Russ P, Schulenburg S (2003) Hyper-heuristics: an emerging direction in modern search technology. In: Glover F, Kochenberger G (eds) Handbook of meta-heuristics. Kluwer, Norwell, MA, pp 457–474
go back to reference Butz MV, Kovacs T, Lanzi PL, Wilson SW (2004b) Toward a theory of generalization and learning in XCS. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 8(1):8–46CrossRef Butz MV, Kovacs T, Lanzi PL, Wilson SW (2004b) Toward a theory of generalization and learning in XCS. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 8(1):8–46CrossRef
go back to reference Butz MV (2002a) An algorithmic description of ACS2. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems: from foundations to applications, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 2321. Springer, Berlin, pp 211–229CrossRef Butz MV (2002a) An algorithmic description of ACS2. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems: from foundations to applications, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 2321. Springer, Berlin, pp 211–229CrossRef
go back to reference Butz MV, Goldberg DV, Stolzmann W (2000a) Introducing a genetic generalization pressure to the anticipatory classifier system – part 1: theoretical approach. In: Whitley D, Goldberg D, Cantú-Paz E, Spector L, Parmee I, Beyer H-G (eds) Proceedings of genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2000). Morgun Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 34–41 Butz MV, Goldberg DV, Stolzmann W (2000a) Introducing a genetic generalization pressure to the anticipatory classifier system – part 1: theoretical approach. In: Whitley D, Goldberg D, Cantú-Paz E, Spector L, Parmee I, Beyer H-G (eds) Proceedings of genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2000). Morgun Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 34–41
go back to reference Butz MV, Goldberg DE, Stolzmann W (2000b) Introducing a genetic generalization pressure to the anticipatory classifier system – part 2: performance analysis. In: Whitley D, Goldberg D, Cantú-Paz E, Spector L, Parmee I, Beyer H-G (eds) Proceedings of genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2000). Morgun Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 42–49 Butz MV, Goldberg DE, Stolzmann W (2000b) Introducing a genetic generalization pressure to the anticipatory classifier system – part 2: performance analysis. In: Whitley D, Goldberg D, Cantú-Paz E, Spector L, Parmee I, Beyer H-G (eds) Proceedings of genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2000). Morgun Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 42–49
go back to reference Butz MV, Wilson SW (2001) An algorithmic description of XCS. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Advances in learning classifier systems, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1996. Springer, Berlin, pp 253–272CrossRef Butz MV, Wilson SW (2001) An algorithmic description of XCS. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Advances in learning classifier systems, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1996. Springer, Berlin, pp 253–272CrossRef
go back to reference Butz MV (2005) Kernel-based, ellipsoidal conditions in the real-valued XCS classifier system. In: Beyer HG et al. (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2005). ACM, New York, pp 1835–1842CrossRef Butz MV (2005) Kernel-based, ellipsoidal conditions in the real-valued XCS classifier system. In: Beyer HG et al. (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2005). ACM, New York, pp 1835–1842CrossRef
go back to reference Butz MV (2006) Rule-based evolutionary online learning systems: a principled approach to LCS analysis and design. Studies in fuzziness and soft computing. Springer, Berlin Butz MV (2006) Rule-based evolutionary online learning systems: a principled approach to LCS analysis and design. Studies in fuzziness and soft computing. Springer, Berlin
go back to reference Butz MV, Goldberg DE, Lanzi PL (2004a) Bounding learning time in XCS. In Genetic and evolutionary computation (GECCO 2004), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3103. Springer, Berlin, pp 739–750 Butz MV, Goldberg DE, Lanzi PL (2004a) Bounding learning time in XCS. In Genetic and evolutionary computation (GECCO 2004), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3103. Springer, Berlin, pp 739–750
go back to reference Butz MV, Goldberg DE, Lanzi PL (2005a) Computational complexity of the XCS classifier system. In: Bull L, Kovacs T (eds) Foundations of learning classifier systems, Studies in fuzziness and soft computing, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 183. Springer, Berlin, pp 91–126 Butz MV, Goldberg DE, Lanzi PL (2005a) Computational complexity of the XCS classifier system. In: Bull L, Kovacs T (eds) Foundations of learning classifier systems, Studies in fuzziness and soft computing, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 183. Springer, Berlin, pp 91–126
go back to reference Butz MV, Goldberg DE, Lanzi PL (2005b) Gradient descent methods in learning classifier systems: improving XCS performance in multistep problems. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 9(5):452–473CrossRef Butz MV, Goldberg DE, Lanzi PL (2005b) Gradient descent methods in learning classifier systems: improving XCS performance in multistep problems. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 9(5):452–473CrossRef
go back to reference Butz MV, Goldberg DE, Lanzi PL, Sastry K (2007) Problem solution sustenance in XCS: Markov chain analysis of niche support distributions and the impact on computational complexity. GP and Evol Machines 8(1):5–37 Butz MV, Goldberg DE, Lanzi PL, Sastry K (2007) Problem solution sustenance in XCS: Markov chain analysis of niche support distributions and the impact on computational complexity. GP and Evol Machines 8(1):5–37
go back to reference Butz MV, Lanzi PL, Wilson SW (2006) Hyper-ellipsoidal conditions in XCS: rotation, linear approximation, and solution structure. In: Cattolico M (ed) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2006). ACM, New York, pp 1457–1464CrossRef Butz MV, Lanzi PL, Wilson SW (2006) Hyper-ellipsoidal conditions in XCS: rotation, linear approximation, and solution structure. In: Cattolico M (ed) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2006). ACM, New York, pp 1457–1464CrossRef
go back to reference Butz MV, Pelikan M (2006) Studying XCS/BOA learning in Boolean functions: structure encoding and random Boolean functions. In: Cattolico M et al. (eds) Genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2006. ACM, New York, pp 1449–1456CrossRef Butz MV, Pelikan M (2006) Studying XCS/BOA learning in Boolean functions: structure encoding and random Boolean functions. In: Cattolico M et al. (eds) Genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2006. ACM, New York, pp 1449–1456CrossRef
go back to reference Butz MV, Pelikan M, Llorà X, Goldberg DE (2005) Extracted global structure makes local building block processing effective in XCS. In: Beyer HG, O'Reilly UM (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2005. ACM, New York, pp 655–662CrossRef Butz MV, Pelikan M, Llorà X, Goldberg DE (2005) Extracted global structure makes local building block processing effective in XCS. In: Beyer HG, O'Reilly UM (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2005. ACM, New York, pp 655–662CrossRef
go back to reference Butz MV, Pelikan M, Llorà X, Goldberg DE (2006) Automated global structure extraction for effective local building block processing in XCS. Evolut Comput 14(3):345–380CrossRef Butz MV, Pelikan M, Llorà X, Goldberg DE (2006) Automated global structure extraction for effective local building block processing in XCS. Evolut Comput 14(3):345–380CrossRef
go back to reference Butz MV, Stalph P, Lanzi PL (2008) Self-adaptive mutation in XCSF. In GECCO '08: Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation. ACM, New York, pp 1365–1372 Butz MV, Stalph P, Lanzi PL (2008) Self-adaptive mutation in XCSF. In GECCO '08: Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation. ACM, New York, pp 1365–1372
go back to reference Cantú-Paz E, Kamath C (2003) Inducing oblique decision trees with evolutionary algorithms. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 7(1):54–68CrossRef Cantú-Paz E, Kamath C (2003) Inducing oblique decision trees with evolutionary algorithms. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 7(1):54–68CrossRef
go back to reference Cantú-Paz E (2002) Feature subset selection by estimation of distribution algorithms. In: GECCO '02: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 303–310 Cantú-Paz E (2002) Feature subset selection by estimation of distribution algorithms. In: GECCO '02: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 303–310
go back to reference Caruana R, Niculescu-Mizil A (2006) An empirical comparison of supervised learning algorithms. In: ICML '06: Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on machine learning. ACM, New York, pp 161–168 Caruana R, Niculescu-Mizil A (2006) An empirical comparison of supervised learning algorithms. In: ICML '06: Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on machine learning. ACM, New York, pp 161–168
go back to reference Casillas J, Carse B, Bull L (2007) Fuzzy-XCS: a Michigan genetic fuzzy system. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 15:536–550CrossRef Casillas J, Carse B, Bull L (2007) Fuzzy-XCS: a Michigan genetic fuzzy system. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 15:536–550CrossRef
go back to reference Castilloa PA, Merelo JJ, Arenas MG, Romero G (2007) Comparing evolutionary hybrid systems for design and optimization of multilayer perceptron structure along training parameters. Inform Sciences, 177(14):2884–2905CrossRef Castilloa PA, Merelo JJ, Arenas MG, Romero G (2007) Comparing evolutionary hybrid systems for design and optimization of multilayer perceptron structure along training parameters. Inform Sciences, 177(14):2884–2905CrossRef
go back to reference Chalmers D (1990) The evolution of learning: An experiment in genetic connectionism. In: Touretsky E (ed) Proceedings 1990 connectionist models summer school. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA pp 81–90 Chalmers D (1990) The evolution of learning: An experiment in genetic connectionism. In: Touretsky E (ed) Proceedings 1990 connectionist models summer school. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA pp 81–90
go back to reference Chandra A, Yao X (2006b) Evolving hybrid ensembles of learning machines for better generalisation. Neurocomputing 69(7–9):686–700CrossRef Chandra A, Yao X (2006b) Evolving hybrid ensembles of learning machines for better generalisation. Neurocomputing 69(7–9):686–700CrossRef
go back to reference Cho S, Cha K (1996) Evolution of neural net training set through addition of virtual samples. In: Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE international conference on evolutionary computation. IEEE Press, Washington DC, pp 685–688 Cho S, Cha K (1996) Evolution of neural net training set through addition of virtual samples. In: Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE international conference on evolutionary computation. IEEE Press, Washington DC, pp 685–688
go back to reference Cho S-B (1999) Pattern recognition with neural networks combined by genetic algorithm. Fuzzy Set Syst 103:339–347CrossRef Cho S-B (1999) Pattern recognition with neural networks combined by genetic algorithm. Fuzzy Set Syst 103:339–347CrossRef
go back to reference Cho S-B, Park C (2004) Speciated GA for optimal ensemble classifiers in DNA microarray classification. In: Congress on evolutionary computation (CEC 2004), vol 1. pp 590–597 Cho S-B, Park C (2004) Speciated GA for optimal ensemble classifiers in DNA microarray classification. In: Congress on evolutionary computation (CEC 2004), vol 1. pp 590–597
go back to reference Corcoran AL, Sen S (1994) Using real-valued genetic algorithms to evolve rule sets for classification. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on evolutionary computation. IEEE Press, Washington DC, pp 120–124 Corcoran AL, Sen S (1994) Using real-valued genetic algorithms to evolve rule sets for classification. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on evolutionary computation. IEEE Press, Washington DC, pp 120–124
go back to reference Cordón O, Herrera F, Hoffmann F, Magdalena L (2001) Genetic fuzzy systems. World Scientific, SingaporeMATH Cordón O, Herrera F, Hoffmann F, Magdalena L (2001) Genetic fuzzy systems. World Scientific, SingaporeMATH
go back to reference Cribbs III HB, Smith RE (1996) Classifier system renaissance: new analogies, new directions. In: Koza JR, Goldberg DE, Fogel DB, Riolo RL (eds) Genetic programming 1996: proceedings of the first annual conference. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, Stanford University, CA, USA, 28–31 July 1996. pp 547–552 Cribbs III HB, Smith RE (1996) Classifier system renaissance: new analogies, new directions. In: Koza JR, Goldberg DE, Fogel DB, Riolo RL (eds) Genetic programming 1996: proceedings of the first annual conference. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, Stanford University, CA, USA, 28–31 July 1996. pp 547–552
go back to reference Dam HH, Abbass HA, Lokan C, Yao X (2008) Neural-based learning classifier systems. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 20(1):26–39CrossRef Dam HH, Abbass HA, Lokan C, Yao X (2008) Neural-based learning classifier systems. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 20(1):26–39CrossRef
go back to reference Dam HH, Abbass HA, Lokan C (2005) DXCS: an XCS system for distributed data mining. In: Beyer HG, O'Reilly UM (eds) Genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2005. pp 1883–1890 Dam HH, Abbass HA, Lokan C (2005) DXCS: an XCS system for distributed data mining. In: Beyer HG, O'Reilly UM (eds) Genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2005. pp 1883–1890
go back to reference Dasdan A, Oflazer K (1993) Genetic synthesis of unsupervised learning algorithms. Technical Report BU-CEIS-9306, Department of Computer Engineering and Information Science, Bilkent University, Ankara Dasdan A, Oflazer K (1993) Genetic synthesis of unsupervised learning algorithms. Technical Report BU-CEIS-9306, Department of Computer Engineering and Information Science, Bilkent University, Ankara
go back to reference De Jong KA, Spears WM (1991) Learning concept classification rules using genetic algorithms. In: Proceedings of the twelfth international conference on artificial intelligence IJCAI-91, vol 2. Morgan Kaufmann, pp 651–656 De Jong KA, Spears WM (1991) Learning concept classification rules using genetic algorithms. In: Proceedings of the twelfth international conference on artificial intelligence IJCAI-91, vol 2. Morgan Kaufmann, pp 651–656
go back to reference De Jong KA, Spears WM, Gordon DF (1993) Using genetic algorithms for concept learning. Mach Learn 3:161–188CrossRef De Jong KA, Spears WM, Gordon DF (1993) Using genetic algorithms for concept learning. Mach Learn 3:161–188CrossRef
go back to reference Dietterich TG (1998) Machine-learning research: four current directions. AI Mag 18(4):97–136 Dietterich TG (1998) Machine-learning research: four current directions. AI Mag 18(4):97–136
go back to reference Divina F, Keijzer M, Marchiori E (2002) Non-universal suffrage selection operators favor population diversity in genetic algorithms. In: Benelearn 2002: proceedings of the 12th Belgian-Dutch conference on machine learning (Technical report UU-CS-2002-046). pp 23–30 Divina F, Keijzer M, Marchiori E (2002) Non-universal suffrage selection operators favor population diversity in genetic algorithms. In: Benelearn 2002: proceedings of the 12th Belgian-Dutch conference on machine learning (Technical report UU-CS-2002-046). pp 23–30
go back to reference Divina F, Keijzer M, Marchiori E (2003) A method for handling numerical attributes in GA-based inductive concept learners. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2003). Springer, Berlin, pp 898–908 Divina F, Keijzer M, Marchiori E (2003) A method for handling numerical attributes in GA-based inductive concept learners. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2003). Springer, Berlin, pp 898–908
go back to reference Divina F, Marchiori E (2002) Evolutionary concept learning. In: Langdon WB, Cantú-Paz E, Mathias K, Roy R, Davis D, Poli R, Balakrishnan K, Honavar V, Rudolph G, Wegener J, Bull L, Potter MA, Schultz AC, Miller JF, Burke E, Jonoska N (eds) GECCO 2002: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, New York, 9–13 July 2002. pp 343–350 Divina F, Marchiori E (2002) Evolutionary concept learning. In: Langdon WB, Cantú-Paz E, Mathias K, Roy R, Davis D, Poli R, Balakrishnan K, Honavar V, Rudolph G, Wegener J, Bull L, Potter MA, Schultz AC, Miller JF, Burke E, Jonoska N (eds) GECCO 2002: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, New York, 9–13 July 2002. pp 343–350
go back to reference Dixon PW, Corne D, Oates MJ (2002) A ruleset reduction algorithm for the XCS learning classifier system. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems, 5th international workshop (IWLCS 2002), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2661. Springer, Berlin, pp 20–29 Dixon PW, Corne D, Oates MJ (2002) A ruleset reduction algorithm for the XCS learning classifier system. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems, 5th international workshop (IWLCS 2002), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2661. Springer, Berlin, pp 20–29
go back to reference Donnart J-Y (1998) Cognitive architecture and adaptive properties of an motivationally autonomous animat. PhD thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie. Paris, France Donnart J-Y (1998) Cognitive architecture and adaptive properties of an motivationally autonomous animat. PhD thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie. Paris, France
go back to reference Donnart J-Y, Meyer J-A (1996a) Hierarchical-map Building and Self-positioning with MonaLysa. Adapt Behav 5(1):29–74CrossRef Donnart J-Y, Meyer J-A (1996a) Hierarchical-map Building and Self-positioning with MonaLysa. Adapt Behav 5(1):29–74CrossRef
go back to reference Donnart J-Y, Meyer J-A (1996b) Learning reactive and planning rules in a motivationally autonomous animat. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern 26(3):381–395CrossRef Donnart J-Y, Meyer J-A (1996b) Learning reactive and planning rules in a motivationally autonomous animat. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern 26(3):381–395CrossRef
go back to reference Dorigo M, Colombetti M (1998) Robot shaping: an experiment in behavior engineering. MIT Press/Bradford Books, Cambridge, MA Dorigo M, Colombetti M (1998) Robot shaping: an experiment in behavior engineering. MIT Press/Bradford Books, Cambridge, MA
go back to reference Drugowitsch J, Barry A (2005) XCS with eligibility traces. In: Beyer H-G, O'Reilly U-M (eds) Genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2005. ACM, New York, pp 1851–1858CrossRef Drugowitsch J, Barry A (2005) XCS with eligibility traces. In: Beyer H-G, O'Reilly U-M (eds) Genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2005. ACM, New York, pp 1851–1858CrossRef
go back to reference Drugowitsch J (2008) Design and analysis of learning classifier systems: a probabilistic approach. Springer, BerlinMATH Drugowitsch J (2008) Design and analysis of learning classifier systems: a probabilistic approach. Springer, BerlinMATH
go back to reference Drugowitsch J, Barry A (2007) A formal framework and extensions for function approximation in learning classifier systems. Mach Learn 70(1):45–88CrossRef Drugowitsch J, Barry A (2007) A formal framework and extensions for function approximation in learning classifier systems. Mach Learn 70(1):45–88CrossRef
go back to reference Edakunni NE, Kovacs T, Brown G, Marshall JAR, Chandra A (2009) Modelling UCS as a mixture of experts. In: Proceedings of the 2009 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO'09). ACM, pp 1187–1994 Edakunni NE, Kovacs T, Brown G, Marshall JAR, Chandra A (2009) Modelling UCS as a mixture of experts. In: Proceedings of the 2009 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO'09). ACM, pp 1187–1994
go back to reference Floreano D, Dürr P, Mattiussi C (2008) Neuroevolution: from architectures to learning. Evol Intell 1(1):47–62CrossRef Floreano D, Dürr P, Mattiussi C (2008) Neuroevolution: from architectures to learning. Evol Intell 1(1):47–62CrossRef
go back to reference Folino G, Pizzuti C, Spezzano G (2003) Ensemble techniques for parallel genetic programming based classifiers. In: Proceedings of the sixth European conference on genetic programming (EuroGP'03), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2610. Springer, Berlin, pp 59–69 Folino G, Pizzuti C, Spezzano G (2003) Ensemble techniques for parallel genetic programming based classifiers. In: Proceedings of the sixth European conference on genetic programming (EuroGP'03), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2610. Springer, Berlin, pp 59–69
go back to reference Freitas AA (2002a) Data mining and knowledge discovery with evolutionary algorithms. Spinger, BerlinMATH Freitas AA (2002a) Data mining and knowledge discovery with evolutionary algorithms. Spinger, BerlinMATH
go back to reference Freitas AA (2002b) A survey of evolutionary algorithms for data mining and knowledge discovery. In: Ghosh A, Tsutsui S (eds) Advances in evolutionary computation. Springer, Berlin, pp 819–845 Freitas AA (2002b) A survey of evolutionary algorithms for data mining and knowledge discovery. In: Ghosh A, Tsutsui S (eds) Advances in evolutionary computation. Springer, Berlin, pp 819–845
go back to reference Freund Y, Schapire R (1996) Experiments with a new boosting algorithm. In: Proceedings of the international conference on machine learning (ICML'96), Bari, Italy, pp 148–156 Freund Y, Schapire R (1996) Experiments with a new boosting algorithm. In: Proceedings of the international conference on machine learning (ICML'96), Bari, Italy, pp 148–156
go back to reference Freund Y, Schapire R (1999) A short introduction to boosting. J Jpn Soc Artif Intell 14(5):771–780 Freund Y, Schapire R (1999) A short introduction to boosting. J Jpn Soc Artif Intell 14(5):771–780
go back to reference Fürnkranz J (1998) Integrative windowing. J Artif Intell Res 8:129–164MATH Fürnkranz J (1998) Integrative windowing. J Artif Intell Res 8:129–164MATH
go back to reference Gagné C, Sebag M, Schoenauer M, Tomassini M (2007) Ensemble learning for free with evolutionary algorithms? In: GECCO '07: Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation. ACM, New York, pp 1782–1789 Gagné C, Sebag M, Schoenauer M, Tomassini M (2007) Ensemble learning for free with evolutionary algorithms? In: GECCO '07: Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation. ACM, New York, pp 1782–1789
go back to reference Gathercole C, Ross P (1997) Tackling the Boolean even n parity problem with genetic programming and limited-error fitness. In: Koza JR, Deb K, Dorigo M, Fogel DB, Garzon M, Iba H, Riolo RL (eds) Genetic programming 1997: proceedings second annual conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 119–127 Gathercole C, Ross P (1997) Tackling the Boolean even n parity problem with genetic programming and limited-error fitness. In: Koza JR, Deb K, Dorigo M, Fogel DB, Garzon M, Iba H, Riolo RL (eds) Genetic programming 1997: proceedings second annual conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 119–127
go back to reference Gérard P, Sigaud O (2003) Designing efficient exploration with MACS: Modules and function approximation. In: Cantú-Paz E, Foster JA, Deb K, Davis D, Roy R, O'Reilly U-M, Beyer H-G, Standish R, Kendall G, Wilson S, Harman M, Wegener J, Dasgupta D, Potter MA, Schultz AC, Dowsland K, Jonoska N, Miller J (eds) Genetic and evolutionary computation – GECCO-2003, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2724. Springer, Berlin, pp 1882–1893CrossRef Gérard P, Sigaud O (2003) Designing efficient exploration with MACS: Modules and function approximation. In: Cantú-Paz E, Foster JA, Deb K, Davis D, Roy R, O'Reilly U-M, Beyer H-G, Standish R, Kendall G, Wilson S, Harman M, Wegener J, Dasgupta D, Potter MA, Schultz AC, Dowsland K, Jonoska N, Miller J (eds) Genetic and evolutionary computation – GECCO-2003, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2724. Springer, Berlin, pp 1882–1893CrossRef
go back to reference Gerard P, Stolzmann W, Sigaud O (2002) YACS, a new learning classifier system using anticipation. J Soft Comput 6(3–4):216–228MATH Gerard P, Stolzmann W, Sigaud O (2002) YACS, a new learning classifier system using anticipation. J Soft Comput 6(3–4):216–228MATH
go back to reference Geyer-Schulz A (1997) Fuzzy rule-based expert systems and genetic machine learning. Physica, Heidelberg Geyer-Schulz A (1997) Fuzzy rule-based expert systems and genetic machine learning. Physica, Heidelberg
go back to reference Giordana A, Neri F (1995) Search-intensive concept induction. Evolut Comput 3:375–416CrossRef Giordana A, Neri F (1995) Search-intensive concept induction. Evolut Comput 3:375–416CrossRef
go back to reference Giordana A, Saitta L (1994) Learning disjunctive concepts by means of genetic algorithms. In: Proceedings of the international conference on machine learning, Brunswick, NJ, pp 96–104 Giordana A, Saitta L (1994) Learning disjunctive concepts by means of genetic algorithms. In: Proceedings of the international conference on machine learning, Brunswick, NJ, pp 96–104
go back to reference Giraldez R, Aguilar-Ruiz J, Riquelme J (2003) Natural coding: a more efficient representation for evolutionary learning. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2003). Springer, Berlin, pp 979–990 Giraldez R, Aguilar-Ruiz J, Riquelme J (2003) Natural coding: a more efficient representation for evolutionary learning. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2003). Springer, Berlin, pp 979–990
go back to reference Giraud-Carrier C, Keller J (2002) Meta-learning. In: Meij J (ed) Dealing with the data flood. STT/Beweton, Hague, The Netherlands Giraud-Carrier C, Keller J (2002) Meta-learning. In: Meij J (ed) Dealing with the data flood. STT/Beweton, Hague, The Netherlands
go back to reference Goldberg DE (1989) Genetic algorithms in search, optimization, and machine learning. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MAMATH Goldberg DE (1989) Genetic algorithms in search, optimization, and machine learning. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MAMATH
go back to reference Goldberg DE, Horn J, Deb K (1992) What makes a problem hard for a classifier system? In: Collected abstracts for the first international workshop on learning classifier system (IWLCS-92). (Also technical report 92007 Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). Available from ENCORE (ftp://ftp.krl.caltech.edu/pub/EC/Welcome.html) in the section on Classifier Systems Goldberg DE, Horn J, Deb K (1992) What makes a problem hard for a classifier system? In: Collected abstracts for the first international workshop on learning classifier system (IWLCS-92). (Also technical report 92007 Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). Available from ENCORE (ftp://​ftp.​krl.​caltech.​edu/​pub/​EC/​Welcome.​html) in the section on Classifier Systems
go back to reference Greene DP, Smith SF (1993) Competition-based induction of decision models from examples. Mach Learn 13:229–257CrossRef Greene DP, Smith SF (1993) Competition-based induction of decision models from examples. Mach Learn 13:229–257CrossRef
go back to reference Greene DP, Smith SF (1994) Using coverage as a model building constraint in learning classifier systems. Evolut Comput 2(1):67–91CrossRef Greene DP, Smith SF (1994) Using coverage as a model building constraint in learning classifier systems. Evolut Comput 2(1):67–91CrossRef
go back to reference Greene DP, Smith SF (1987) A genetic system for learning models of consumer choice. In: Proceedings of the second international conference on genetic algorithms and their applications. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 217–223 Greene DP, Smith SF (1987) A genetic system for learning models of consumer choice. In: Proceedings of the second international conference on genetic algorithms and their applications. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 217–223
go back to reference Greenyer A (2000) The use of a learning classifier system JXCS. In: van der Putten P, van Someren M (eds) CoIL challenge 2000: the insurance company case. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, June 2000. Technical report 2000–09 Greenyer A (2000) The use of a learning classifier system JXCS. In: van der Putten P, van Someren M (eds) CoIL challenge 2000: the insurance company case. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, June 2000. Technical report 2000–09
go back to reference Gruau F (1995) Automatic definition of modular neural networks. Adapt Behav 3(2):151–183CrossRef Gruau F (1995) Automatic definition of modular neural networks. Adapt Behav 3(2):151–183CrossRef
go back to reference Hansen LK, Salamon P (1990) Neural network ensembles. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 12(10): 993–1001CrossRef Hansen LK, Salamon P (1990) Neural network ensembles. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 12(10): 993–1001CrossRef
go back to reference Hart WE, Krasnogor N, Smith JE (eds) (2004) Special issue on memetic algorithms, evolutionary computation, vol 12, 3 Hart WE, Krasnogor N, Smith JE (eds) (2004) Special issue on memetic algorithms, evolutionary computation, vol 12, 3
go back to reference Hart WE, Krasnogor N, Smith JE (eds) (2005) Recent advances in memetic algorithms, Studies in fuzziness and soft computing, vol 166. Springer, Berlin Hart WE, Krasnogor N, Smith JE (eds) (2005) Recent advances in memetic algorithms, Studies in fuzziness and soft computing, vol 166. Springer, Berlin
go back to reference He L, Wang KJ, Jin HZ, Li GB, Gao XZ (1999) The combination and prospects of neural networks, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms. In: IEEE midnight-sun workshop on soft computing methods in industrial applications. IEEE, Washington, DC, pp 52–57 He L, Wang KJ, Jin HZ, Li GB, Gao XZ (1999) The combination and prospects of neural networks, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms. In: IEEE midnight-sun workshop on soft computing methods in industrial applications. IEEE, Washington, DC, pp 52–57
go back to reference Hekanaho J (1995) Symbiosis in multimodal concept learning. In: Proceedings of the 1995 international conference on machine learning (ICML'95). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, pp 278–285 Hekanaho J (1995) Symbiosis in multimodal concept learning. In: Proceedings of the 1995 international conference on machine learning (ICML'95). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, pp 278–285
go back to reference Herrera F (2008) Genetic fuzzy systems: taxonomy, current research trends and prospects. Evolut Intell 1(1):27–46MathSciNetCrossRef Herrera F (2008) Genetic fuzzy systems: taxonomy, current research trends and prospects. Evolut Intell 1(1):27–46MathSciNetCrossRef
go back to reference Holland JH (1976) Adaptation. In: Rosen R, Snell FM (eds) Progress in theoretical biology. Plenum, New York Holland JH (1976) Adaptation. In: Rosen R, Snell FM (eds) Progress in theoretical biology. Plenum, New York
go back to reference Holland JH (1986) Escaping brittleness: the possibilities of general-purpose learning algorithms applied to parallel rule-based systems. In: Mitchell T, Michalski R, Carbonell J (eds) Machine learning, an artificial intelligence approach. vol. II, chap. 20. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 593–623 Holland JH (1986) Escaping brittleness: the possibilities of general-purpose learning algorithms applied to parallel rule-based systems. In: Mitchell T, Michalski R, Carbonell J (eds) Machine learning, an artificial intelligence approach. vol. II, chap. 20. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 593–623
go back to reference Holland JH, Booker LB, Colombetti M, Dorigo M, Goldberg DE, Forrest S, Riolo RL, Smith RE, Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (2000) What is a learning classifier system? In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems: from foundations to application, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1813. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–32CrossRef Holland JH, Booker LB, Colombetti M, Dorigo M, Goldberg DE, Forrest S, Riolo RL, Smith RE, Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (2000) What is a learning classifier system? In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems: from foundations to application, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1813. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–32CrossRef
go back to reference Holland JH, Holyoak KJ, Nisbett RE, Thagard PR (1986) Induction: processes of inference, learning, and discovery. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA Holland JH, Holyoak KJ, Nisbett RE, Thagard PR (1986) Induction: processes of inference, learning, and discovery. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
go back to reference Holland JH, Reitman JS (1978) Cognitive systems based on adaptive algorithms. In: Waterman DA, Hayes-Roth F (eds) Pattern-directed Inference Systems. Academic Press, New York. Reprinted in: Evolutionary Computation. The Fossil Record. Fogel DB (ed) (1998) IEEE Press, Washington DC. ISBN: 0-7803-3481-7 Holland JH, Reitman JS (1978) Cognitive systems based on adaptive algorithms. In: Waterman DA, Hayes-Roth F (eds) Pattern-directed Inference Systems. Academic Press, New York. Reprinted in: Evolutionary Computation. The Fossil Record. Fogel DB (ed) (1998) IEEE Press, Washington DC. ISBN: 0-7803-3481-7
go back to reference Homaifar A, Mccormick E (1995) Simultaneous design of membership functions and rule sets for fuzzy controllers using genetic algorithms. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst, 3(2):129–139CrossRef Homaifar A, Mccormick E (1995) Simultaneous design of membership functions and rule sets for fuzzy controllers using genetic algorithms. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst, 3(2):129–139CrossRef
go back to reference Howard D, Bull L (2008) On the effects of node duplication and connection-orientated constructivism in neural XCSF. In: Keijzer M et al. (eds) GECCO-2008: proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. ACM, New York, pp 1977–1984CrossRef Howard D, Bull L (2008) On the effects of node duplication and connection-orientated constructivism in neural XCSF. In: Keijzer M et al. (eds) GECCO-2008: proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. ACM, New York, pp 1977–1984CrossRef
go back to reference Howard D, Bull L, Lanzi PL (2008) Self-adaptive constructivism in neural XCS and XCSF. In: Keijzer M et al. (eds) GECCO-2008: proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. ACM, New York, pp 1389–1396CrossRef Howard D, Bull L, Lanzi PL (2008) Self-adaptive constructivism in neural XCS and XCSF. In: Keijzer M et al. (eds) GECCO-2008: proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. ACM, New York, pp 1389–1396CrossRef
go back to reference Hu Y-J (1998) A genetic programming approach to constructive induction. In: Genetic programming 1998: proceedings of the 3rd annual conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 146–151 Hu Y-J (1998) A genetic programming approach to constructive induction. In: Genetic programming 1998: proceedings of the 3rd annual conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 146–151
go back to reference Hurst J, Bull L (2003) Self-adaptation in classifier system controllers. Artifi Life Robot 5(2):109–119CrossRef Hurst J, Bull L (2003) Self-adaptation in classifier system controllers. Artifi Life Robot 5(2):109–119CrossRef
go back to reference Hurst J, Bull L (2004) A self-adaptive neural learning classifier system with constructivism for mobile robot control. In: Yao X et al. (eds) Parallel problem solving from nature (PPSN VIII), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3242. Springer, Berlin, pp 942–951CrossRef Hurst J, Bull L (2004) A self-adaptive neural learning classifier system with constructivism for mobile robot control. In: Yao X et al. (eds) Parallel problem solving from nature (PPSN VIII), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3242. Springer, Berlin, pp 942–951CrossRef
go back to reference Husbands P, Harvey I, Cliff D, Miller G (1994) The use of genetic algorithms for the development of sensorimotor control systems. In: Gaussier P, Nicoud J-D (eds) From perception to action. IEEE Press, Washington DC, pp 110–121 Husbands P, Harvey I, Cliff D, Miller G (1994) The use of genetic algorithms for the development of sensorimotor control systems. In: Gaussier P, Nicoud J-D (eds) From perception to action. IEEE Press, Washington DC, pp 110–121
go back to reference Iba H (1999) Bagging, boosting and bloating in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO'99). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 1053–1060 Iba H (1999) Bagging, boosting and bloating in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO'99). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 1053–1060
go back to reference IEEE (2000) Proceedings of the 2000 congress on evolutionary computation (CEC'00). IEEE Press, Washington DC IEEE (2000) Proceedings of the 2000 congress on evolutionary computation (CEC'00). IEEE Press, Washington DC
go back to reference Ishibuchi H, Nakashima T (2000) Multi-objective pattern and feature selection by a genetic algorithm. In: Proceedings of the 2000 genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO'2000). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 1069–1076 Ishibuchi H, Nakashima T (2000) Multi-objective pattern and feature selection by a genetic algorithm. In: Proceedings of the 2000 genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO'2000). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 1069–1076
go back to reference Islam MM, Yao X, Murase K (2003) A constructive algorithm for training cooperative neural network ensembles. IEEE Trans Neural Networ 14:820–834CrossRef Islam MM, Yao X, Murase K (2003) A constructive algorithm for training cooperative neural network ensembles. IEEE Trans Neural Networ 14:820–834CrossRef
go back to reference Jain A, Zongker D (1997) Feature selection: evaluation, application and small sample performance. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal Mach Intell 19(2):153–158CrossRef Jain A, Zongker D (1997) Feature selection: evaluation, application and small sample performance. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal Mach Intell 19(2):153–158CrossRef
go back to reference Janikow CZ (1991) Inductive learning of decision rules in attribute-based examples: a knowledge-intensive genetic algorithm approach. PhD thesis, University of North Carolina Janikow CZ (1991) Inductive learning of decision rules in attribute-based examples: a knowledge-intensive genetic algorithm approach. PhD thesis, University of North Carolina
go back to reference Janikow CZ (1993) A knowledge-intensive genetic algorithm for supervised learning. Mach Learn 13:189–228CrossRef Janikow CZ (1993) A knowledge-intensive genetic algorithm for supervised learning. Mach Learn 13:189–228CrossRef
go back to reference Jin Y, Sendhoff B (2004) Reducing fitness evaluations using clustering techniques and neural network ensembles. In: Genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO–2004), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3102. Springer, Berlin, pp 688–699 Jin Y, Sendhoff B (2004) Reducing fitness evaluations using clustering techniques and neural network ensembles. In: Genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO–2004), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3102. Springer, Berlin, pp 688–699
go back to reference John G, Kohavi R, Phleger K (1994) Irrelevant features and the feature subset problem. In: Proceedings of the 11th international conference on machine learning. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 121–129 John G, Kohavi R, Phleger K (1994) Irrelevant features and the feature subset problem. In: Proceedings of the 11th international conference on machine learning. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 121–129
go back to reference Juan Liu J, Tin-Yau Kwok J (2000) An extended genetic rule induction algorithm. In: Proceedings of the 2000 congress on evolutionary computation (CEC'00). IEEE Press, Washington DC, pp 458–463 Juan Liu J, Tin-Yau Kwok J (2000) An extended genetic rule induction algorithm. In: Proceedings of the 2000 congress on evolutionary computation (CEC'00). IEEE Press, Washington DC, pp 458–463
go back to reference Kelly JD Jr, Davis L (1991) Hybridizing the genetic algorithm and the k nearest neighbors classification algorithm. In: Booker LB, Belew RK (eds) Proceedings of the 4th international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA91). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 377–383 Kelly JD Jr, Davis L (1991) Hybridizing the genetic algorithm and the k nearest neighbors classification algorithm. In: Booker LB, Belew RK (eds) Proceedings of the 4th international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA91). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 377–383
go back to reference Karr C (1991) Genetic algorithms for fuzzy controllers. AI Expert 6(2):26–33 Karr C (1991) Genetic algorithms for fuzzy controllers. AI Expert 6(2):26–33
go back to reference Kasabov N (2007) Evolving connectionist systems: the knowledge engineering approach. Springer, BerlinMATH Kasabov N (2007) Evolving connectionist systems: the knowledge engineering approach. Springer, BerlinMATH
go back to reference Keijzer M, Babovic V (2000) Genetic programming, ensemble methods, and the bias/variance/tradeoff – introductory investigation. In: Proceedings of the European conference on genetic programming (EuroGP'00), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 1802. Springer, Berlin, pp 76–90 Keijzer M, Babovic V (2000) Genetic programming, ensemble methods, and the bias/variance/tradeoff – introductory investigation. In: Proceedings of the European conference on genetic programming (EuroGP'00), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 1802. Springer, Berlin, pp 76–90
go back to reference Kitano H (1990) Designing neural networks by genetic algorithms using graph generation system. J Complex Syst 4:461–476MATH Kitano H (1990) Designing neural networks by genetic algorithms using graph generation system. J Complex Syst 4:461–476MATH
go back to reference Kolman E, Margaliot M (2009) Knowledge-based neurocomputing: a fuzzy logic approach, Studies in fuzziness and soft computing, vol 234. Springer, BerlinCrossRef Kolman E, Margaliot M (2009) Knowledge-based neurocomputing: a fuzzy logic approach, Studies in fuzziness and soft computing, vol 234. Springer, BerlinCrossRef
go back to reference Kovacs T (1996) Evolving optimal populations with XCS classifier systems. Master's thesis, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Kovacs T (1996) Evolving optimal populations with XCS classifier systems. Master's thesis, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
go back to reference Kovacs T (2000) Strength or accuracy? Fitness calculation in learning classifier systems. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems: from foundations to applications, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1813. Springer, Berlin, pp 143–160CrossRef Kovacs T (2000) Strength or accuracy? Fitness calculation in learning classifier systems. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems: from foundations to applications, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1813. Springer, Berlin, pp 143–160CrossRef
go back to reference Kovacs T (2004) Strength or accuracy: credit assignment in learning classifier systems. Springer, BerlinCrossRefMATH Kovacs T (2004) Strength or accuracy: credit assignment in learning classifier systems. Springer, BerlinCrossRefMATH
go back to reference Kovacs T, Kerber M (2001) What makes a problem hard for XCS? In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Advances in learning classifier systems, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1996. Springer, Berlin, pp 80–99CrossRef Kovacs T, Kerber M (2001) What makes a problem hard for XCS? In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Advances in learning classifier systems, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1996. Springer, Berlin, pp 80–99CrossRef
go back to reference Kovacs T, Kerber M (2004) High classification accuracy does not imply effective genetic search. In: Deb K et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 2004 genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3102. Springer, Berlin, pp 785–796 Kovacs T, Kerber M (2004) High classification accuracy does not imply effective genetic search. In: Deb K et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 2004 genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3102. Springer, Berlin, pp 785–796
go back to reference Koza JR (1992) Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection. MIT Press, Cambridge, MAMATH Koza JR (1992) Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection. MIT Press, Cambridge, MAMATH
go back to reference Koza JR (1994) Genetic Programming II. MIT Press Koza JR (1994) Genetic Programming II. MIT Press
go back to reference Krasnogor N (2002) Studies on the theory and design space of memetic algorithms. PhD thesis, University of the West of England Krasnogor N (2002) Studies on the theory and design space of memetic algorithms. PhD thesis, University of the West of England
go back to reference Krasnogor N, Smith JE (2005) A tutorial for competent memetic algorithms: model, taxonomy and design issues. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 9(5):474–488CrossRef Krasnogor N, Smith JE (2005) A tutorial for competent memetic algorithms: model, taxonomy and design issues. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 9(5):474–488CrossRef
go back to reference Krasnogor N (2004) Self-generating metaheuristics in bioinformatics: the protein structure comparison case. GP and Evol Machines 5(2):181–201 Krasnogor N (2004) Self-generating metaheuristics in bioinformatics: the protein structure comparison case. GP and Evol Machines 5(2):181–201
go back to reference Krawiec K (2002) Genetic programming-based construction of features for machine learning and knowledge discovery tasks. GP and Evol Machines 3(4):329–343MATH Krawiec K (2002) Genetic programming-based construction of features for machine learning and knowledge discovery tasks. GP and Evol Machines 3(4):329–343MATH
go back to reference Krogh A, Vedelsby J (1995) Neural network ensembles, cross validation and active learning. NIPS 7:231–238 Krogh A, Vedelsby J (1995) Neural network ensembles, cross validation and active learning. NIPS 7:231–238
go back to reference Kudo M, Skalansky J (2000) Comparison of algorithms that select features for pattern classifiers. Pattern Recogn 33:25–41CrossRef Kudo M, Skalansky J (2000) Comparison of algorithms that select features for pattern classifiers. Pattern Recogn 33:25–41CrossRef
go back to reference Kushchu I (2002) An evaluation of evolutionary generalization in genetic programming. Artif Intell Rev 18(1):3–14CrossRefMATH Kushchu I (2002) An evaluation of evolutionary generalization in genetic programming. Artif Intell Rev 18(1):3–14CrossRefMATH
go back to reference Lam L, Suen CY (1995) Optimal combination of pattern classifiers. Pattern Recogn Lett 16:945–954 See Kuncheva (2004a) p.167CrossRef Lam L, Suen CY (1995) Optimal combination of pattern classifiers. Pattern Recogn Lett 16:945–954 See Kuncheva (2004a) p.167CrossRef
go back to reference Landau S, Sigaud O, Schoenauer M (2005) ATNoSFERES revisited. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference GECCO-2005. ACM, New York, pp 1867–1874 Landau S, Sigaud O, Schoenauer M (2005) ATNoSFERES revisited. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference GECCO-2005. ACM, New York, pp 1867–1874
go back to reference Lanzi PL (1999a) Extending the representation of classifier conditions, part I: from binary to messy coding. In: Banzhaf W et al. (eds) GECCO-99: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 337–344 Lanzi PL (1999a) Extending the representation of classifier conditions, part I: from binary to messy coding. In: Banzhaf W et al. (eds) GECCO-99: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 337–344
go back to reference Lanzi PL (1999b) Extending the representation of classifier conditions part II: from messy coding to S-expressions. In: Banzhaf W et al. (eds) GECCO-99: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 345–352 Lanzi PL (1999b) Extending the representation of classifier conditions part II: from messy coding to S-expressions. In: Banzhaf W et al. (eds) GECCO-99: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 345–352
go back to reference Lanzi PL (2002a) Learning classifier systems from a reinforcement learning perspective. J Soft Comput 6(3–4):162–170CrossRefMATH Lanzi PL (2002a) Learning classifier systems from a reinforcement learning perspective. J Soft Comput 6(3–4):162–170CrossRefMATH
go back to reference Lanzi PL (2001) Mining interesting knowledge from data with the XCS classifier system. In: Spector L, Goodman ED, Wu A, Langdon WB, Voigt H-M, Gen M, Sen S, Dorigo M, Pezeshk S, Garzon MH, Burke E (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2001). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 958–965 Lanzi PL (2001) Mining interesting knowledge from data with the XCS classifier system. In: Spector L, Goodman ED, Wu A, Langdon WB, Voigt H-M, Gen M, Sen S, Dorigo M, Pezeshk S, Garzon MH, Burke E (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2001). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 958–965
go back to reference Lanzi PL (2008) Learning classifier systems: then and now. Evolut Intell 1(1):63–82CrossRef Lanzi PL (2008) Learning classifier systems: then and now. Evolut Intell 1(1):63–82CrossRef
go back to reference Lanzi PL, Loiacono D, Wilson SW, Goldberg DE (2006a) Classifier prediction based on tile coding. In: Genetic and evolutionary computation – GECCO-2006. ACM, New York, pp 1497–1504 Lanzi PL, Loiacono D, Wilson SW, Goldberg DE (2006a) Classifier prediction based on tile coding. In: Genetic and evolutionary computation – GECCO-2006. ACM, New York, pp 1497–1504
go back to reference Lanzi PL, Loiacono D, Wilson SW, Goldberg DE (2006b) Prediction update algorithms for XCSF: RLS, Kalman filter and gain adaptation. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation – GECCO-2006. ACM, New York, pp 1505–1512 Lanzi PL, Loiacono D, Wilson SW, Goldberg DE (2006b) Prediction update algorithms for XCSF: RLS, Kalman filter and gain adaptation. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation – GECCO-2006. ACM, New York, pp 1505–1512
go back to reference Lanzi PL, Loiacono D, Zanini M (2008) Evolving classifiers ensembles with heterogeneous predictors. In: Bacardit J, Bernadó-Mansilla E, Butz M, Kovacs T, Llorà X, Takadama K (eds) Learning classifier systems. 10th and 11th international workshops (2006–2007), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4998. Springer, Berlin, pp 218–234 Lanzi PL, Loiacono D, Zanini M (2008) Evolving classifiers ensembles with heterogeneous predictors. In: Bacardit J, Bernadó-Mansilla E, Butz M, Kovacs T, Llorà X, Takadama K (eds) Learning classifier systems. 10th and 11th international workshops (2006–2007), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4998. Springer, Berlin, pp 218–234
go back to reference Lanzi PL, Riolo RL (2000) A roadmap to the last decade of learning classifier system research (from 1989 to 1999). In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems: from foundations to applications, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1813. Springer, Berlin, pp 33–62CrossRef Lanzi PL, Riolo RL (2000) A roadmap to the last decade of learning classifier system research (from 1989 to 1999). In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems: from foundations to applications, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1813. Springer, Berlin, pp 33–62CrossRef
go back to reference Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) (2000) Learning classifier systems: from foundations to applications, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1813. Springer, Berlin Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) (2000) Learning classifier systems: from foundations to applications, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1813. Springer, Berlin
go back to reference Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) (2001) Advances in learning classifier systems, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1996. Springer, Berlin Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) (2001) Advances in learning classifier systems, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1996. Springer, Berlin
go back to reference Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) (2002) Advances in learning classifier systems, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 2321. Springer, BerlinMATH Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) (2002) Advances in learning classifier systems, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 2321. Springer, BerlinMATH
go back to reference Lanzi PL, Butz MV, Goldberg DE (2007) Empirical analysis of generalization and learning in XCS with gradient descent. In: Lipson H (ed) Proceedings of the Genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2007, vol 2. ACM, New York, pp 1814–1821CrossRef Lanzi PL, Butz MV, Goldberg DE (2007) Empirical analysis of generalization and learning in XCS with gradient descent. In: Lipson H (ed) Proceedings of the Genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2007, vol 2. ACM, New York, pp 1814–1821CrossRef
go back to reference Lanzi PL, Loiacono D (2006) Standard and averaging reinforcement learning in XCS. In: Cattolico M (ed) Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, GECCO 2006. ACM, New York, pp 1480–1496 Lanzi PL, Loiacono D (2006) Standard and averaging reinforcement learning in XCS. In: Cattolico M (ed) Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, GECCO 2006. ACM, New York, pp 1480–1496
go back to reference Lanzi PL, Loiacono D (2007) Classifier systems that compute action mappings. In: Lipson H (ed) Proceedings of the Genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2007. ACM, New York, pp 1822–1829CrossRef Lanzi PL, Loiacono D (2007) Classifier systems that compute action mappings. In: Lipson H (ed) Proceedings of the Genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2007. ACM, New York, pp 1822–1829CrossRef
go back to reference Lanzi PL, Wilson SW (2006) Using convex hulls to represent classifier conditions. In: Cattolico M (ed) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2006). ACM, New York, pp 1481–1488CrossRef Lanzi PL, Wilson SW (2006) Using convex hulls to represent classifier conditions. In: Cattolico M (ed) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2006). ACM, New York, pp 1481–1488CrossRef
go back to reference Liangjie Z, Yanda L (1996) A new global optimizing algorithm for fuzzy neural networks. Int J Elect 80(3):393–403CrossRef Liangjie Z, Yanda L (1996) A new global optimizing algorithm for fuzzy neural networks. Int J Elect 80(3):393–403CrossRef
go back to reference Linkens DA, Nyongesa HO (1996) Learning systems in intelligent control: an appraisal of fuzzy, neural and genetic algorithm control applications. IEE Proc Contr Theo Appl 143(4):367–386CrossRefMATH Linkens DA, Nyongesa HO (1996) Learning systems in intelligent control: an appraisal of fuzzy, neural and genetic algorithm control applications. IEE Proc Contr Theo Appl 143(4):367–386CrossRefMATH
go back to reference Liu Y, Yao X (1999) Ensemble learning via negative correlation. Neural Networ 12:1399–1404CrossRef Liu Y, Yao X (1999) Ensemble learning via negative correlation. Neural Networ 12:1399–1404CrossRef
go back to reference Liu Y, Yao X, Higuchi T (2000) Evolutionary ensembles with negative correlation learning. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 4(4):380–387CrossRef Liu Y, Yao X, Higuchi T (2000) Evolutionary ensembles with negative correlation learning. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 4(4):380–387CrossRef
go back to reference Llorà X (2002) Genetic based machine learning using fine-grained parallelism for data mining. PhD thesis, Enginyeria i Arquitectura La Salle. Ramon Llull University Llorà X (2002) Genetic based machine learning using fine-grained parallelism for data mining. PhD thesis, Enginyeria i Arquitectura La Salle. Ramon Llull University
go back to reference Llorà X, Garrell JM (2001) Knowledge-independent data mining with fine-grained parallel evolutionary algorithms. In: Spector L, Goodman ED, Wu A, Langdon WB, Voigt H-M, Gen M, Sen S, Dorigo M, Pezeshk S, Garzon MH, Burke E (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO'2001). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 461–468 Llorà X, Garrell JM (2001) Knowledge-independent data mining with fine-grained parallel evolutionary algorithms. In: Spector L, Goodman ED, Wu A, Langdon WB, Voigt H-M, Gen M, Sen S, Dorigo M, Pezeshk S, Garzon MH, Burke E (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO'2001). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 461–468
go back to reference Llorà X, Sastry K, Goldberg DE (2005a) Binary rule encoding schemes: a study using the compact classifier system. In: Rothlauf F (ed) Proceedings of the 2005 conference on genetic and evolutionary computation GECCO '05. ACM Press, New York, pp 88–89CrossRef Llorà X, Sastry K, Goldberg DE (2005a) Binary rule encoding schemes: a study using the compact classifier system. In: Rothlauf F (ed) Proceedings of the 2005 conference on genetic and evolutionary computation GECCO '05. ACM Press, New York, pp 88–89CrossRef
go back to reference Llorà X, Sastry K, Goldberg DE (2005b) The compact classifier system: scalability analysis and first results. In: Rothlauf F (ed) Proceedings of the IEEE congress on evolutionary computation, CEC 2005. IEEE, Press, Washington, DC, pp 596–603CrossRef Llorà X, Sastry K, Goldberg DE (2005b) The compact classifier system: scalability analysis and first results. In: Rothlauf F (ed) Proceedings of the IEEE congress on evolutionary computation, CEC 2005. IEEE, Press, Washington, DC, pp 596–603CrossRef
go back to reference Llorà X, Wilson SW (2004) Mixed decision trees: minimizing knowledge representation bias in LCS. In: Kalyanmoy Deb et al. (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2004), Lecture notes in computer science, Springer, Berlin, pp 797–809 Llorà X, Wilson SW (2004) Mixed decision trees: minimizing knowledge representation bias in LCS. In: Kalyanmoy Deb et al. (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2004), Lecture notes in computer science, Springer, Berlin, pp 797–809
go back to reference Loiacono D, Marelli A, Lanzi PL (2007) Support vector regression for classifier prediction. In: GECCO '07: Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation. ACM, Berlin, pp 1806–1813 Loiacono D, Marelli A, Lanzi PL (2007) Support vector regression for classifier prediction. In: GECCO '07: Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation. ACM, Berlin, pp 1806–1813
go back to reference Marmelstein RE, Lamont GB (1998) Pattern classification using a hybrid genetic algorithm – decision tree approach. In: Genetic programming 1998: proceedings of the 3rd annual conference (GP'98). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 223–231 Marmelstein RE, Lamont GB (1998) Pattern classification using a hybrid genetic algorithm – decision tree approach. In: Genetic programming 1998: proceedings of the 3rd annual conference (GP'98). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 223–231
go back to reference Marshall JAR, Kovacs T (2006) A representational ecology for learning classifier systems. In: Keijzer M et al. (ed) Proceedings of the 2006 genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2006). ACM, New York, pp 1529–1536 Marshall JAR, Kovacs T (2006) A representational ecology for learning classifier systems. In: Keijzer M et al. (ed) Proceedings of the 2006 genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2006). ACM, New York, pp 1529–1536
go back to reference Martin-Bautista MJ, Vila M-A (1999) A survey of genetic feature selection in mining issues. In: Proceedings of the congress on evolutionary computation (CEC'99). IEEE Press, Washington, DC, pp 1314–1321 Martin-Bautista MJ, Vila M-A (1999) A survey of genetic feature selection in mining issues. In: Proceedings of the congress on evolutionary computation (CEC'99). IEEE Press, Washington, DC, pp 1314–1321
go back to reference Meir R, Rätsch G (2003) An introduction to boosting and leveraging. In: Advanced lectures on machine learning. Springer, Berlin, pp 118–183 Meir R, Rätsch G (2003) An introduction to boosting and leveraging. In: Advanced lectures on machine learning. Springer, Berlin, pp 118–183
go back to reference Mellor D (2005a) A first order logic classifier system. In: Rothlauf F (ed), GECCO '05: Proceedings of the 2005 conference on genetic and evolutionary computation. ACM, New York, pp 1819–1826CrossRef Mellor D (2005a) A first order logic classifier system. In: Rothlauf F (ed), GECCO '05: Proceedings of the 2005 conference on genetic and evolutionary computation. ACM, New York, pp 1819–1826CrossRef
go back to reference Mellor D (2005b) Policy transfer with a relational learning classifier system. In: GECCO Workshops 2005. ACM, New York, pp 82–84 Mellor D (2005b) Policy transfer with a relational learning classifier system. In: GECCO Workshops 2005. ACM, New York, pp 82–84
go back to reference Mellor D (2008) A learning classifier system approach to relational reinforcement learning. In: Bacardit J, Bernadó-Mansilla E, Butz M, Kovacs T, Llorà X, Takadama K (eds) Learning classifier systems. 10th and 11th international workshops (2006–2007), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4998. Springer, New York, pp 169–188 Mellor D (2008) A learning classifier system approach to relational reinforcement learning. In: Bacardit J, Bernadó-Mansilla E, Butz M, Kovacs T, Llorà X, Takadama K (eds) Learning classifier systems. 10th and 11th international workshops (2006–2007), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4998. Springer, New York, pp 169–188
go back to reference Michalski RS, Mozetic I, Hong J, Lavrac N (1986) The AQ15 inductive learning system: an overview and experiments. Technical Report UIUCDCS-R-86-1260, University of Illinois Michalski RS, Mozetic I, Hong J, Lavrac N (1986) The AQ15 inductive learning system: an overview and experiments. Technical Report UIUCDCS-R-86-1260, University of Illinois
go back to reference Miller GF, Todd PM, Hegde SU (1989) Designing neural networks using genetic algorithms. In: Schaffer JD (ed) Proceedings of the 3rd international conference genetic algorithms and their applications, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 379–384 Miller GF, Todd PM, Hegde SU (1989) Designing neural networks using genetic algorithms. In: Schaffer JD (ed) Proceedings of the 3rd international conference genetic algorithms and their applications, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 379–384
go back to reference Mitra S, Hayashi Y (2000) Neurofuzzy rule generation: survey in soft computing framework. IEEE Trans Neural Networ 11(3):748–768CrossRef Mitra S, Hayashi Y (2000) Neurofuzzy rule generation: survey in soft computing framework. IEEE Trans Neural Networ 11(3):748–768CrossRef
go back to reference Morimoto T, Suzuki J, Hashimoto Y (1997) Optimization of a fuzzy controller for fruit storage using neural networks and genetic algorithms. Eng Appl Artif Intell 10(5):453–461CrossRef Morimoto T, Suzuki J, Hashimoto Y (1997) Optimization of a fuzzy controller for fruit storage using neural networks and genetic algorithms. Eng Appl Artif Intell 10(5):453–461CrossRef
go back to reference Nolfi S, Miglino O, Parisi D (1994) Phenotypic plasticity in evolving neural networks. In: Gaussier P, Nicoud J-D (eds) From perception to action. IEEE Press, Washington, DC, pp 146–157 Nolfi S, Miglino O, Parisi D (1994) Phenotypic plasticity in evolving neural networks. In: Gaussier P, Nicoud J-D (eds) From perception to action. IEEE Press, Washington, DC, pp 146–157
go back to reference O'Hara T, Bull L (2005) A memetic accuracy-based neural learning classifier system. In: Proceedings of the IEEE congress on evolutionary computation (CEC 2005). IEEE Press, Washington, DC, pp 2040–2045 O'Hara T, Bull L (2005) A memetic accuracy-based neural learning classifier system. In: Proceedings of the IEEE congress on evolutionary computation (CEC 2005). IEEE Press, Washington, DC, pp 2040–2045
go back to reference Ong Y-S, Krasnogor N, Ishibuchi H (eds) (2007) Special issue on memetic algorithms, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics - Part B Ong Y-S, Krasnogor N, Ishibuchi H (eds) (2007) Special issue on memetic algorithms, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics - Part B
go back to reference Ong Y-S, Lim M-H, Neri F, Ishibuchi H (2009) Emerging trends in soft computing - memetic algorithms, Special Issue of Soft Computing. vol 13, 8–9 Ong Y-S, Lim M-H, Neri F, Ishibuchi H (2009) Emerging trends in soft computing - memetic algorithms, Special Issue of Soft Computing. vol 13, 8–9
go back to reference Ong YS, Lim MH, Zhu N, Wong KW (2006) Classification of adaptive memetic algorithms: A comparative study. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B 36(1):141–152CrossRef Ong YS, Lim MH, Zhu N, Wong KW (2006) Classification of adaptive memetic algorithms: A comparative study. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B 36(1):141–152CrossRef
go back to reference Opitz D, Maclin R (1999) Popular ensemble methods: an empirical study. J Artif Intell Res 11:169–198MATH Opitz D, Maclin R (1999) Popular ensemble methods: an empirical study. J Artif Intell Res 11:169–198MATH
go back to reference Opitz DW, Shavlik JW (1996) Generating accurate and diverse members of a neural-network ensemble. Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 8. Morgan Kaufmann, pp 535–541 Opitz DW, Shavlik JW (1996) Generating accurate and diverse members of a neural-network ensemble. Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 8. Morgan Kaufmann, pp 535–541
go back to reference Orriols-Puig A, Bernadó-Mansilla E (2006) Bounding XCS's parameters for unbalanced datasets. In: Keijzer M et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 2006 genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2006). ACM, New York, pp 1561–1568 Orriols-Puig A, Bernadó-Mansilla E (2006) Bounding XCS's parameters for unbalanced datasets. In: Keijzer M et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 2006 genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2006). ACM, New York, pp 1561–1568
go back to reference Orriols-Puig A, Casillas J, Bernadò-Mansilla E (2007a) Fuzzy-UCS: preliminary results. In: Lipson H (ed) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2007. ACM, New York, pp 2871–2874CrossRef Orriols-Puig A, Casillas J, Bernadò-Mansilla E (2007a) Fuzzy-UCS: preliminary results. In: Lipson H (ed) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2007. ACM, New York, pp 2871–2874CrossRef
go back to reference Orriols-Puig A, Goldberg DE, Sastry K, Bernadó-Mansilla E (2007b) Modeling XCS in class imbalances: population size and parameter settings. In: Lipson H et al. (eds) Genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2007. ACM, New York, pp 1838–1845CrossRef Orriols-Puig A, Goldberg DE, Sastry K, Bernadó-Mansilla E (2007b) Modeling XCS in class imbalances: population size and parameter settings. In: Lipson H et al. (eds) Genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2007. ACM, New York, pp 1838–1845CrossRef
go back to reference Orriols-Puig A, Goldberg DE, Sastry K, Bernadó-Mansilla E (2007c) Modeling XCS in class imbalances: population size and parameter settings. In: Lipson H (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2007. ACM, New York, pp 1838–1845CrossRef Orriols-Puig A, Goldberg DE, Sastry K, Bernadó-Mansilla E (2007c) Modeling XCS in class imbalances: population size and parameter settings. In: Lipson H (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2007. ACM, New York, pp 1838–1845CrossRef
go back to reference Orriols-Puig A, Sastry K, Lanzi PL, Goldberg DE, Bernadò-Mansilla E (2007d) Modeling selection pressure in XCS for proportionate and tournament selection. In: Lipson H (ed) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2007. ACM, New York, pp 1846–1853CrossRef Orriols-Puig A, Sastry K, Lanzi PL, Goldberg DE, Bernadò-Mansilla E (2007d) Modeling selection pressure in XCS for proportionate and tournament selection. In: Lipson H (ed) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2007. ACM, New York, pp 1846–1853CrossRef
go back to reference Orriols-Puig A, Bernadó-Mansilla E (2008) Revisiting UCS: description, fitness sharing, and comparison with XCS. In: Bacardit J, Bernadó-Mansilla E, Butz M, Kovacs T, Llorà X, Takadama K (eds) Learning classifier systems. 10th and 11th international workshops (2006–2007), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4998. Springer, Berlin, pp 96–111 Orriols-Puig A, Bernadó-Mansilla E (2008) Revisiting UCS: description, fitness sharing, and comparison with XCS. In: Bacardit J, Bernadó-Mansilla E, Butz M, Kovacs T, Llorà X, Takadama K (eds) Learning classifier systems. 10th and 11th international workshops (2006–2007), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4998. Springer, Berlin, pp 96–111
go back to reference Orriols-Puig A, Casillas J, Bernadó-Mansilla E (2008a) Evolving fuzzy rules with UCS: preliminary results. In: Bacardit J, Bernadó-Mansilla E, Butz M, Kovacs T, Llorà X, Takadama K (eds) Learning classifier systems. 10th and 11th international workshops (2006–2007), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4998. Springer, Berlin, pp 57–76 Orriols-Puig A, Casillas J, Bernadó-Mansilla E (2008a) Evolving fuzzy rules with UCS: preliminary results. In: Bacardit J, Bernadó-Mansilla E, Butz M, Kovacs T, Llorà X, Takadama K (eds) Learning classifier systems. 10th and 11th international workshops (2006–2007), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4998. Springer, Berlin, pp 57–76
go back to reference Orriols-Puig A, Casillas J, Bernadó-Mansilla E (2008b) Genetic-based machine learning systems are competitive for pattern recognition. Evolut Intell 1(3):209–232CrossRef Orriols-Puig A, Casillas J, Bernadó-Mansilla E (2008b) Genetic-based machine learning systems are competitive for pattern recognition. Evolut Intell 1(3):209–232CrossRef
go back to reference Pal S, Bhandari D (1994) Genetic algorithms with fuzzy fitness function for object extraction using cellular networks. Fuzzy Set Syst 65(2–3):129–139CrossRef Pal S, Bhandari D (1994) Genetic algorithms with fuzzy fitness function for object extraction using cellular networks. Fuzzy Set Syst 65(2–3):129–139CrossRef
go back to reference Pappa GL, Freitas AA (2010) Automating the design of data mining algorithms. An evolutionary computation approach. Natural computing series. Springer Pappa GL, Freitas AA (2010) Automating the design of data mining algorithms. An evolutionary computation approach. Natural computing series. Springer
go back to reference Paris G, Robilliard D, Fonlupt C (2001) Applying boosting techniques to genetic programming. In: Artificial evolution 2001, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2310. Springer, Berlin, pp 267–278 Paris G, Robilliard D, Fonlupt C (2001) Applying boosting techniques to genetic programming. In: Artificial evolution 2001, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2310. Springer, Berlin, pp 267–278
go back to reference Pereira FB, Costa E (2001) Understanding the role of learning in the evolution of busy beaver: a comparison between the Baldwin effect and Lamarckian strategy. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO–2001). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, pp 884–891 Pereira FB, Costa E (2001) Understanding the role of learning in the evolution of busy beaver: a comparison between the Baldwin effect and Lamarckian strategy. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO–2001). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, pp 884–891
go back to reference Perneel C, Themlin J-M (1995) Optimization of fuzzy expert systems using genetic algorithms and neural networks. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 3(3):301–312CrossRef Perneel C, Themlin J-M (1995) Optimization of fuzzy expert systems using genetic algorithms and neural networks. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 3(3):301–312CrossRef
go back to reference Pham DT, Karaboga D (1991) Optimum design of fuzzy logic controllers using genetic algorithms. J Syst Eng 1:114–118 Pham DT, Karaboga D (1991) Optimum design of fuzzy logic controllers using genetic algorithms. J Syst Eng 1:114–118
go back to reference Punch WF, Goodman ED, Pei M, Chia-Shun L, Hovland P, Enbody R (1993) Further research on feature selection and classification using genetic algorithms. In: Forrest S (ed) Proceedings of the 5th international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA93). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 557–564 Punch WF, Goodman ED, Pei M, Chia-Shun L, Hovland P, Enbody R (1993) Further research on feature selection and classification using genetic algorithms. In: Forrest S (ed) Proceedings of the 5th international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA93). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 557–564
go back to reference Radi A, Poli R (2003) Discovering efficient learning rules for feedforward neural networks using genetic programming. In: Abraham A, Jain L, Kacprzyk J (eds) Recent advances in intelligent paradigms and applications. Springer, Berlin, pp 133–159 Radi A, Poli R (2003) Discovering efficient learning rules for feedforward neural networks using genetic programming. In: Abraham A, Jain L, Kacprzyk J (eds) Recent advances in intelligent paradigms and applications. Springer, Berlin, pp 133–159
go back to reference Raymer ML, Punch WF, Goodman ED, Kuhn LA, Jain AK (2000) Dimensionality reduction using genetic algorithms. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 4(2):164–171CrossRef Raymer ML, Punch WF, Goodman ED, Kuhn LA, Jain AK (2000) Dimensionality reduction using genetic algorithms. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 4(2):164–171CrossRef
go back to reference Reeves CR, Rowe JE (2002) Genetic algorithms – principles and perspectives. A guide to GA theory. Kluwer, Norwell Reeves CR, Rowe JE (2002) Genetic algorithms – principles and perspectives. A guide to GA theory. Kluwer, Norwell
go back to reference Riolo RL (1987) Bucket brigade performance: I. long sequences of classifiers. In: Grefenstette JJ (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA'87), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Cambridge, MA, pp 184–195 Riolo RL (1987) Bucket brigade performance: I. long sequences of classifiers. In: Grefenstette JJ (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA'87), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Cambridge, MA, pp 184–195
go back to reference Rivest RL (1987) Learning decision lists. Mach Learn 2(3):229–246 Rivest RL (1987) Learning decision lists. Mach Learn 2(3):229–246
go back to reference Romaniuk S (1994) Towards minimal network architectures with evolutionary growth networks. In: Proceedings of the 1993 international joint conference on neural networks, vol 3. IEEE Press, Washington, DC, pp 1710–1713 Romaniuk S (1994) Towards minimal network architectures with evolutionary growth networks. In: Proceedings of the 1993 international joint conference on neural networks, vol 3. IEEE Press, Washington, DC, pp 1710–1713
go back to reference Rouwhorst SE, Engelbrecht AP (2000) Searching the forest: using decision trees as building blocks for evolutionary search in classification databases. In: Proceedings of the 2000 congress on evolutionary computation (CEC00). IEEE Press, Washington, DC, pp 633–638 Rouwhorst SE, Engelbrecht AP (2000) Searching the forest: using decision trees as building blocks for evolutionary search in classification databases. In: Proceedings of the 2000 congress on evolutionary computation (CEC00). IEEE Press, Washington, DC, pp 633–638
go back to reference Rozenberg G, Bäck T, Kok J (eds) (2012) Handbook of natural computing. Springer, BerlinMATH Rozenberg G, Bäck T, Kok J (eds) (2012) Handbook of natural computing. Springer, BerlinMATH
go back to reference Ruta D, Gabrys B (2001) Application of the evolutionary algorithms for classifier selection in multiple classifier systems with majority voting. In: Kittler J, Roli F (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on multiple classifier systems, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2096. Springer, Berlin, pp 399–408. See Kuncheva (2004a) p.321CrossRef Ruta D, Gabrys B (2001) Application of the evolutionary algorithms for classifier selection in multiple classifier systems with majority voting. In: Kittler J, Roli F (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on multiple classifier systems, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2096. Springer, Berlin, pp 399–408. See Kuncheva (2004a) p.321CrossRef
go back to reference Sánchez L, Couso I (2007) Advocating the use of imprecisely observed data in genetic fuzzy systems. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 15(4):551–562CrossRef Sánchez L, Couso I (2007) Advocating the use of imprecisely observed data in genetic fuzzy systems. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 15(4):551–562CrossRef
go back to reference Sasaki T, Tokoro M (1997) Adaptation toward changing environments: why Darwinian in nature? In: Husbands P, Harvey I (eds) Proceedings of the 4th European conference on artificial life. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 145–153 Sasaki T, Tokoro M (1997) Adaptation toward changing environments: why Darwinian in nature? In: Husbands P, Harvey I (eds) Proceedings of the 4th European conference on artificial life. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 145–153
go back to reference Saxon S, Barry A (2000) XCS and the Monk's problems. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems: from foundations to applications, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1813. Springer, Berlin, pp 223–242CrossRef Saxon S, Barry A (2000) XCS and the Monk's problems. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems: from foundations to applications, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1813. Springer, Berlin, pp 223–242CrossRef
go back to reference Schaffer C (1994) A conservation law for generalization performance. In: Hirsh H, Cohen WW (eds) Machine learning: proceedings of the eleventh international conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 259–265 Schaffer C (1994) A conservation law for generalization performance. In: Hirsh H, Cohen WW (eds) Machine learning: proceedings of the eleventh international conference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 259–265
go back to reference Schaffer JD (ed) (1989) Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA-89), George Mason University, June 1989. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA Schaffer JD (ed) (1989) Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA-89), George Mason University, June 1989. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA
go back to reference Schmidhuber J (1987) Evolutionary principles in self-referential learning. (On learning how to learn: The meta-meta-… hook.). PhD thesis, Technische Universität München, Germany Schmidhuber J (1987) Evolutionary principles in self-referential learning. (On learning how to learn: The meta-meta-… hook.). PhD thesis, Technische Universität München, Germany
go back to reference Schuurmans D, Schaeffer J (1989) Representational difficulties with classifier systems. In: Schaffer JD (ed) Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA-89). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 328–333 Schuurmans D, Schaeffer J (1989) Representational difficulties with classifier systems. In: Schaffer JD (ed) Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA-89). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 328–333
go back to reference Sharkey AJC (1996) On combining artificial neural nets. Connection Sci 8(3–4):299–313CrossRef Sharkey AJC (1996) On combining artificial neural nets. Connection Sci 8(3–4):299–313CrossRef
go back to reference Sharpe PK, Glover RP (1999) Efficient GA based techniques for classification. Appl Intell 11:277–284CrossRef Sharpe PK, Glover RP (1999) Efficient GA based techniques for classification. Appl Intell 11:277–284CrossRef
go back to reference Sirlantzis K, Fairhurst MC, Hoque MS (2001) Genetic algorithms for multi-classifier system configuration: a case study in character recognition. In: Kittler J, Roli F (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on multiple classifier systems, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2096. Springer, Berlin, pp 99–108. See Kuncheva (2004a) p.321CrossRef Sirlantzis K, Fairhurst MC, Hoque MS (2001) Genetic algorithms for multi-classifier system configuration: a case study in character recognition. In: Kittler J, Roli F (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on multiple classifier systems, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2096. Springer, Berlin, pp 99–108. See Kuncheva (2004a) p.321CrossRef
go back to reference Smith JE (2007) Coevolving memetic algorithms: a review and progress report. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern 37(1):6–17CrossRef Smith JE (2007) Coevolving memetic algorithms: a review and progress report. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern 37(1):6–17CrossRef
go back to reference Smith MG, Bull L (2005) Genetic programming with a genetic algorithm for feature construction and selection. GP and Evol Machines 6(3):265–281 Smith MG, Bull L (2005) Genetic programming with a genetic algorithm for feature construction and selection. GP and Evol Machines 6(3):265–281
go back to reference Smith RE (1994) Memory exploitation in learning classifier systems. Evolut Comput 2(3):199–220CrossRef Smith RE (1994) Memory exploitation in learning classifier systems. Evolut Comput 2(3):199–220CrossRef
go back to reference Smith RE, Cribbs HB (1994) Is a learning classifier system a type of neural network? Evolut Comput 2(1):19–36CrossRef Smith RE, Cribbs HB (1994) Is a learning classifier system a type of neural network? Evolut Comput 2(1):19–36CrossRef
go back to reference Smith RE, Goldberg DE (1991) Variable default hierarchy separation in a classifier system. In: Rawlins GJE (ed) Proceedings of the first workshop on foundations of genetic algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, pp 148–170 Smith RE, Goldberg DE (1991) Variable default hierarchy separation in a classifier system. In: Rawlins GJE (ed) Proceedings of the first workshop on foundations of genetic algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, pp 148–170
go back to reference Smith RE, Cribbs III HB (1997) Combined biological paradigms. Robot Auton Syst 22(1):65–74CrossRef Smith RE, Cribbs III HB (1997) Combined biological paradigms. Robot Auton Syst 22(1):65–74CrossRef
go back to reference Song D, Heywood MI, Zincir-Heywood AN (2005) Training genetic programming on half a million patterns: an example from anomaly detection. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 9(3):225–239CrossRef Song D, Heywood MI, Zincir-Heywood AN (2005) Training genetic programming on half a million patterns: an example from anomaly detection. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput 9(3):225–239CrossRef
go back to reference Srinivas N, Deb K (1994) Multi-objective function optimization using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. Evolut Comput 2(3):221–248CrossRef Srinivas N, Deb K (1994) Multi-objective function optimization using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. Evolut Comput 2(3):221–248CrossRef
go back to reference Stagge P (1998) Averaging efficiently in the presence of noise. In: Parallel problem solving from nature, vol 5. pp 188–197 Stagge P (1998) Averaging efficiently in the presence of noise. In: Parallel problem solving from nature, vol 5. pp 188–197
go back to reference Stolzmann W (1996) Learning classifier systems using the cognitive mechanism of anticipatory behavioral control, detailed version. In: Proceedings of the first European workshop on cognitive modelling. Berlin, TU, pp 82–89 Stolzmann W (1996) Learning classifier systems using the cognitive mechanism of anticipatory behavioral control, detailed version. In: Proceedings of the first European workshop on cognitive modelling. Berlin, TU, pp 82–89
go back to reference Stone C, Bull L (2003) For real! XCS with continuous-valued inputs. Evolut Comput 11(3):298–336CrossRef Stone C, Bull L (2003) For real! XCS with continuous-valued inputs. Evolut Comput 11(3):298–336CrossRef
go back to reference Storn R, Price K (1996) Minimizing the real functions of the ICEC'96 contest by differential evolution. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference Evolutionary Computation. IEEE Press, Washington, DC, pp 842–844 Storn R, Price K (1996) Minimizing the real functions of the ICEC'96 contest by differential evolution. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference Evolutionary Computation. IEEE Press, Washington, DC, pp 842–844
go back to reference Stout M, Bacardit J, Hirst JD, Krasnogor N (2008) Prediction of recursive convex hull class assignment for protein residues. Bioinformatics 24(7):916–923CrossRef Stout M, Bacardit J, Hirst JD, Krasnogor N (2008) Prediction of recursive convex hull class assignment for protein residues. Bioinformatics 24(7):916–923CrossRef
go back to reference Sutton RS (1986) Two problems with backpropagation and other steepest-descent learning procedures for networks. In: Proceedings of the 8th annual conference cognitive science society. Erlbaum, pp 823–831 Sutton RS (1986) Two problems with backpropagation and other steepest-descent learning procedures for networks. In: Proceedings of the 8th annual conference cognitive science society. Erlbaum, pp 823–831
go back to reference Sziranyi T (1996) Robustness of cellular neural networks in image deblurring and texture segmentation. Int J Circuit Theory App 24(3):381–396CrossRef Sziranyi T (1996) Robustness of cellular neural networks in image deblurring and texture segmentation. Int J Circuit Theory App 24(3):381–396CrossRef
go back to reference Tamaddoni-Nezhad A, Muggleton SH (2000) Searching the subsumption lattice by a genetic algorithm. In: Cussens J, Frisch A (eds) Proceedings of the 10th international conference on inductive logic programming. Springer, Berlin, pp 243–252 Tamaddoni-Nezhad A, Muggleton SH (2000) Searching the subsumption lattice by a genetic algorithm. In: Cussens J, Frisch A (eds) Proceedings of the 10th international conference on inductive logic programming. Springer, Berlin, pp 243–252
go back to reference Tamaddoni-Nezhad A, Muggleton S (2003) A genetic algorithms approach to ILP. In: Inductive logic programming, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2583. Springer, Berlin, pp 285–300 Tamaddoni-Nezhad A, Muggleton S (2003) A genetic algorithms approach to ILP. In: Inductive logic programming, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2583. Springer, Berlin, pp 285–300
go back to reference Tharakannel K, Goldberg D (2002) XCS with average reward criterion in multi-step environment. Technical report, Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Tharakannel K, Goldberg D (2002) XCS with average reward criterion in multi-step environment. Technical report, Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
go back to reference Thompson S (1998) Pruning boosted classifiers with a real valued genetic algorithm. In: Research and development in expert systems XV – proceedings of ES'98. Springer, Berlin, pp 133–146 Thompson S (1998) Pruning boosted classifiers with a real valued genetic algorithm. In: Research and development in expert systems XV – proceedings of ES'98. Springer, Berlin, pp 133–146
go back to reference Thompson S (1999) Genetic algorithms as postprocessors for data mining. In: Data mining with evolutionary algorithms: research directions – papers from the AAAI workshop, Tech report WS–99–06. AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA, pp 18–22 Thompson S (1999) Genetic algorithms as postprocessors for data mining. In: Data mining with evolutionary algorithms: research directions – papers from the AAAI workshop, Tech report WS–99–06. AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA, pp 18–22
go back to reference Thrift P (1991) Fuzzy logic synthesis with genetic algorithms. In: Booker LB, Belew RK (eds) Proceedings of 4th international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA'91). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 509–513 Thrift P (1991) Fuzzy logic synthesis with genetic algorithms. In: Booker LB, Belew RK (eds) Proceedings of 4th international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA'91). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 509–513
go back to reference Tomlinson A (1999) Corporate classifier systems. PhD thesis, University of the West of England Tomlinson A (1999) Corporate classifier systems. PhD thesis, University of the West of England
go back to reference Tomlinson A, Bull L (1998) A corporate classifier system. In: Eiben AE, Bäck T, Shoenauer M, Schwefel H-P (eds) Proceedings of the fifth international conference on parallel problem solving from nature – PPSN V, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 1498. Springer, Berlin, pp 550–559CrossRef Tomlinson A, Bull L (1998) A corporate classifier system. In: Eiben AE, Bäck T, Shoenauer M, Schwefel H-P (eds) Proceedings of the fifth international conference on parallel problem solving from nature – PPSN V, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 1498. Springer, Berlin, pp 550–559CrossRef
go back to reference Tomlinson A, Bull L (2002) An accuracy-based corporate classifier system. J Soft Comput 6(3–4):200–215CrossRefMATH Tomlinson A, Bull L (2002) An accuracy-based corporate classifier system. J Soft Comput 6(3–4):200–215CrossRefMATH
go back to reference Tran TH, Sanza C, Duthen Y, Nguyen TD (2007) XCSF with computed continuous action. In: Genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2007). ACM, New York, pp 1861–1869 Tran TH, Sanza C, Duthen Y, Nguyen TD (2007) XCSF with computed continuous action. In: Genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2007). ACM, New York, pp 1861–1869
go back to reference Tumer K, Ghosh J (1996) Analysis of decision boundaries in linearly combined neural classifiers. Pattern Recogn 29(2):341–348CrossRef Tumer K, Ghosh J (1996) Analysis of decision boundaries in linearly combined neural classifiers. Pattern Recogn 29(2):341–348CrossRef
go back to reference Turney P (1996) How to shift bias: lessons from the Baldwin effect. Evolut Comput 4(3):271–295CrossRef Turney P (1996) How to shift bias: lessons from the Baldwin effect. Evolut Comput 4(3):271–295CrossRef
go back to reference Valentini G, Masulli F (2002) Ensembles of learning machines. In: WIRN VIETRI 2002: Proceedings of the 13th Italian workshop on neural nets-revised papers. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–22 Valentini G, Masulli F (2002) Ensembles of learning machines. In: WIRN VIETRI 2002: Proceedings of the 13th Italian workshop on neural nets-revised papers. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–22
go back to reference Valenzuela-Rendón M (1989) Two analysis tools to describe the operation of classifier systems. PhD thesis, University of Alabama. Also TCGA technical report 89005 Valenzuela-Rendón M (1989) Two analysis tools to describe the operation of classifier systems. PhD thesis, University of Alabama. Also TCGA technical report 89005
go back to reference Valenzuela-Rendón M (1991) The fuzzy classifier system: a classifier system for continuously varying variables. In: Booker LB, Belew RK (eds) Proceedings of the 4th international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA'91). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 346–353 Valenzuela-Rendón M (1991) The fuzzy classifier system: a classifier system for continuously varying variables. In: Booker LB, Belew RK (eds) Proceedings of the 4th international conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA'91). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 346–353
go back to reference Valenzuela-Rendón M (1998) Reinforcement learning in the fuzzy classifier system. Expert Syst Appl 14:237–247CrossRef Valenzuela-Rendón M (1998) Reinforcement learning in the fuzzy classifier system. Expert Syst Appl 14:237–247CrossRef
go back to reference Vallim R, Goldberg D, Llorà X, Duque T, Carvalho A (2003) A new approach for multi-label classification based on default hierarchies and organizational learning. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, workshop sessions: learning classifier systems. ACM, New York, pp 2017–2022 Vallim R, Goldberg D, Llorà X, Duque T, Carvalho A (2003) A new approach for multi-label classification based on default hierarchies and organizational learning. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, workshop sessions: learning classifier systems. ACM, New York, pp 2017–2022
go back to reference Vanneschi L, Poli R (2012) Genetic programming: introduction, applications, theory and open issues. In: Rozenberg G, Bäck T, Kok J (eds) Handbook of natural computing. Springer, Berlin Vanneschi L, Poli R (2012) Genetic programming: introduction, applications, theory and open issues. In: Rozenberg G, Bäck T, Kok J (eds) Handbook of natural computing. Springer, Berlin
go back to reference Venturini G (1993) SIA: a supervised inductive algorithm with genetic search for learning attributes based concepts. In: Brazdil PB (ed) ECML-93 - Proceedings of the European conference on machine learning. Springer, Berlin, pp 280–296CrossRef Venturini G (1993) SIA: a supervised inductive algorithm with genetic search for learning attributes based concepts. In: Brazdil PB (ed) ECML-93 - Proceedings of the European conference on machine learning. Springer, Berlin, pp 280–296CrossRef
go back to reference Vilalta R, Drissi Y (2002) A perspective view and survey of meta-learning. Artif Intell Rev 18(2):77–95CrossRef Vilalta R, Drissi Y (2002) A perspective view and survey of meta-learning. Artif Intell Rev 18(2):77–95CrossRef
go back to reference Wada A, Takadama K, Shimohara K, Katai O (2005c) Learning classifier systems with convergence and generalization. In: Bull L, Kovacs T (eds) Foundations of learning classifier systems. Springer, Berlin, pp 285–304CrossRef Wada A, Takadama K, Shimohara K, Katai O (2005c) Learning classifier systems with convergence and generalization. In: Bull L, Kovacs T (eds) Foundations of learning classifier systems. Springer, Berlin, pp 285–304CrossRef
go back to reference Wada A, Takadama K, Shimohara K (2005a) Counter example for Q-bucket-brigade under prediction problem. In: GECCO Workshops 2005. ACM, New York, pp 94–99 Wada A, Takadama K, Shimohara K (2005a) Counter example for Q-bucket-brigade under prediction problem. In: GECCO Workshops 2005. ACM, New York, pp 94–99
go back to reference Wada A, Takadama K, Shimohara K (2005b) Learning classifier system equivalent with reinforcement learning with function approximation. In: GECCO Workshops 2005. ACM, New York, pp 92–93 Wada A, Takadama K, Shimohara K (2005b) Learning classifier system equivalent with reinforcement learning with function approximation. In: GECCO Workshops 2005. ACM, New York, pp 92–93
go back to reference Wada A, Takadama K, Shimohara K (2007) Counter example for Q-bucket-brigade under prediction problem. In: Kovacs T, LLòra X, Takadama K, Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems. International workshops, IWLCS 2003-2005, revised selected papers, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4399. Springer, Berlin, pp 128–143 Wada A, Takadama K, Shimohara K (2007) Counter example for Q-bucket-brigade under prediction problem. In: Kovacs T, LLòra X, Takadama K, Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems. International workshops, IWLCS 2003-2005, revised selected papers, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4399. Springer, Berlin, pp 128–143
go back to reference Whitley D, Goldberg D, Cantú-Paz E, Spector L, Parmee I, Beyer HG (eds) (2000) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2000). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA Whitley D, Goldberg D, Cantú-Paz E, Spector L, Parmee I, Beyer HG (eds) (2000) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2000). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA
go back to reference Whiteson S, Stone P (2006) Evolutionary function approximation for reinforcement learning. J Mach Learn Res 7:877–917MathSciNetMATH Whiteson S, Stone P (2006) Evolutionary function approximation for reinforcement learning. J Mach Learn Res 7:877–917MathSciNetMATH
go back to reference Whitley D, Starkweather T, Bogart C (1990) Genetic algorithms and neural networks: optimizing connections and connectivity. Parallel Comput 14(3):347–361CrossRef Whitley D, Starkweather T, Bogart C (1990) Genetic algorithms and neural networks: optimizing connections and connectivity. Parallel Comput 14(3):347–361CrossRef
go back to reference Whitley D, Gordon VS, Mathias K (1994) Lamarckian evolution, the Baldwin effect and function optimization. In: Parallel problem solving from nature (PPSN-III). Springer, Berlin, pp 6–15 Whitley D, Gordon VS, Mathias K (1994) Lamarckian evolution, the Baldwin effect and function optimization. In: Parallel problem solving from nature (PPSN-III). Springer, Berlin, pp 6–15
go back to reference Wilcox JR (1995) Organizational learning within a learning classifier system. Master's thesis, University of Illinois. Also Technical Report No. 95003 IlliGAL Wilcox JR (1995) Organizational learning within a learning classifier system. Master's thesis, University of Illinois. Also Technical Report No. 95003 IlliGAL
go back to reference Wilson SW (2001a) Mining oblique data with XCS. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Advances in learning classifier systems, third international workshop, IWLCS 2000, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 1996. Springer, Berlin, pp 158–176CrossRef Wilson SW (2001a) Mining oblique data with XCS. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Advances in learning classifier systems, third international workshop, IWLCS 2000, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 1996. Springer, Berlin, pp 158–176CrossRef
go back to reference Wilson SW (1989) Bid competition and specificity reconsidered. Complex Syst 2:705–723 Wilson SW (1989) Bid competition and specificity reconsidered. Complex Syst 2:705–723
go back to reference Wilson SW (1998) Generalization in the XCS classifier system. In: Koza JR, Banzhaf W, Chellapilla K, Deb K, Dorigo M, Fogel DB, Garzon MH, Goldberg DE, Iba H, Riolo R (eds) Genetic programming 1998: proceedings of the third annual conference, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 665–674. http://prediction-dynamics.com/ Wilson SW (1998) Generalization in the XCS classifier system. In: Koza JR, Banzhaf W, Chellapilla K, Deb K, Dorigo M, Fogel DB, Garzon MH, Goldberg DE, Iba H, Riolo R (eds) Genetic programming 1998: proceedings of the third annual conference, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 665–674. http://​prediction-dynamics.​com/​
go back to reference Wilson SW (1999) Get real! XCS with continuous-valued inputs. In: Booker L, Forrest S, Mitchell M, Riolo RL (eds) Festschrift in honor of John H. Holland. Center for the Study of Complex Systems. pp 111–121. http://prediction-dynamics.com/ Wilson SW (1999) Get real! XCS with continuous-valued inputs. In: Booker L, Forrest S, Mitchell M, Riolo RL (eds) Festschrift in honor of John H. Holland. Center for the Study of Complex Systems. pp 111–121. http://​prediction-dynamics.​com/​
go back to reference Wilson SW (2000) Mining oblique data with XCS. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on learning classifier systems (IWLCS-2000), in the joint workshops of SAB 2000 and PPSN 2000. Extended abstract Wilson SW (2000) Mining oblique data with XCS. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on learning classifier systems (IWLCS-2000), in the joint workshops of SAB 2000 and PPSN 2000. Extended abstract
go back to reference Wilson SW (2001b) Function approximation with a classifier system. In: Spector L, Goodman ED, Wu A, Langdon WB, Voigt HM, Gen M, Sen S, Dorigo M, Pezeshk S, Garzon MH, Burke E (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2001). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 974–981 Wilson SW (2001b) Function approximation with a classifier system. In: Spector L, Goodman ED, Wu A, Langdon WB, Voigt HM, Gen M, Sen S, Dorigo M, Pezeshk S, Garzon MH, Burke E (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2001). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 974–981
go back to reference Wilson SW (2002a) Classifiers that approximate functions. Natural Comput 1(2–3):211–234CrossRefMATH Wilson SW (2002a) Classifiers that approximate functions. Natural Comput 1(2–3):211–234CrossRefMATH
go back to reference Wilson SW (2002b) Compact rulesets from XCSI. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Advances in learning classifier systems, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 2321. Springer, Berlin, pp 196–208 Wilson SW (2002b) Compact rulesets from XCSI. In: Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Advances in learning classifier systems, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 2321. Springer, Berlin, pp 196–208
go back to reference Wilson SW (2007) Three architectures for continuous action. In: Kovacs T, LLòra X, Takadama K, Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems. International workshops, IWLCS 2003-2005, revised selected papers, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4399. Springer, Berlin, pp 239–257 Wilson SW (2007) Three architectures for continuous action. In: Kovacs T, LLòra X, Takadama K, Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) Learning classifier systems. International workshops, IWLCS 2003-2005, revised selected papers, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4399. Springer, Berlin, pp 239–257
go back to reference Wilson SW (2008) Classifier conditions using gene expression programming. In: Bacardit J, Bernadó-Mansilla E, Butz M, Kovacs T, Llorà X, Takadama K (eds) Learning classifier systems. 10th and 11th international workshops (2006–2007), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4998. Springer, Berlin, pp 206–217 Wilson SW (2008) Classifier conditions using gene expression programming. In: Bacardit J, Bernadó-Mansilla E, Butz M, Kovacs T, Llorà X, Takadama K (eds) Learning classifier systems. 10th and 11th international workshops (2006–2007), Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4998. Springer, Berlin, pp 206–217
go back to reference Wilson SW, Goldberg DE (1989) A critical review of classifier systems. In: Schaffer JD (ed) Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on genetic algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 244–255. http://prediction-dynamics.com/ Wilson SW, Goldberg DE (1989) A critical review of classifier systems. In: Schaffer JD (ed) Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on genetic algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp 244–255. http://​prediction-dynamics.​com/​
go back to reference Wolpert DH (1996) The lack of a priori distinctions between learning algorithms. Neural Comput 8(7):1341–1390CrossRef Wolpert DH (1996) The lack of a priori distinctions between learning algorithms. Neural Comput 8(7):1341–1390CrossRef
go back to reference Wong ML, Leung KS (2000) Data mining using grammar based genetic programming and applications. Kluwer, NorwellMATH Wong ML, Leung KS (2000) Data mining using grammar based genetic programming and applications. Kluwer, NorwellMATH
go back to reference Woods K, Kegelmeyer W, Bowyer K (1997) Combination of multiple classifiers using local accuracy estimates. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 19:405–410CrossRef Woods K, Kegelmeyer W, Bowyer K (1997) Combination of multiple classifiers using local accuracy estimates. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 19:405–410CrossRef
go back to reference Woodward JR (2003) GA or GP? That is not the question. In: Proceedings of the 2003 congress on evolutionary computation, CEC2003. IEEE Press, Washington DC, pp 1056–1063 Woodward JR (2003) GA or GP? That is not the question. In: Proceedings of the 2003 congress on evolutionary computation, CEC2003. IEEE Press, Washington DC, pp 1056–1063
go back to reference Yamasaki K, Sekiguchi M (2000) Clear explanation of different adaptive behaviors between Darwinian population and Larmarckian population in changing environment. In: Proceedings of the fifth international symposium on artificial life and robotics. pp 120–123 Yamasaki K, Sekiguchi M (2000) Clear explanation of different adaptive behaviors between Darwinian population and Larmarckian population in changing environment. In: Proceedings of the fifth international symposium on artificial life and robotics. pp 120–123
go back to reference Yao X (1999) Evolving artificial neural networks. Proc IEEE 87(9):1423–1447CrossRef Yao X (1999) Evolving artificial neural networks. Proc IEEE 87(9):1423–1447CrossRef
go back to reference Yao X, Islam MM (2008) Evolving artificial neural network ensembles. IEEE Comput Intell Mag 3(1):31–42CrossRef Yao X, Islam MM (2008) Evolving artificial neural network ensembles. IEEE Comput Intell Mag 3(1):31–42CrossRef
go back to reference Yao X, Liu Y (1997) A new evolutionary system for evolving artificial neural networks. IEEE Trans Neural Networ 8:694–713CrossRef Yao X, Liu Y (1997) A new evolutionary system for evolving artificial neural networks. IEEE Trans Neural Networ 8:694–713CrossRef
go back to reference Yao X, Liu Y (1998) Making use of population information in evolutionary artificial neural networks. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B 28(3):417–425MathSciNet Yao X, Liu Y (1998) Making use of population information in evolutionary artificial neural networks. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B 28(3):417–425MathSciNet
go back to reference Zatuchna ZV (2005) AgentP: a learning classifier system with associative perception in maze environments. PhD thesis, University of East Anglia Zatuchna ZV (2005) AgentP: a learning classifier system with associative perception in maze environments. PhD thesis, University of East Anglia
go back to reference Zatuchna ZV (2004) AgentP model: Learning Classifier System with Associative Perception. In 8th parallel problem solving from nature international conference (PPSN VIII). pp 1172–1182 Zatuchna ZV (2004) AgentP model: Learning Classifier System with Associative Perception. In 8th parallel problem solving from nature international conference (PPSN VIII). pp 1172–1182
go back to reference Zhang B-T, Veenker G (1991) Neural networks that teach themselves through genetic discovery of novel examples. In: Proceedings 1991 IEEE international joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN'91) vol 1. IEEE Press, Washington DC, pp 690–695 Zhang B-T, Veenker G (1991) Neural networks that teach themselves through genetic discovery of novel examples. In: Proceedings 1991 IEEE international joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN'91) vol 1. IEEE Press, Washington DC, pp 690–695
Metadata
Title
Genetics-Based Machine Learning
Author
Tim Kovacs
Copyright Year
2012
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92910-9_30

Premium Partner