GET 1-2022 State Primary Standard for time and frequency units and the national time scale: contribution to the Coordinated Universal Time

Time and frequency measurement is among the most widely used types of measurement. Data on the exact time and the national time scale is in great demand among a variety of consumers, from commercial power metering systems, where the required synchronization accuracy is a few seconds, to space navigation systems, which require synchronization at the level of nanoseconds. In addition, consumer requirements for the accuracy of time and frequency measurement, as well as the efficiency of obtaining frequency and time data, are steadily increasing, which entails the need to modernize the means of reproducing, maintaining, and disseminating time and frequency units and the time scale. In order to meet the modern requirements of consumers for the accuracy of time and frequency measurement, technical means of reproducing, maintaining, and disseminating units have been introduced into GET 1‑2022 State Primary Standard for time and frequency units and the national time scale, which allow the contribution of GET 1‑2022 to the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to be significantly increased. The authors provide a brief overview of the composition of GET 1‑2022, perform a comparative analysis of the contribution of national time standards from different countries to UTC, as well as carry out an analysis of frequency instability and time scale shifts in the considered standards relative to UTC. It is shown that from September 2022 to March 2023, the contribution of GET 1‑2022 to UTC increased significantly and exceeded that of the standard of the U.S. Naval Observatory; presently, the contributions of these standards are comparable. According to such indicators as frequency instability and average contribution to UTC, the atomic standards comprising GET 1‑2022 are significantly superior to similar instruments included in the national standards of other countries. The national coordinated time scale of the Russian Federation UTC(SU) was found to be one of the best national UTC realizations, while the national atomic time scale TA(SU) holds the leading position in terms of stability among the time scales realized by leading foreign time laboratories.