Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Quantitative Economics 2/2019

11-03-2019 | Original Article

Government Expenditures and Revenues in Italy in a Long-run Perspective

Authors: Gordon L. Brady, Cosimo Magazzino

Published in: Journal of Quantitative Economics | Issue 2/2019

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the sustainability of Italian public accounts using in a long-run perspective, using empirical tests on sustainability and solvency of the country’s fiscal policies. The results of unit root and stationarity tests show that government expenditures and revenues series are first-differences stationary. The empirical analysis considered both the entire period and two sub-periods (1862–1913, 1947–2013). Furthermore, we conduct tests on cointegration, which evidence that a clear long-run relationship between public expenditure and revenues emerges only for the years 1862–1913. In essence, the paper’s results reveal that Italy have sustainability problems in the republican age.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
Literature
go back to reference Afonso, A. 2005. Fiscal sustainability: The unpleasant European case. FinanzArchiv 61 (1): 19–44.CrossRef Afonso, A. 2005. Fiscal sustainability: The unpleasant European case. FinanzArchiv 61 (1): 19–44.CrossRef
go back to reference Afonso, A., and J.T. Jalles. 2014. A longer-run perspective on fiscal sustainability. Empirica 41: 821–847.CrossRef Afonso, A., and J.T. Jalles. 2014. A longer-run perspective on fiscal sustainability. Empirica 41: 821–847.CrossRef
go back to reference Baglioni, A., and U. Cherubini. 1993. Intertemporal budget constraint and public debt sustainability: the case of Italy. Applied Economics 25: 275–283.CrossRef Baglioni, A., and U. Cherubini. 1993. Intertemporal budget constraint and public debt sustainability: the case of Italy. Applied Economics 25: 275–283.CrossRef
go back to reference Balassone, F., Francese, M., and A. Pace 2011. Public debt and economic growth in italy. Quaderni di Storia Economica – Bank of Italy, October, 11. Balassone, F., Francese, M., and A. Pace 2011. Public debt and economic growth in italy. Quaderni di Storia EconomicaBank of Italy, October, 11.
go back to reference Becketti, S. 2013. Introduction to time series using stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press. Becketti, S. 2013. Introduction to time series using stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
go back to reference Bravo, A.B.S., and A.L. Silvestre. 2002. Intertemporal sustainability of fiscal policies: Some tests for European countries. European Journal of Political Economy 18: 517–528.CrossRef Bravo, A.B.S., and A.L. Silvestre. 2002. Intertemporal sustainability of fiscal policies: Some tests for European countries. European Journal of Political Economy 18: 517–528.CrossRef
go back to reference Buiatti, C., G. Carmeci, and L. Mauro. 2014. The origins of the public debt of Italy: Geographically dispersed interests? Journal of Policy Modeling 36: 43–62.CrossRef Buiatti, C., G. Carmeci, and L. Mauro. 2014. The origins of the public debt of Italy: Geographically dispersed interests? Journal of Policy Modeling 36: 43–62.CrossRef
go back to reference Burret, H.T., Feld, L.P., and E. A. Köhler. 2013. Sustainability of German Fiscal Policy and Public Debt: Historical and time series evidence for the period 1850–2010. CESifo Working Paper, 4135, February. Burret, H.T., Feld, L.P., and E. A. Köhler. 2013. Sustainability of German Fiscal Policy and Public Debt: Historical and time series evidence for the period 1850–2010. CESifo Working Paper, 4135, February.
go back to reference Caporale, G.M. 1995. Bubble finance and debt sustainability: A test of the government’s intertemporal budget constraint. Applied Economics 27: 1135–1143.CrossRef Caporale, G.M. 1995. Bubble finance and debt sustainability: A test of the government’s intertemporal budget constraint. Applied Economics 27: 1135–1143.CrossRef
go back to reference Casadio, P., A. Paradiso, and B.B. Rao. 2012. The dynamics of Italian public debt: Alternative paths for fiscal consolidation. Applied Economics Letters 19 (7): 635–639.CrossRef Casadio, P., A. Paradiso, and B.B. Rao. 2012. The dynamics of Italian public debt: Alternative paths for fiscal consolidation. Applied Economics Letters 19 (7): 635–639.CrossRef
go back to reference Clemente, J., A. Montañés, and M. Reyes. 1998. Testing for a unit root in variables with a double change in the mean. Economics Letters 59 (2): 175–182.CrossRef Clemente, J., A. Montañés, and M. Reyes. 1998. Testing for a unit root in variables with a double change in the mean. Economics Letters 59 (2): 175–182.CrossRef
go back to reference Corsetti, G., and N. Roubini. 1991. Deficits, public debt and government solvency: Evidence from OECD countries. Journal of Japanese and International Economies 5: 354–380.CrossRef Corsetti, G., and N. Roubini. 1991. Deficits, public debt and government solvency: Evidence from OECD countries. Journal of Japanese and International Economies 5: 354–380.CrossRef
go back to reference Dalena, M., and C. Magazzino. 2012. Public expenditure and revenue in Italy, 1862-1993. Economic Notes 41 (3): 145–172.CrossRef Dalena, M., and C. Magazzino. 2012. Public expenditure and revenue in Italy, 1862-1993. Economic Notes 41 (3): 145–172.CrossRef
go back to reference Dickey, D.A., and W.A. Fuller. 1979. Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association 74: 427–431. Dickey, D.A., and W.A. Fuller. 1979. Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association 74: 427–431.
go back to reference Elliott, G., T.J. Rothenberg, and J.H. Stock. 1996. Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root. Econometrica 64: 813–836.CrossRef Elliott, G., T.J. Rothenberg, and J.H. Stock. 1996. Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root. Econometrica 64: 813–836.CrossRef
go back to reference Engle, R.F., and C.W.J. Granger. 1987. Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica 55: 251–276.CrossRef Engle, R.F., and C.W.J. Granger. 1987. Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica 55: 251–276.CrossRef
go back to reference Forte, F. 2011. L’economia italiana dal Risorgimento ad oggi, 1861-2011. Siena: Cantagalli. Forte, F. 2011. L’economia italiana dal Risorgimento ad oggi, 1861-2011. Siena: Cantagalli.
go back to reference Forte, F., and C. Magazzino. 2016. Government size and economic growth in Italy: A time-series analysis. European Scientific Journal 12 (7): 149–169.CrossRef Forte, F., and C. Magazzino. 2016. Government size and economic growth in Italy: A time-series analysis. European Scientific Journal 12 (7): 149–169.CrossRef
go back to reference Forte, F., and C. Magazzino. 2011. Optimal size government and economic growth in EU countries. Economia Politica-Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics XXVIII (3): 295–321. Forte, F., and C. Magazzino. 2011. Optimal size government and economic growth in EU countries. Economia Politica-Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics XXVIII (3): 295–321.
go back to reference Gregory, A.W., and B.E. Hansen. 1996. Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts. Journal of Econometrics 70 (1): 99–126.CrossRef Gregory, A.W., and B.E. Hansen. 1996. Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts. Journal of Econometrics 70 (1): 99–126.CrossRef
go back to reference Greiner, A., and G. Kauermann. 2008. Debt policy in euro area countries: Evidence for Germany and Italy using penalized spline smoothing. Economic Modelling 25: 1144–1154.CrossRef Greiner, A., and G. Kauermann. 2008. Debt policy in euro area countries: Evidence for Germany and Italy using penalized spline smoothing. Economic Modelling 25: 1144–1154.CrossRef
go back to reference Johansen, S., and K. Juselius. 1990. Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointe-gration with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 52 (2): 169–210.CrossRef Johansen, S., and K. Juselius. 1990. Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointe-gration with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 52 (2): 169–210.CrossRef
go back to reference Kwiatkowski, D., P.C.B. Phillips, P. Schmidt, and Y. Shin. 1992. Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root? Journal of Econometrics 54: 159–178.CrossRef Kwiatkowski, D., P.C.B. Phillips, P. Schmidt, and Y. Shin. 1992. Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root? Journal of Econometrics 54: 159–178.CrossRef
go back to reference Magazzino, C. 2013. Alcune linee guida per una spending review. In Legge di Stabilità e politica economica in Italia, ed. C. Magazzino and G.C. Romagnoli, 95–120. Milan: FrancoAngeli. Magazzino, C. 2013. Alcune linee guida per una spending review. In Legge di Stabilità e politica economica in Italia, ed. C. Magazzino and G.C. Romagnoli, 95–120. Milan: FrancoAngeli.
go back to reference Magazzino, C. 2014. Government size and economic growth in Italy: An empirical analyses based on new data (1861-2008). International Journal of Empirical Finance 3 (2): 38–54. Magazzino, C. 2014. Government size and economic growth in Italy: An empirical analyses based on new data (1861-2008). International Journal of Empirical Finance 3 (2): 38–54.
go back to reference Magazzino, C. 2012a. Politiche di bilancio e crescita economica. Torino: Giappichelli. Magazzino, C. 2012a. Politiche di bilancio e crescita economica. Torino: Giappichelli.
go back to reference Magazzino, C. 2012b. Wagner versus Keynes: Public spending and national income in Italy at a disaggregated level. Journal of Policy Modeling 34 (6): 890–905.CrossRef Magazzino, C. 2012b. Wagner versus Keynes: Public spending and national income in Italy at a disaggregated level. Journal of Policy Modeling 34 (6): 890–905.CrossRef
go back to reference Magazzino, C., and V. Intraligi. 2015. La dinamica del debito pubblico in Italia: un’analisi empirica (1958-2013). Rivista italiana di economia demografia e statistica 59 (3): 167–178. Magazzino, C., and V. Intraligi. 2015. La dinamica del debito pubblico in Italia: un’analisi empirica (1958-2013). Rivista italiana di economia demografia e statistica 59 (3): 167–178.
go back to reference Marattin, L., and M. Marzo. 2009. A Note on the (Un)Pleasant Arithmetic of Fiscal Policy: The Case of Italian Public Debt. Economic Notes 38 (3): 169–183.CrossRef Marattin, L., and M. Marzo. 2009. A Note on the (Un)Pleasant Arithmetic of Fiscal Policy: The Case of Italian Public Debt. Economic Notes 38 (3): 169–183.CrossRef
go back to reference Paesani P., Strauch R., and R. Kremer. 2006. Public debt and long-term interest rates: The case of Germany, Italy and the USA. ECB Working Paper Series, 656, July. Paesani P., Strauch R., and R. Kremer. 2006. Public debt and long-term interest rates: The case of Germany, Italy and the USA. ECB Working Paper Series, 656, July.
go back to reference Papadopoulos, A.P., and G.P. Sidiropoulos. 1999. The sustainability of fiscal policies in the European Union. International Advances in Economic Research 5 (3): 289–307.CrossRef Papadopoulos, A.P., and G.P. Sidiropoulos. 1999. The sustainability of fiscal policies in the European Union. International Advances in Economic Research 5 (3): 289–307.CrossRef
go back to reference Payne, J.E. 1997. International evidence on the sustainability of budget deficits. Applied Economics Letters 4 (12): 775–779.CrossRef Payne, J.E. 1997. International evidence on the sustainability of budget deficits. Applied Economics Letters 4 (12): 775–779.CrossRef
go back to reference Pesaran, H.M. 1997. The role of economic theory in modelling the long run. The Economic Journal 107 (440): 178–191.CrossRef Pesaran, H.M. 1997. The role of economic theory in modelling the long run. The Economic Journal 107 (440): 178–191.CrossRef
go back to reference Pesaran, H.M., and Y. Shin. 1999. Autoregressive distributed lag modelling approach to coin-tegration analysis. In Econometrics and economic theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch centennial symposium, ed. S. Storm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pesaran, H.M., and Y. Shin. 1999. Autoregressive distributed lag modelling approach to coin-tegration analysis. In Econometrics and economic theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch centennial symposium, ed. S. Storm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Pesaran, H.M., Y. Shin, and R.J. Smith. 2001. Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics 16: 289–326.CrossRef Pesaran, H.M., Y. Shin, and R.J. Smith. 2001. Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics 16: 289–326.CrossRef
go back to reference Piergallini, A., and M. Postigliola. 2012. Fiscal policy and public debt dynamics in Italy, 1861-2009. Rivista Italiana degli Economisti 17 (3): 417–440. Piergallini, A., and M. Postigliola. 2012. Fiscal policy and public debt dynamics in Italy, 1861-2009. Rivista Italiana degli Economisti 17 (3): 417–440.
go back to reference Phillips, P.C.B., and P. Perron. 1988. Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika 75: 335–346.CrossRef Phillips, P.C.B., and P. Perron. 1988. Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika 75: 335–346.CrossRef
go back to reference Trachanas, E., and C. Katrakilidis. 2013. Fiscal deficits under financial pressure and insolvency: Evidence for Italy, Greece and Spain. Journal of Policy Modeling 35: 730–749.CrossRef Trachanas, E., and C. Katrakilidis. 2013. Fiscal deficits under financial pressure and insolvency: Evidence for Italy, Greece and Spain. Journal of Policy Modeling 35: 730–749.CrossRef
go back to reference Trehan, B., and C.E. Walsh. 1988. Common trends, the government budget constraint, and revenue smoothing. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 12: 425–444.CrossRef Trehan, B., and C.E. Walsh. 1988. Common trends, the government budget constraint, and revenue smoothing. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 12: 425–444.CrossRef
go back to reference Trehan, B., and C.E. Walsh. 1991. Testing intertemporal budget constraints: Theory and applications to U.S. federal budget and current account deficits. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 23: 210–223.CrossRef Trehan, B., and C.E. Walsh. 1991. Testing intertemporal budget constraints: Theory and applications to U.S. federal budget and current account deficits. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 23: 210–223.CrossRef
go back to reference Uctum, M., and M. Wickens. 2000. Debt and deficit ceilings, and sustainability of fiscal policies: an intertemporal analysis. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 62 (2): 197–222.CrossRef Uctum, M., and M. Wickens. 2000. Debt and deficit ceilings, and sustainability of fiscal policies: an intertemporal analysis. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 62 (2): 197–222.CrossRef
go back to reference Vanhorebeek, F., and P. Van Rompuy. 1995. Solvency and sustainability of fiscal policies in the EU. De Economist 143 (4): 457–473.CrossRef Vanhorebeek, F., and P. Van Rompuy. 1995. Solvency and sustainability of fiscal policies in the EU. De Economist 143 (4): 457–473.CrossRef
go back to reference von Hagen J., Hughes Hallett A. and R. Strauch. 2001. Budgetary consolidation in EMU, Centre for Economic Policy Research—Economic Papers, 148, March. von Hagen J., Hughes Hallett A. and R. Strauch. 2001. Budgetary consolidation in EMU, Centre for Economic Policy ResearchEconomic Papers, 148, March.
Metadata
Title
Government Expenditures and Revenues in Italy in a Long-run Perspective
Authors
Gordon L. Brady
Cosimo Magazzino
Publication date
11-03-2019
Publisher
Springer India
Published in
Journal of Quantitative Economics / Issue 2/2019
Print ISSN: 0971-1554
Electronic ISSN: 2364-1045
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40953-019-00157-z

Other articles of this Issue 2/2019

Journal of Quantitative Economics 2/2019 Go to the issue