GHG emission projection and mitigation potential for ceramic tableware industry in Thailand

The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the global ceramic production is estimated at more than 400 Mt CO₂/year, which have increased steadily from economic growth. Among ceramic industries, ceramic tableware industry (CTI) is a highly energy-intensive and high GHG emissions industry. Thailand was the fourth highest ranking ceramic tableware exporting country in the world. However, information on GHG emission from this industry was limited. This research aimed to investigate the carbon dioxide(CO₂) intensity of CTI in Thailand and the annual projections of GHG emission during 2017–2050 with different GDP growths. Then, the energy saving potentials and GHG mitigation measures with their GHG abatement cost for small and large-scale CTI were proposed. The results indicated that the average CO₂ intensity of Thailand CTI was 1.75 kg CO₂e/kg of product. The projections for GHG emissions of ceramic tableware production with gross domestic production (GDP) growth rates of 1.5, 3.5 (BAU), and 5.5%, reached their maximum emissions at 220,500 t CO₂ in 2029, 2022, and 2020, respectively. Under a BAU scenario, ceramic tableware production in 2022 would emit GHG at a rate approximately 1.37 times greater compared to the emissions in 2016. The maximum GHG reduction (100% implementation) was 48,902 t CO₂e, accounting for 22% of GHG emissions in 2030. The average mitigation cost was 6.64 USD/t CO₂e reduction. This study provided a guideline for the assessment of CO₂ intensity and the technical information for long-term GHG emission projection in CTI which could be applied in worldwide.