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2016 | Book

Global Shocks

An Investment Guide for Turbulent Markets

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About this book

This book, which is written from a practitioner’s perspective, fills the void by providing the reader with a toolkit and guiding principles to manage money when markets are in turmoil. It features ten case studies beginning with the breakdown of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system through the current situation in which investors are assessing whether China could become the next bubble. Each chapter discusses how the respective crisis or bubble unfolded at the time, the way policymakers and markets responded, and the optimal strategy for positioning portfolios.

The goal is to share these experiences and the lessons from them, so investors will be better prepared for future shocks. The opening chapter explores whether there are common patterns in movements of interest rates and exchange rates that investors can exploit. A conceptual framework is presented that helps explain why this is the case for traditional currency crises, but less so for asset bubbles.
The concluding chapter ties the episodes together and considers how the nature of financial crises has evolved since the collapse of Bretton Woods. We cite factors that make it difficult for policymakers and investors to detect problems in advance of an asset bubble. The good news is investors get a second chance to outperform when markets are over-sold; however, they need to formulate a strategy to limit the damage during the sell-off phase and to capitalize on the eventual recovery.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
1. Overview: A Framework for Investing During Currency Crises and Asset Bubbles
Abstract
This book is intended as a field guide to show readers how to navigate their way around, and in some cases, identify the precursors of financial crises, specifically currency crises and asset bubbles. The book features ten case studies, around which we provide comprehensive analyses of the causal forces at play, the responses of policymakers and market participants, and their ultimate resolution. It is designed to aid investors, seasoned and nascent, to develop skills for managing money when markets are not functioning normally by providing: (1) a framework to understand how markets behave during crises; (2) a process for making investment decisions; and (3) some practical guidelines for the bust phase of a bubble and the eventual market recovery.
Nicholas P. Sargen

Investment Challenges in a High Inflation Era

Frontmatter
2. Bretton Woods’ Collapse Alters the World of Investing
Abstract
One of the landmark developments influencing financial markets in the post-war era was the shift in the international monetary system from a fixed to a floating exchange rate regime in the early 1970s. The demise of the Bretton Woods (BW) system of fixed exchange rates was a milestone event that marked the end of a prolonged period of low inflation and strong economic growth in the major industrial countries. It was heralded by President Nixon’s decision to suspend convertibility between the US dollar and gold at a fixed price of $35 per ounce in August 1971. The announcement occurred as I was en route from graduate school at Stanford University to my first job at the US Treasury Department, and I recall wondering “Why did he do it?” and “What does it mean?”
Nicholas P. Sargen
3. Oil Shocks Generate Massive Payments Imbalances
Abstract
One of the key factors contributing to strong world economic growth and low inflation in the post-World War II era was an abundance of cheap energy. Following a period of near-price stability in the 1960s, oil prices began to rise in the early 1970s along with many other commodities. Even then, the price of oil was only about $3 per barrel, and gasoline at the pump was about $0.30 per gallon.
Nicholas P. Sargen
4. Anti-Inflation Policies: Intended and Unintended Consequences
Abstract
US economic policies underwent a shift of seismic proportions from late 1979 through the early 1980s. The Federal Reserve, under Chairman Paul Volcker, redirected monetary policy away from targeting interest rates to controlling money supply as a means of conquering inflation. At the same time, the Reagan administration sought to revitalize the US economy by reducing the size and influence of government and by redirecting resources to the private sector through major reductions in marginal tax rates, government spending and government regulation.
Nicholas P. Sargen
5. Policy Coordination Gives Way to Conflict and Turmoil
Abstract
Do deficits matter? This issue was widely debated in the mid-1980s, when the USA ran large budget and current account deficits (see Fig. 5.1). During the early years of the Reagan administration, investors pretty much ignored the deterioration in the fiscal and external accounts. Most were encouraged that the Federal Reserve was committed to reducing inflation, and they were comforted that the political pendulum was swinging toward market-oriented policies. When Japan displaced the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Companies (OPEC) as the world’s largest capital exporter, the USA was able to attract capital inflows from abroad on favorable terms.
Nicholas P. Sargen
6. Speculators Attack the Concept of European Monetary Union
Abstract
The early 1990s marked a period of new-found optimism about the prospects for Europe, following disappointing economic performance on the continent during much of the 1980s. The key development was the 1992 project that would transform the European Community (EC) from a customs union arrangement into a fully integrated market in which “the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured.”1 From a European perspective, the prospect of an integrated market that would surpass the US economy in size proved exciting to businesses and governments alike, and it contributed to an investment boom in Europe.
Nicholas P. Sargen

Easy Credit Breeds Asset Bubbles and Instability

Frontmatter
7. Japan’s Bubble Culminates in Two Decades of Deflation
Abstract
Throughout much of the post-World War II era, Japan was the world’s most dynamic economy. Its economic growth rate far surpassed that of the USA and Europe, and it emerged in the 1980s as the world’s largest capital exporter on the back of a powerful export machine that generated persistent large trade and current account surpluses. In 1985 the economy was hit by a “yen shock” as the leading industrial economies drafted the Plaza Accord to produce an orderly decline of the dollar. Yet Japan appeared extremely resilient: The economy grew by 4–5 % per annum in the second half of the 1980s, while the stock market and real estate values soared as interest rates fell to record lows.
Nicholas P. Sargen
8. Asia’s Real Estate Boom Triggers Global Contagion
Abstract
Since the breakdown of Bretton Woods, the countries in Emerging Asia have been among the fastest growing in the world, which has been a topic of interest for international economists. Nonetheless, until the mid-1990s these economies were not a focal point of US international economic policy. This mainly reflected the small size of many countries in the region, as well as their ability to perform on their own during the less developed countries (LDCs) financial crisis of the 1980s.
Nicholas P. Sargen
9. The Tech Bubble: Some Lessons for Rational Investors
Abstract
The second half of the 1990s proved to be remarkable, following a lackluster start to the decade, for both the US economy and the stock market. The catalyst was a revival in productivity growth that accompanied advances in computer technology and more widespread application of the internet. Commentators in the media heralded it as the beginning of a new era in which the “old economy” founded on manufacturing would be displaced by a new tech-oriented economy. The US stock market initially surged on the back of strong corporate profits. However, by the end of the decade the market’s advance far outpaced earnings growth, and valuations as measured by price to earnings multiples climbed to record levels for tech stocks.
Nicholas P. Sargen
10. The Global Financial Crisis: No Place for Investors to Hide
Abstract
The global financial crisis and Great Recession was a milestone event that ushered in the third phase in the evolution of the international financial system following the Great Inflation of the 1970s and early 1980s, and the Great Moderation that followed and lasted through 2007. While there were bouts of financial instability that required periodic interventions by Group of Seven (G-7) policymakers during the second phase, the general impression at the time was that the world’s financial system was fundamentally sound.
Nicholas P. Sargen
11. China’s Economic Miracle: Will It Become the Next Bubble?
Abstract
Not all shocks are bad. One of the most significant developments since the 1980s has been the emergence of China as an economic power. Following Mao Tse Teng’s death, China embarked on a program of economic reforms in the late 1970s under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping that transformed it from a backward country into the world’s second-largest economy today. Over that period, China grew at a compound rate of 9.5 % annually, and it has amassed record external surpluses in the past decade that turned it into the world’s largest capital exporter. As such, China’s economy now has considerable influence not only on other Pacific Rim economies but those in other parts of the world as well.
Nicholas P. Sargen
12. Guidelines for Investing During Crises
Abstract
In this chapter we return to a question that was raised at the outset: What guidelines should investors follow in managing portfolios during crisis situations? This issue is pertinent, because while the precepts of modern portfolio theory may apply when markets function normally, they do not hold during asset bubbles or financial crises when correlations go to one. Yet little has been written to guide investors about what to do in these circumstances.
Nicholas P. Sargen
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Global Shocks
Author
Nicholas P. Sargen
Copyright Year
2016
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-41105-7
Print ISBN
978-3-319-41104-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41105-7